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Lenzing E, Harboe ZB, Sørensen SS, Rasmussen A, Nielsen SD, Rezahosseini O. Evidence for Immunity against Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis through Natural Infection or Vaccination in Adult Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms 2024; 12:847. [PMID: 38792678 PMCID: PMC11123279 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: We aim to systematically review the current evidence on immunity against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis in adult solid organ transplantation (SOT) recipients, either through natural infection or vaccination. (2) Methods: This systematic review was conducted per PRISMA guidelines. We assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane RoB 2 and ROBINS-I and summarized the findings narratively due to the heterogeneity of the studies. (3) Results: Of the 315 screened articles, 11 were included. Tetanus immunity varied between 55% and 86%, diphtheria immunity from 23% to 75%, and pertussis immunity was between 46% and 82%. Post-vaccination immunity showed variation across the studies, with some indicating reductions and others no change, with antibody responses influenced by transplanted organs, gender, age, and immunosuppressive regimens. The single randomized study exhibited a low risk of bias, while of the ten non-randomized studies, six showed moderate and four serious risks of bias, necessitating cautious interpretation of results. (4) Conclusions: SOT recipients exhibit considerable immunity against tetanus and diphtheria at transplantation, but this immunity decreases over time. Although vaccination can enhance this immunity, the response may be suboptimal, and the increased antibody levels may not persist, underscoring the need for tailored vaccination strategies in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Lenzing
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.L.); (Z.B.H.); (S.D.N.)
| | - Zitta Barrella Harboe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.L.); (Z.B.H.); (S.D.N.)
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital at Nordsjællands, 3400 Hillerød, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Søren Schwartz Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Rasmussen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Susanne Dam Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.L.); (Z.B.H.); (S.D.N.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Omid Rezahosseini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.L.); (Z.B.H.); (S.D.N.)
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital at Nordsjællands, 3400 Hillerød, Denmark
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Jenkins VA, Savic M, Kandeil W. Pertussis in high-risk groups: an overview of the past quarter-century. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2609-2617. [PMID: 32298213 PMCID: PMC7746252 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1738168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases can impact chronic medical conditions. However, it is currently not clear how pertussis correlates with preexisting or underlying disorders. We reviewed literature from the last 25 years to describe the burden and impact of pertussis infection in specific risk groups in individuals aged ≥11 years. Our literature search returned 543 hits, of which 18 were eligible for this review. Adolescents and adults with underlying conditions, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or obesity are potentially at increased risk of pertussis infection. Immunodeficiency and smoking have also been associated with worsened pertussis symptoms and an increased pertussis-related hospitalization rate. In patients with pertussis and preexisting asthma or COPD, symptoms were worsened, and health-care costs were consequently increased. Further efforts are needed to close the knowledge gap and to understand the burden of pertussis in at-risk adolescent and adult populations to help inform vaccination strategies and recommendations.
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Hovel EM, Pease RC, Scarano AJ, Chen DJ, Saddler CM. Bordetella pertussis in a four-time kidney transplant recipient: A call for immunization programs at transplant centers. Transpl Infect Dis 2019; 21:e13120. [PMID: 31124247 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory illness caused most frequently by Bordetella pertussis. Clinical presentation ranges in severity, but life-threatening illness disproportionately affects children and immunocompromised individuals. Acellular vaccines for pertussis have been available for decades, and they are recommended throughout the lifespan. A patient who had received a kidney transplant presented with respiratory distress and dry cough as manifestations of co-infection with B pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis/bronchiseptica. The goal of this case report was to highlight the importance of immunization programs at transplant centers, which are in the unique position to care for patients both with end-stage organ disease and in the post-transplant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Hovel
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Robert C Pease
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Andrew J Scarano
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Derrick J Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Christopher M Saddler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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