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Narrative Review of the Control and Prevention of Knowlesi Malaria. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7080178. [PMID: 36006270 PMCID: PMC9414718 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7080178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the reduction in the number of cases of human malaria throughout the world, the incidence rate of knowlesi malaria is continuing to rise, especially in Southeast Asia. The conventional strategies for the prevention and control of human malaria can provide some protection against knowlesi malaria. Despite the numerous studies on the risk factors and the innovative methods that may be used to prevent and control the vectors of Plasmodium knowlesi, the incidence rate remains high. An integrated approach that includes environmental intervention should be adopted in order to ensure the successful control of zoonotic malaria. A combination of personal-level protection, vector control and environmental control may mitigate the risk of Plasmodium knowlesi transmission from macaques to humans and, ultimately, reduce the incidence rate of knowlesi malaria.
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Passah M, Nengnong CB, Wilson ML, Carlton JM, Kharbamon L, Albert S. Implementation and acceptance of government-sponsored malaria control interventions in Meghalaya, India. Malar J 2022; 21:200. [PMID: 35739533 PMCID: PMC9223263 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background India has made considerable progress in malaria reduction over the past two decades, with government-sponsored indoor residual spraying (IRS) and insecticide-treated bed net (ITN) or long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) distribution being the main vector-related prevention efforts. Few investigations have used non-participant observational methods to assess malaria control measures while they were being implemented, nor documented people’s perceptions and acceptance of IRS or LLINs in India, and none have done so in the northeast region. This study evaluated household (HH)-level operation of IRS and distribution of LLINs by India’s National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) in 50 villages of Meghalaya state, and documented their acceptance and use. Methods Study field teams accompanied the government health system teams during August-October, 2019 and 2020 to observe deployment of LLINs, and record HH-level data on LLIN numbers and use. In addition, NVBDCP spray teams were followed during 2019–2021 to observe IRS preparation and administration. HH members were interviewed to better understand reasons for acceptance or refusal of spraying. Results A total of 8386 LLINs were distributed to 2727 HHs in 24 villages from five Primary Health Centres, representing 99.5% of planned coverage. Interviews with 80 HH residents indicated that they appreciated the LLIN dissemination programme, and generally made regular and appropriate use of LLINs, except during overnight travel or when working in agricultural fields. However, HH-level IRS application, which was observed at 632 HHs, did not always follow standard insecticide preparation and safety protocols. Of 1,079 occupied HHs visited by the spray team, 632 (58.6%) refused to allow any spraying. Only 198 (18.4%) HHs agreed to be sprayed, comprising 152 (14.1%) that were only partly sprayed, and 46 (4.3%) that were fully sprayed. Reasons for refusal included: inadequate time to rearrange HH items, young children were present, annoying smell, staining of walls, and threat to bee-keeping or Eri silk moth cultivation. Conclusions These findings are among the first in India that independently evaluate people's perceptions and acceptance of ongoing government-sponsored IRS and LLIN programmes for malaria prevention. They represent important insights for achieving India's goal of malaria elimination by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattimi Passah
- Indian Institute of Public Health Shillong, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793001, India. .,Martin Luther Christian University, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793006, India.
| | - Carinthia Balabet Nengnong
- Indian Institute of Public Health Shillong, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793001, India.,Martin Luther Christian University, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793006, India
| | - Mark L Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jane M Carlton
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, 10012, USA
| | - Larry Kharbamon
- Department of Health, National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Sandra Albert
- Indian Institute of Public Health Shillong, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793001, India. .,Martin Luther Christian University, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793006, India.
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Chan EYY, Lo ESK, Huang Z, Lam HCY, Yeung MPS, Kwok KO, Hung KKC, Tse SLA. Sociodemographic predictors of knowledge, mosquito bite patterns and protective behaviors concerning vector borne disease: The case of dengue fever in Chinese subtropical city, Hong Kong. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008993. [PMID: 33465094 PMCID: PMC7846016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographic pattern of dengue fever is changing due to the global environmental and climate changes in the 21st century. Evidence of community's knowledge, mosquito bite patterns and protective behavior practices in non-endemic regions is limited. This study examined the knowledge of dengue, mosquito bite patterns, protective behavior practices and their associated factors in Hong Kong, a non-endemic subtropical city. A population-based random telephone survey (n = 590) was conducted three weeks after the government announcement of a local dengue outbreak in August 2018. Sociodemographic status, awareness, knowledge, protective measures, bite patterns of mosquito were collected. Results indicated high level of community awareness of the local outbreak (95.2%), symptom identification (84.0%) and adoption of at least one mosquito protective measures (nearly 80%). About 40% of respondents reported that they were bitten by mosquitoes during the study period, a high mosquito season in Hong Kong. Mosquito bites were prevalent near grassy area (63.4%), at home (42.6%) and at public transportation waiting spots (39.6%). Younger people (< 25 years old), female, those who lived on lower floors (≤the 6th) and near grassy area were at higher risk of mosquito bites at home. Respondents perceived higher threat of dengue to society were more likely to practice mosquito prevention. While residential factors affected their indoor prevention, other socio-demographic factors affected the outdoor prevention. Practicing prevention behaviors were associated with self-reported mosquito bite at home. Furthermore, the general prevention uptake rate unchanged after the announcement of local dengue outbreak. Although the uptake rate of protective measures during August was high, 40% participants reported they were bitten. Also public locations are more common area for bites, which suggested stronger mosquito prevention and control on public environments and more personal protective behaviors should be advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ying Yang Chan
- Collaborating Centre for Oxford University and CUHK for Disaster and Medical Humanitarian Response (CCOUC), JC (Jockey Club) School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Eugene Siu Kai Lo
- Collaborating Centre for Oxford University and CUHK for Disaster and Medical Humanitarian Response (CCOUC), JC (Jockey Club) School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhe Huang
- Collaborating Centre for Oxford University and CUHK for Disaster and Medical Humanitarian Response (CCOUC), JC (Jockey Club) School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Holly Ching Yu Lam
- Collaborating Centre for Oxford University and CUHK for Disaster and Medical Humanitarian Response (CCOUC), JC (Jockey Club) School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - May Pui-shan Yeung
- Collaborating Centre for Oxford University and CUHK for Disaster and Medical Humanitarian Response (CCOUC), JC (Jockey Club) School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kin-on Kwok
- JC (Jockey Club) School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kevin Kei Ching Hung
- Accident and Emergency Medicine Academic Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Shelly Lap-ah Tse
- JC (Jockey Club) School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Vilay P, Nonaka D, Senamonty P, Lao M, Iwagami M, Kobayashi J, Hernandez PM, Phrasisombath K, Kounnavong S, Hongvanthong B, Brey PT, Kano S. Malaria prevalence, knowledge, perception, preventive and treatment behavior among military in Champasak and Attapeu provinces, Lao PDR: a mixed methods study. Trop Med Health 2019; 47:11. [PMID: 30700970 PMCID: PMC6347756 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-019-0138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is a major health problem in Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) with high transmission in remote and forest areas, particularly in the South. The military is at risk of malaria infection especially those deployed in forest areas. This study determined the prevalence of malaria infection and assessed knowledge, perception, and preventive and treatment behavior regarding malaria among military personnel in two southern provinces in Lao PDR. Methods Quantitative and qualitative approaches were undertaken in Champasak and Attapeu provinces in 2017. From 313 military personnel, quantitative data were collected through questionnaire-based interviews and blood samples used for parasite detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Qualitative data were collected through 7 focus group discussions and 17 in-depth interviews among 49 military personnel. Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to assess the association between malaria infection and participant characteristics. Content analysis for qualitative data was performed to explore perception and treatment behaviors regarding malaria. Results The prevalence of malaria infection was 11.2% (Plasmodium falciparum: 1.3%, Plasmodium vivax: 9.3% and mixed infections: 0.6%). Many participants understood that malaria is transmitted through mosquito bites, although they did not necessarily know the name of vector mosquitoes (Anopheles). Surprisingly, more than a half also believed that malaria is transmitted through drinking stream water. One-third of the participants used long-lasting insecticidal nets. Due to limited supply, participants were often unable to use mosquito repellent and coils when necessary. Because participants were unable to receive timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment for malaria in their camps, they commonly practiced self-treatment using antibiotics, painkillers, and/or traditional medicines. They only go to a healthcare facility through their supervisor if their conditions worsen. Conclusions The prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria was conspicuous among military in forest areas. Many participants believed that malaria is transmitted not only by mosquito bites but also from drinking stream water. Preventive equipment was often insufficient. Self-treatment was practiced before referring to healthcare facility. To further prevent military from contracting malaria, the National Malaria Control Program and military body should provide adequate and suitable health education, protective equipment, and on-site malaria case management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoutnalong Vilay
- 1Department of Global Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0215 Japan.,2Center of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,SATREPS Project for Parasitic Diseases, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Daisuke Nonaka
- 1Department of Global Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0215 Japan.,SATREPS Project for Parasitic Diseases, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Phosadeth Senamonty
- Military Institute of Diseases Prevention, Department of Military Medical, Ministry of Defense, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Malayvanh Lao
- Military Institute of Diseases Prevention, Department of Military Medical, Ministry of Defense, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Moritoshi Iwagami
- SATREPS Project for Parasitic Diseases, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,5Department of Tropical Medicine and Malaria, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655 Japan.,6Institut Pasteur du Laos, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Jun Kobayashi
- 1Department of Global Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0215 Japan.,SATREPS Project for Parasitic Diseases, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Paul Michael Hernandez
- 1Department of Global Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0215 Japan.,7Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, 625 Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, 1000 Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Sengchanh Kounnavong
- SATREPS Project for Parasitic Diseases, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,9Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Bouasy Hongvanthong
- 2Center of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,SATREPS Project for Parasitic Diseases, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Paul T Brey
- SATREPS Project for Parasitic Diseases, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,6Institut Pasteur du Laos, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Shigeyuki Kano
- SATREPS Project for Parasitic Diseases, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,5Department of Tropical Medicine and Malaria, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655 Japan
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Wangdi K, Furuya-Kanamori L, Clark J, Barendregt JJ, Gatton ML, Banwell C, Kelly GC, Doi SAR, Clements ACA. Comparative effectiveness of malaria prevention measures: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:210. [PMID: 29587882 PMCID: PMC5869791 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2783-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. There are several preventive measures that are currently employed, including insecticide-treated nets (ITNs, including long-lasting insecticidal nets and insecticidal-treated bed nets), indoor residual spraying (IRS), prophylactic drugs (PD), and untreated nets (UN). However, it is unclear which measure is the most effective for malaria prevention. We therefore undertook a network meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of different preventive measures on incidence of malaria infection. Methods A systematic literature review was undertaken across four medical and life sciences databases (PubMed, Cochrane Central, Embase, and Web of Science) from their inception to July 2016 to compare the effectiveness of different preventive measures on malaria incidence. Data from the included studies were analysed for the effectiveness of several measures against no intervention (NI). This was carried out using an automated generalized pairwise modeling (GPM) framework for network meta-analysis to generate mixed treatment effects against a common comparator of no intervention (NI). Results There were 30 studies that met the inclusion criteria from 1998–2016. The GPM framework led to a final ranking of effectiveness of measures in the following order from best to worst: PD, ITN, IRS and UN, in comparison with NI. However, only ITN (RR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.32–0.74) showed precision while other methods [PD (RR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.004–15.43), IRS (RR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.20–1.56) and UN (RR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.28–1.90)] demonstrating considerable uncertainty associated with their point estimates. Conclusion Current evidence is strong for the protective effect of ITN interventions in malaria prevention. Even though ITNs were found to be the only preventive measure with statistical support for their effectiveness, the role of other malaria control measures may be important adjuncts in the global drive to eliminate malaria. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2783-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinley Wangdi
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Luis Furuya-Kanamori
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia.,Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Justin Clark
- Centre for Research in Evidence-Based Practice (CREBP), Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jan J Barendregt
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Epigear International Pty Ltd, Sunrise Beach, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle L Gatton
- School of Public Health & Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cathy Banwell
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia
| | - Gerard C Kelly
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia
| | - Suhail A R Doi
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia.,Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia
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Increasing the potential for malaria elimination by targeting zoophilic vectors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40551. [PMID: 28091570 PMCID: PMC5238397 DOI: 10.1038/srep40551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Countries in the Asia Pacific region aim to eliminate malaria by 2030. A cornerstone of malaria elimination is the effective management of Anopheles mosquito vectors. Current control tools such as insecticide treated nets or indoor residual sprays target mosquitoes in human dwellings. We find in a high transmission region in India, malaria vector populations show a high propensity to feed on livestock (cattle) and rest in outdoor structures such as cattle shelters. We also find evidence for a shift in vector species complex towards increased zoophilic behavior in recent years. Using a malaria transmission model we demonstrate that in such regions dominated by zoophilic vectors, existing vector control tactics will be insufficient to achieve elimination, even if maximized. However, by increasing mortality in the zoophilic cycle, the elimination threshold can be reached. Current national vector control policy in India restricts use of residual insecticide sprays to domestic dwellings. Our study suggests substantial benefits of extending the approach to treatment of cattle sheds, or deploying other tactics that target zoophilic behavior. Optimizing use of existing tools will be essential to achieving the ambitious 2030 elimination target.
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