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Aljundi M, Brun S, Akhoundi M, Didier M, Jabbour R, Izri A, Caux F, Bohelay G. Recurrent Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis Due to Medicopsis romeroi: A Case Report in a Dermatomyositis Patient and Review of the Literature. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010003. [PMID: 36677294 PMCID: PMC9867221 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicopsis romeroi phaeohyphomycosis is increasingly reported in immunocompromised patients living in or originating from tropical and subtropical areas. We report a case of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by M. romeroi in a 56-year-old Malian woman residing in France for 20 years. She developed a small nodule on her dominant hand's ring finger 15 months after starting immunosuppressive medications for paraneoplastic dermatomyositis. A first surgical debridement was followed by a local recurrence. Despite a second surgical excision combined with posaconazole treatment, the infection recurred one year after antifungal therapy discontinuation. A wide excision was performed again, and antifungal therapy was resumed and maintained for six months, resulting in the absence of relapse during the 18 months following the surgery. This case highlighted the high risk of relapse in immunocompromised patients, suggesting the need for long-term follow-up and prolonged antifungal treatment following surgical excision in cases with sustained immunosuppression. The literature review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines and included 51 scientific publications. A noteworthy predominance of the subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis presentation was found in immunocompromised patients, whereas eumycetoma had been reported in apparently healthy individuals. A combination of complete excision with antifungal treatment seemed to confer the best outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanad Aljundi
- Department of Dermatology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Seine-Saint-Denis (HUPSSD), 93000 Bobigny, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-48-95-51-89; Fax: +33-1-48-95-51-87
| | - Sophie Brun
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Seine-Saint-Denis (HUPSSD), 93000 Bobigny, France
- Inserm UMR 1125 Li2P, UFR SMBH Léonard de Vinci, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord (USPN), 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Mohammad Akhoundi
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Seine-Saint-Denis (HUPSSD), 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Morgane Didier
- Department of Pneumology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Roula Jabbour
- Department of Pathology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Arezki Izri
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Seine-Saint-Denis (HUPSSD), 93000 Bobigny, France
- Inserm UMR 1125 Li2P, UFR SMBH Léonard de Vinci, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord (USPN), 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Frédéric Caux
- Department of Dermatology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Seine-Saint-Denis (HUPSSD), 93000 Bobigny, France
- Inserm UMR 1125 Li2P, UFR SMBH Léonard de Vinci, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord (USPN), 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Gérôme Bohelay
- Department of Dermatology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Seine-Saint-Denis (HUPSSD), 93000 Bobigny, France
- Inserm UMR 1125 Li2P, UFR SMBH Léonard de Vinci, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord (USPN), 93000 Bobigny, France
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2
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Ganduri B, Sujith R, Tirlangi P, Nalla R, Veturi SY, Singh G, Xess I, Keithi-Reddy SR. Disseminated Medicopsis Romeroi Infection in a Kidney Transplant Recipient. J Mycol Med 2022; 33:101355. [PMID: 36529086 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2022.101355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Medicopsis romeroi is a rare, dematiaceous fungus that is difficult to identify using conventional fungal tests. Although uncommon, immunocompromised patients are particularly susceptible to this opportunistic fungus. Here, we report the case of a renal transplant recipient who presented with painful disseminated subcutaneous and soft tissue lesions. Sequencing of the Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA identified the fungus as Medicopsis romeroi. Additionally, tissue samples from a non-healing wound on the left forearm grew Rhizopus spp. on Sabouraud dextrose agar, indicating a Mucormycosis superinfection. The patient's condition improved with surgical intervention and antifungal therapy with Posaconazole and Terbinafine. This case demonstrates the need for a high index of suspicion in order to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment and thus reduce the risk of dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Sujith
- AIG Hospitals, Hyderabad and AIIMS, New Delhi.
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3
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Posttraumatic Endophthalmitis Caused by Medicopsis romeroi. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000001138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Santos Silva L, Miroux Catarino A, Sordo Amaro C, Faro Viana I. Kaposi Sarcoma, De Novo, in a Kidney Transplant Surgical Scar. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Santos Silva LF, Miroux Catarino A, Sordo Amaro C, Faro Viana I. Kaposi Sarcoma, De Novo, in a Kidney Transplant Surgical Scar. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2020; 112:S0001-7310(20)30462-2. [PMID: 33220313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L F Santos Silva
- Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Centro Hospitalario de Lisboa Occidental, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - A Miroux Catarino
- Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Centro Hospitalario de Lisboa Occidental, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Sordo Amaro
- Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Centro Hospitalario de Lisboa Occidental, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - I Faro Viana
- Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Centro Hospitalario de Lisboa Occidental, Lisboa, Portugal
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Jeddi F, Paugam C, Hartuis S, Denis-Musquer M, Sabou M, Lavergne RA, Muguet L, Le Pape P. Medicopsis romeroi nodular subcutaneous infection in a kidney transplant recipient. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 95:262-264. [PMID: 32339721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phaeohyphomycosis is a set of fungal infections caused by various dematiaceous fungi such as coelomycetes. These infections can occur either in immunocompetent or immunocompromised patients like solid organ transplants. Here we describe a nodular lesion of the right hallux that occurred in a kidney transplant patient. Microscopic examination of the biopsy revealed fungal hyphae and culture was positive to a grey to black mould that lacked characteristic elements to be identified. Nucleic acid sequencing targeting the internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal DNA identified this mould as Medicopsis romeroi. The patient benefited of an antifungal therapy with voriconazole associated with surgical excision of the lesion. No relapse of the lesion was observed during a six-month follow-up. In solid organ transplants, phaeohyphomycosis caused by Medicopsis romeroi are very rare with only 12 cases reported. The clinical history should be well assessed since the lesion can appear several years after a cutaneous trauma that happened in a tropical region. Therapy generally combines antifungals with surgical excision of the lesion in order to avoid any relapse or dissemination of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhri Jeddi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, CHU de Nantes, France; Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, EA1155 - IICiMed, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2, Nantes, France.
| | | | - Sophie Hartuis
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, CHU de Nantes, France.
| | | | - Marcela Sabou
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, CHU de Strasbourg, France.
| | - Rose-Anne Lavergne
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, CHU de Nantes, France; Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, EA1155 - IICiMed, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2, Nantes, France.
| | | | - Patrice Le Pape
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, CHU de Nantes, France; Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, EA1155 - IICiMed, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2, Nantes, France.
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Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an angioproliferative mesenchymal neoplasm caused by Kaposi sarcoma-related herpesvirus. This review outlines our current understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and staging for this disease. Recent research has informed a more comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology of KS in the post-antiretroviral therapy era, and highlights the continued need to better characterize the African endemic subtype. Advances in clinical oncology, including checkpoint inhibitors and new skin-directed therapies, have translated into exciting new developments for the future of KS treatment options.
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Los-Arcos I, Royuela M, Martín-Gómez MT, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Sellarès J, Perelló M, Castells L, Dopazo C, Gavaldà J, Len O. Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Medicopsis romeroi in solid organ transplant recipients: Report of two cases and comprehensive review of the literature. Transpl Infect Dis 2019; 21:e13072. [PMID: 30865352 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Medicopsis romeroi is a melanized coelomycetous fungus, mainly found in tropical and subtropical regions and an uncommon cause of infection in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. We describe two cases of SOT recipients diagnosed with phaeohyphomycosis due to M romeroi and provide a comprehensive literature review. These infections should be considered in patients native to tropical countries with a localized skin and soft tissue infection. Sequencing is needed for accurate identification of uncommon melanized fungi. Surgical treatment is recommended to cure the infection and co-adjunctive oral antifungals should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibai Los-Arcos
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Royuela
- Internal Medicine Department, ALTHAIA Xarxa Assistencial Universitària de Manresa, Manresa, Spain
| | | | - Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joana Sellarès
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Perelló
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Castells
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Dopazo
- Department of HPB Surgery and Transplants, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Gavaldà
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Len
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Cahoon EK, Linet MS, Clarke CA, Pawlish KS, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM. Risk of Kaposi sarcoma after solid organ transplantation in the United States. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:2741-2748. [PMID: 29987894 PMCID: PMC10655926 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to treatment with immunosuppressive medications, solid organ transplant recipients have elevated risk for Kaposi sarcoma (KS), which is caused by human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8). Other risk factors for KS are poorly understood. We linked the United States solid organ transplant registry with 17 population-based cancer registries to ascertain KS incidence among 244,964 transplant recipients from 1987-2014. To compare incidence rates of KS according to patient and transplant characteristics, we calculated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) using Poisson regression. To compare associations of KS with other skin cancers occurring before or within 12 months of KS diagnosis, we computed odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using conditional logistic regression. All statistical tests were two-sided. We identified 163 KS cases during follow-up. Among transplant recipients, we found significantly increased risk of KS associated with male sex (IRR = 1.87; 95%CI:1.32,2.71), nonwhite race (IRR = 2.67; 95%CI:1.92,3.72), non-US citizenship (IRR = 2.10; 95%CI:1.19,3.47), lung transplant (IRR = 2.22; 95%CI:1.03,4.24, vs. kidney), and older age at transplant. KS risk decreased significantly with time since transplant and recent calendar year, however, no specific induction or maintenance medication was associated with KS. KS incidence was not significantly associated with ambient ultraviolet radiation (IRR = 1.32 95%CI:0.87,2.02, tertile 3 vs. 1). KS incidence has decreased in recent calendar years. In a cross-sectional sample, we found cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma was associated with KS (OR = 4.83; 95%CI:1.30,14.69). KS risk factors included those potentially associated with HHV8 infection and increased immunosuppression. Our findings suggest that transplant recipients with a non-KS skin cancer may also be at high KS risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Cahoon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Martha S Linet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christina A Clarke
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA; Department of Health Research and Policy and the Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Karen S Pawlish
- New Jersey Department of Health, Cancer Epidemiology Services, Trenton, New Jersey
| | - Eric A Engels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Caposiena Caro RD, Coppola A, Didona D. Kaposi's sarcoma lung metastastis in transplanted patient treatment response with paclitaxel and everolimus. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2018; 155:232-234. [PMID: 30229635 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.18.05904-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelo Coppola
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Didona
- Division of Pulmunology, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Albano Laziale, Rome, Italy
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Bohelay G, Arzouk N, Lévy P, Rabaté C, Le Cleach L, Barete S, Barrou B, Matignon MB, Euvrard S, Lebbé C, Francès C. Outcome of second kidney transplantation in patients with previous post-transplantation Kaposi's sarcoma: A French retrospective study. Clin Transplant 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gérôme Bohelay
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University Paris VI; Hôpital Tenon; Paris France
| | - Nadia Arzouk
- Department of Urology; University Paris VI; Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière; Paris France
| | - Pierre Lévy
- Department of Public Health; Hôpital Tenon; APHP; University Paris VI; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; UMR-S 1136; Paris France
| | - Clémentine Rabaté
- Department of Nephrology; University Paris V; Hôpital Necker; Paris France
| | - Laurence Le Cleach
- Department of Dermatology; AP-HP; Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor; Créteil France
- EA EpiDermE; INSERM Créteil; Créteil France
| | - Stéphane Barete
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University Paris VI; Hôpital Tenon; Paris France
| | - Benoît Barrou
- Department of Urology; University Paris VI; Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière; Paris France
| | - Marie-Benedicte Matignon
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Groupe Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier; Centre d'Investigation Clinique-BioThérapies 504; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U955; Paris XII University; Créteil France
| | - Sylvie Euvrard
- Department of Dermatology; Hôpital Edouard Herriot; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Lyon France
| | - Céleste Lebbé
- Department of Dermatology; APHP, University Paris VII; Hôpital Saint-Louis; Paris France
| | - Camille Francès
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University Paris VI; Hôpital Tenon; Paris France
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12
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Brambilla L, Tourlaki A, Genovese G. Iatrogenic Kaposi's Sarcoma: a Retrospective Cohort Study in an Italian Tertiary Care Centre. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2017; 29:e165-e171. [PMID: 28610760 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a lymphoangioproliferative multicentric disorder. Among its four distinct clinical variants, iatrogenic KS (iKS) typically affects patients who have received immunosuppressant regimens for organ transplants, proliferative disorders, or immune-mediated diseases. The aim of the current study was to examine the characteristics of a cohort of patients with iKS, evaluating the differences in terms of epidemiological and clinical features, management and outcomes between organ transplant recipients (OTR) and patients immunosuppressed for other medical conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study included, out of 1389 KS patients, 143 patients suffering from iKS being followed in an Italian tertiary care centre from November 1995 to December 2016. Demographic data, clinical features, previous immunosuppressive therapies, management, and outcomes were recorded for each patient. RESULTS We detected iKS in 10.3% of the analysed KS population. The mean age was 71.9 years in non-OTR versus 51.4 years in OTR (P = 0.04). Staging at diagnosis showed a more severe disease in non-OTR than in OTR, with stage IA observed in 33.3% of OTR versus 11.8% of non-OTR (P < 0.001) and stage IVB in 29.1% of non-OTR versus 12.1% of OTR (P = 0.001). Corticosteroids represented the most frequent immunosuppressive drugs at diagnosis in both groups, in conjunction with cyclosporine A in OTR. Immunosuppressant reduction or withdrawal was carried out in 93.9% of OTR versus 63.6% of non-OTR (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS As corticosteroids and cyclosporine A are the most common iKS-inducing drugs, their reduction or withdrawal, wherever possible, is needed. Differences in disease severity at presentation between OTR and non-OTR may interfere with the choice of management strategy and the consequent outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brambilla
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - A Tourlaki
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - G Genovese
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
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Curtiss P, Strazzulla LC, Friedman-Kien AE. An Update on Kaposi's Sarcoma: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Treatment. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2016; 6:465-470. [PMID: 27804093 PMCID: PMC5120640 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-016-0152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma is an angioproliferative neoplasm which has undergone considerable epidemiologic change since the original description by Moritz Kaposi in the late 1800s. This opportunistic neoplasm gained widespread notoriety within the US during the height of the AIDS epidemic, where it was frequently found co-occurring with opportunistic infections. With the advent of modern antiretroviral therapies, as well as an increasing number of individuals on immunosuppression for autoimmune disease or organ transplantation, the landscape of the immunocompromised individual has changed. It is now important for clinicians to be mindful of Kaposi’s sarcoma manifesting in a growing variety of clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Curtiss
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lauren C Strazzulla
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alvin E Friedman-Kien
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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Holdaas H, De Simone P, Zuckermann A. Everolimus and Malignancy after Solid Organ Transplantation: A Clinical Update. J Transplant 2016; 2016:4369574. [PMID: 27807479 PMCID: PMC5078653 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4369574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignancy after solid organ transplantation remains a major cause of posttransplant mortality. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor class of immunosuppressants exerts various antioncogenic effects, and the mTOR inhibitor everolimus is licensed for the treatment of several solid cancers. In kidney transplantation, evidence from registry studies indicates a lower rate of de novo malignancy under mTOR inhibition, with some potentially supportive data from randomized trials of everolimus. Case reports and small single-center series have suggested that switch to everolimus may be beneficial following diagnosis of posttransplant malignancy, particularly for Kaposi's sarcoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer, but prospective studies are lacking. A systematic review has shown mTOR inhibition to be associated with a significantly lower rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence versus standard calcineurin inhibitor therapy. One meta-analysis has concluded that patients with nontransplant HCC experience a low but significant survival benefit under everolimus monotherapy, so far unconfirmed in a transplant population. Data are limited in heart transplantation, although observational data and case reports have indicated that introduction of everolimus is helpful in reducing the recurrence of skin cancers. Overall, it can be concluded that, in certain settings, everolimus appears a promising option to lessen the toll of posttransplant malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallvard Holdaas
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Transplant Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Postboks 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Paolo De Simone
- Hepatobiliary Surgery & Liver Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, 5412 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andreas Zuckermann
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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15
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Salido-Vallejo R, Garnacho-Saucedo G, Vélez A. Elucidation of the mTOR Pathway and Therapeutic Applications in Dermatology. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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16
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Salido-Vallejo R, Garnacho-Saucedo G, Vélez A. Elucidation of the mTOR Pathway and Therapeutic Applications in Dermatology. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2016; 107:379-90. [PMID: 26848107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase family, mammalian target of rapamycin, is involved in modulating inflammatory response and regulating cellular processes associated with growth, differentiation, and angiogenesis. Recent years have seen major advances in our understanding of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway and the implication of this pathway in multiple genetic and inflammatory diseases and tumors. The development of the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors has given rise to new treatment approaches that have led to substantially improved outcomes in many diseases. In this article, we review the role of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in the different skin diseases with which it has been associated, examine the therapeutic applications of drugs targeting this pathway, and provide an overview of current trends and future directions in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Salido-Vallejo
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, España.
| | - G Garnacho-Saucedo
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, España
| | - A Vélez
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, España
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17
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Abstract
From the early days of transplantation onwards, increased cancer development in transplant recipients, who require immunosuppression to avoid graft rejection, has been recognized. Registry data indicate that approximately 10-30% of deaths are attributed to post-transplant malignancy, with an upward trend in this incidence as more patients have been exposed to chronic lifelong immunosuppression. In this Review, the overall incidence and most frequent types of cancer encountered are summarized, along with information about which transplant recipients are at the greatest risk of malignancy. Reasons for why differences exist in susceptibility to cancer in this patient population are examined, and approaches that might improve our understanding of the options available for reducing the incidence of this adverse effect of immunosuppression are described. Whether anti-rejection drugs have been successful in diminishing overall immunosuppressive burden, and consequently show any promise for decreasing post-transplant malignancies is also discussed. The topic shifts to one class of conventional anti-rejection drugs, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, which paradoxically have both immunosuppressive and anti-neoplastic properties. The complex activities of mTOR are reviewed in order to provide context for how these seemingly opposing effects are possible, and the latest clinical data on use of mTOR inhibitors in the clinic are discussed. The current and future perspectives on how best to normalize these unacceptably high rates of post-transplantation malignancies are highlighted.
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