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Deng H, Nutescu EA, DiDomenico RJ. Reversal of Oral Anticoagulants: A Survey of Contemporary Practice Trends (ReACT). Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2023; 29:10760296231176808. [PMID: 37272034 PMCID: PMC10259145 DOI: 10.1177/10760296231176808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated practice patterns and factors influencing treatment decisions regarding urgent or emergent reversal of oral anticoagulants (OACs). A 30-question survey was electronically distributed to anticoagulation members of the Anticoagulation Forum. Questions were designed to capture practice trends in the reversal of warfarin, factor Xa inhibitors, and factor IIa inhibitors. Continuous and categorical data were analyzed to generate descriptive statistics. Open-ended questions were summarized by thematic categories. 173 responses were collected most from US-based pharmacists with direct patient care responsibilities. The majority of the respondents' institutions (90.2%) utilized a guideline or protocol for OACs reversal. Vitamin K (91.3%), activated charcoal (80.4%), and fresh frozen plasma (72.8%) were the most common reversal agents on formulary without restrictions. Most institutions (87.0%) reported having 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) and idarucizumab on formulary, but most commonly (52.2%) with restrictions. Andexanet alfa was only reported on formulary at 35.9% of institutions. In contrast to current guideline recommendations, vitamin K (98.8%) was preferred over 4F-PCC and 4F-PCC (71.6%) was preferred over andexanet alfa as first-line agents used to reverse warfarin and factor Xa inhibitors, respectively. Weight-based dosing strategies for 4F-PCC were commonly utilized for different reversals (41.2%-59.4%). Cost, efficacy, and safety of 4F-PCC were identified as top facilitators and barriers for 4F-PCC adoption in practice. Our findings revealed that guideline recommendations for reversal of warfarin and factor Xa and IIa inhibitors are not followed by a majority of institutions. Studies are needed to investigate strategies to overcome barriers for implementing and following guideline recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Deng
- Department of Pharmacy Systems, Outcomes and Policy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Edith A. Nutescu
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pharmacoeconomic & Pharmacoepidemiology Research, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert J. DiDomenico
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pharmacoeconomic & Pharmacoepidemiology Research, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Compton F, Hall J, De Simone N, Usmani A, Sarode R, Burner J. High versus low fixed-dose four factor-prothrombin complex concentrate for warfarin reversal in patients with intracranial hemorrhage. Transfus Apher Sci 2022; 61:103444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2022.103444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Efficacy and Safety of the Fixed-Dose Versus Variable-Dose of 4-PCC for Vitamin K Antagonist Reversal: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2021; 36:533-546. [PMID: 33864534 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-021-07192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal dosing strategy of four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) for vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) reversal is unknown. METHODS We conducted systematic search on the PubMed, SCOPUS, and Embase databases from inception to December 2020 for clinical studies that compared the fixed-dose versus variable-dose of 4-PCC for VKAs reversal with at least one reported clinical outcome. The treatment effects were expressed as relative ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and pooled by a random-effects model. RESULTS Ten studies, including 988 patients, were included. Fixed-dose 4-PCC was associated with lower rate of mortality (RR= 0.65, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.9, p= 0.009), comparable rate of thromboembolic event (TEE) (RR= 1.10, 95%CI 0.44 to 2.80, p= 0.826), and lower goal INR reached (RR= 0.87, 95%CI 0.78 to 0.96, p= 0.007). Less 4-PCC cumulative dose, shorter duration of order-to-needle time, similar hospital length of stay, the comparable time required for INR reversal, higher post-4-PCC INR, and a higher need for additional dose were observed in fixed-dose. CONCLUSIONS The use of a fixed-dose of 4-PCC may be considered an effective and safe dosing strategy for VKAs reversal in various clinical situations. However, further well-designed, controlled studies should be conducted focusing on clinical outcomes to determine the optimal dose of 4-PCC for VKAs reversal.
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Endres K, St Bernard R, Chin-Yee I, Hsia C, Lazo-Langner A. Efficacy and safety of four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate fixed, weight-based dosing for reversal of warfarin anticoagulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 25:489-493. [PMID: 33317427 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2020.1855745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) is widely used for urgent reversal of anticoagulation with warfarin, but the optimal 4F-PCC dosing approach is unknown. Herein, we sought to determine the efficacy of a novel fixed, weight-based dosing nomogram. METHODS We retrospectively studied consecutive adult patients receiving fixed, weight-based 4F-PCC dosing for warfarin reversal between 30 April 2009 and 31 December 2010. The primary outcome was reversal of warfarin anticoagulation, defined as INR ≤1.5 within 6 h. Secondary outcome was the occurrence of thromboembolic events. RESULTS A total of 227 patients (56% male), with a median age of 74 years and a median weight of 76kg were evaluated. The most common indications for 4F-PCC were active bleeding (37.4%: 12.7% intracranial, 12.3% gastrointestinal, 4.0% trauma, 8.4% other), reversal for a procedure (22.0%), reversal for surgery (29.5%) or other (11.1%). 66.1% of patients achieved an INR ≤1.5 within 6 h of 4F-PCC administration. 95.0% (57/60) of patients completed a planned procedure and 95.7% (67/70) of patients completed a planned surgery. The median baseline INR was 2.9 (1.5-10) and decreased significantly to a median of 1.3 (1.0-3.7) (p < .001) post-4F-PCC administration. There was no statistically significant difference in response to a fixed, weight-based dose of 4F-PCC based on pre-PCC INR, as long as the pre-treatment INR was ≤ 4.5. Although the majority of patients in our study (99%) received doses over 1000IU, rates of thrombosis were low (1.8%). CONCLUSION Fixed, weight-based dosing of 4F-PCC is effective for reversing warfarin anticoagulation in patients with a pre-dosing INR ≤ 4.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Endres
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Rosanne St Bernard
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Ian Chin-Yee
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Cyrus Hsia
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Alejandro Lazo-Langner
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Canada
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Rhoney DH, Chester KW, Darsey DA. Optimal Dosage and Administration Practices for Vitamin K Antagonist Reversal With 4-Factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2020. [PMCID: PMC7573754 DOI: 10.1177/1076029620947474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Expert consensus and international guidelines recommend urgent co-administration of vitamin K and 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrates (4F-PCCs) to rapidly reverse VKA-related bleeding. This narrative review examined real-world evidence and strategies to optimize international normalized ratio (INR) reversal, hemostasis, and outcomes in patients receiving 4F-PCC in this setting. Key determinants for success include the appropriate use of alternative dosing and administration strategies, such as fixed dosing and increased infusion speed, adherence to institutional guidelines, and removing significant institutional barriers to reduce time to treatment. In the opinion of authors, minimizing the time to treatment with 4F-PCCs is of paramount importance when treating patients with VKA-related bleeding. Practices that safely and feasibly shorten the time to administration should be included in guidelines for institutions responsible for anticoagulant care, and adhered to in centers that perform invasive procedures on patients receiving VKA therapy. Further studies are required to optimize use of 4F-PCC, particularly in relation to the ideal dosing strategy and the role of INR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise H. Rhoney
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Damon A. Darsey
- University of Mississippi, School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA
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Conjecture and Fact: Prothrombin Complex Concentrates for Bleeding With Vitamin K Antagonists. Crit Care Med 2019; 46:1020-1022. [PMID: 29762406 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000003104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schwebach AA, Waybright RA, Johnson TJ. Fixed-Dose Four-Factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate for Vitamin K Antagonist Reversal: Does One Dose Fit All? Pharmacotherapy 2019; 39:599-608. [PMID: 30892733 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) has emerged as the preferred option for emergent reversal of vitamin K antagonists (VKAs); however, the optimal dosing strategy is unknown. Although several studies have attempted to determine the optimal dose of 4F-PCC using a variety of dosing regimens, no dosing strategy has been found to be superior. Many of these studies have evaluated a low, fixed dose of 4F-PCC rather than individualized dosing as recommended in product labeling. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of various fixed-dose strategies of 4F-PCC for emergent VKA reversal and to assess limitations of the existing literature. A search of the PubMed database was performed from the earliest available date through 2018 for relevant articles describing fixed-dose 4F-PCC for VKA reversal. Reference lists of relevant articles were also manually reviewed. Most currently available studies are primarily observational and heterogeneous in design. A very low fixed dose of 500 IU is likely inadequate for successful VKA reversal, but increased fixed doses of 1000-1500 IU have found some degree of success and may be considered for VKA reversal. However, many of these studies consistently identified a trend toward international normalized ratio (INR) reversal failure in patients presenting with high baseline INR values or intracranial hemorrhage, suggesting that higher 4F-PCC doses are needed in these patients. Available studies are underpowered to determine whether a dose-dependent association with thrombotic risk exists. Additional large, randomized studies are needed to determine the optimal dosing strategy and ascertain the role for fixed-dose 4F-PCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson A Schwebach
- Department of Pharmacy, Avera McKennan Hospital & University Health Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Ryan A Waybright
- Department of Pharmacy, Avera McKennan Hospital & University Health Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Thomas J Johnson
- Department of Pharmacy, Avera McKennan Hospital & University Health Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
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Biancari F, Ruggieri VG, Perrotti A, Gherli R, Demal T, Franzese I, Dalén M, Santarpino G, Rubino AS, Maselli D, Salsano A, Nicolini F, Saccocci M, Gatti G, Rosato S, D'Errigo P, Kinnunen EM, De Feo M, Tauriainen T, Onorati F, Mariscalco G. Comparative Analysis of Prothrombin Complex Concentrate and Fresh Frozen Plasma in Coronary Surgery. Heart Lung Circ 2018; 28:1881-1887. [PMID: 30709591 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggested that prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) might be more effective than fresh frozen plasma (FFP) to reduce red blood cell (RBC) transfusion requirement after cardiac surgery. METHODS This is a comparative analysis of 416 patients who received FFP postoperatively and 119 patients who received PCC with or without FFP after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). RESULTS Mixed-effects regression analyses adjusted for multiple covariates and participating centres showed that PCC significantly decreased RBC transfusion (67.2% vs. 87.5%, adjusted OR 0.319, 95%CI 0.136-0.752) and platelet transfusion requirements (11.8% vs. 45.2%, adjusted OR 0.238, 95%CI 0.097-0.566) compared with FFP. The PCC cohort received a mean of 2.7±3.7 (median, 2.0, IQR 4) units of RBC and the FFP cohort received a mean of 4.9±6.3 (median, 3.0, IQR 4) units of RBC (adjusted coefficient, -1.926, 95%CI -3.357-0.494). The use of PCC increased the risk of KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) acute kidney injury (41.4% vs. 28.2%, adjusted OR 2.300, 1.203-4.400), but not of KDIGO acute kidney injury stage 3 (6.0% vs. 8.0%, OR 0.850, 95%CI 0.258-2.796) when compared with the FFP cohort. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the use of PCC compared with FFP may reduce the need of blood transfusion after CABG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Biancari
- Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and Department of Surgery, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Vito G Ruggieri
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Robert Debré University Hospital, Reims, France
| | - Andrea Perrotti
- Department of Thoracic and Cardio-Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jean Minjoz, Besançon, France
| | - Riccardo Gherli
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiac Surgery Unit, S. Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Till Demal
- Hamburg University Heart Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ilaria Franzese
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Verona University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Magnus Dalén
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Antonino S Rubino
- Centro Clinico-Diagnostico "G.B. Morgagni", Centro Cuore, Pedara, Italy
| | - Daniele Maselli
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, St. Anna Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Salsano
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Saccocci
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Centro Cardiologico - Fondazione Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gatti
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Ospedali Riuniti, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Rosato
- National Center of Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola D'Errigo
- National Center of Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Eeva-Maija Kinnunen
- Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marisa De Feo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Tuomas Tauriainen
- Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Francesco Onorati
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Verona University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mariscalco
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Clinical Sciences Wing, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
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Tornkvist M, Smith JG, Labaf A. Current evidence of oral anticoagulant reversal: A systematic review. Thromb Res 2017; 162:22-31. [PMID: 29258056 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately 4-6% of patients treated with oral anticoagulants (OAC) will suffer from major hemorrhage or be in need of urgent surgery necessitating anticoagulant reversal therapy. Several new oral anticoagulants and reversal agents have been introduced that make it difficult for physicians to stay updated on the current evidence of reversal management. This study aims to review the recent literature on oral anticoagulation reversal therapy and to present the current evidence in an easily approachable manner. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed and EMBASE to identify the latest publications on both vitamin K antagonist (VKA) and direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) reversal strategies. All studies on humans who received any acute reversal management of VKA treatment were included, except case studies. Since only two studies on acute reversal of DOAC treatment have been published, clinical trials on healthy volunteers were also included. RESULTS Twenty-one studies with a total of 4783 VKA treated patients, and 12 studies with a total of 529 DOAC treated patients were included. Elevated INR values due to VKA treatment could be reversed (INR≤1.5) in 63.1% (95% CI: 61.0-65.2) of study subjects after treatment with 4F-PCC, as compared with 12.2% (95% CI: 8.2-16.2) after treatment with fresh frozen plasma (FFP), (p<0.001). Thromboembolism occurred in 1.6% (95% CI: 1.2-2.1) of VKA-patients treated with 4F-PCC, and in 4.5% (95% CI: 2.3-6.7) of FFP-treated patients. To date, reversal of laboratory parameters has been demonstrated for two reversal agents specific to DOACs: idarucizumab for dabigatran reversal and andexanet-alfa for factor Xa-inhibitor reversal. CONCLUSIONS This review supports the use of PCC for VKA reversal, specifically for 4F-PCC over FFP for laboratory reversal. There are no studies on clinical efficacy of non-specific agents for DOAC reversal and the evidence for laboratory reversal is not consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Tornkvist
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Skane University Hospital, Lund and Malmo, Sweden.
| | - J Gustav Smith
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Skane University Hospital, Lund and Malmo, Sweden
| | - Ashkan Labaf
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Skane University Hospital, Lund and Malmo, Sweden
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Gorlin J, Kinney S, Fung MK, Tinmouth A. Prothrombin complex concentrate for emergent reversal of warfarin: an international survey of hospital protocols. Vox Sang 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/vox.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Gorlin
- Innovative Blood Resources/Memorial Blood Centers; St. Paul MN USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis MN USA
| | - S. Kinney
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis MN USA
| | - M. K. Fung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Vermont Medical Center; Burlington VT USA
| | - A. Tinmouth
- Ottawa Hospital Centre for Transfusion Research; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa ON Canada
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