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Varanda J, Santos JM. It Was Not the Perfect Storm: The Social History of the HIV-2 Virus in Guinea-Bissau. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8050261. [PMID: 37235309 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8050261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The perfect storm model that was elaborated for the HIV-1M pandemic has also been used to explain the emergence of HIV-2, a second human immunodeficiency virus-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV-AIDS) that became an epidemic in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. The use of this model creates epidemiological generalizations, ecological oversimplifications and historical misunderstandings as its assumptions-an urban center with explosive population growth, a high level of commercial sex and a surge in STDs, a network of mechanical transport and country-wide, en masse mobile campaigns-are absent from the historical record. This model fails to explain how the HIV-2 epidemic actually came about. This is the first study to conduct an exhaustive examination of sociohistorical contextual developments and align them with environmental, virological and epidemiological data. The interdisciplinary dialogue indicates that the emergence of the HIV-2 epidemic piggybacked on local sociopolitical transformations. The war's indirect effects on ecological relations, mobility and sociability were acute in rural areas and are a key to the HIV-2 epidemic. This setting had the natural host of the virus, the population numbers, the mobility trends and the use of technology on a scale needed to foster viral adaptation and amplification. The present analysis suggests new reflections on the processes of zoonotic spillovers and disease emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Varanda
- Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA-UC), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine-NOVA-Lisbon (GHTM-UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Maurício Santos
- Centre for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-276 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory TERRA, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
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Ostankova YV, Shchemelev AN, Boumbaly S, Balde TAL, Zueva EB, Valutite DE, Serikova EN, Davydenko VS, Skvoroda VV, Vasileva DA, Semenov AV, Esaulenko EV, Totolian AA. Prevalence of HIV and Viral Hepatitis Markers among Healthcare Workers in the Republic of Guinea. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13030378. [PMID: 36766482 PMCID: PMC9914033 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthcare workers are much more likely to be infected with HIV and hepatitis viruses compared to the general population. Although healthcare workers are more aware of HIV and hepatitis viruses, several countries in Africa lack a comprehensive grasp of disease routes and transmission risks. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of the serological and molecular biological markers of HIV and viral hepatitis among healthcare workers in the Republic of Guinea. The study material was 74 blood serum samples collected from healthcare workers who received additional training at the Institute of Applied Biological Research of Guinea (IRBAG, Kindia, Republic of Guinea). The markers examined included HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBs IgG, anti-HBcore IgG, anti-HCV qualitative determination, anti-HEV IgM and IgG, anti-HAV IgM and IgG, and anti-HIV. For viral DNA and RNA detection, nucleic acids were extracted from blood serum, and viral presence was inferred using real-time PCR with hybridization fluorescence detection. A high prevalence of viral hepatitis B markers was shown, and significantly fewer cases of viral hepatitis C and HIV were detected. Almost all examined medical workers had anti-HAV IgG antibodies, but no antibodies to hepatitis E virus. Apparently, the identified markers depend on the general prevalence of certain pathogens in the region and are associated with the traditions and characteristics of the country's residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia V Ostankova
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institut of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor), 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander N Shchemelev
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institut of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor), 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sanaba Boumbaly
- Institute of Applied Biological Research of Guinea (IRBAG), Kindia 100 BP 75, Guinea
- Centre International de Recherche sur les Infections Tropicales en Guinée, Nzerekore 400 BP, Guinea
| | - Thierno A L Balde
- Institute of Applied Biological Research of Guinea (IRBAG), Kindia 100 BP 75, Guinea
| | - Elena B Zueva
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institut of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor), 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Diana E Valutite
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institut of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor), 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena N Serikova
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institut of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor), 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Davydenko
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institut of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor), 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vsevolod V Skvoroda
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institut of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor), 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria A Vasileva
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institut of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor), 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander V Semenov
- Ekaterinburg Research Institute of Viral Infections, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor), 620030 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Elena V Esaulenko
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institut of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor), 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Areg A Totolian
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institut of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor), 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Boumbaly S, Balde TAL, Semenov AV, Ostankova YV, Serikova EN, Naidenova EV, Valutite DE, Shchemelev AN, Zueva EB, Esaulenko EV, Totolian AA. [Prevalence of viral hepatitis B markers among blood donors in the Republic of Guinea]. Vopr Virusol 2022; 67:59-68. [PMID: 35293189 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The problem of transfusion safety in relation to parenteral viral hepatitis still remains relevant. Viral hepatitis B (HB) remains the most common viral infection transmitted through transfusion procedures. One of the natural phases of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is occult hepatitis B infection (OBI), characterized by an undetectable HBsAg (regardless of the other serological markers content) in the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in the liver tissue and an extremely low, up to undetectable, level of viral load in the blood. In the Republic of Guinea, as in most countries on the continent, the prevention of HBV transmission through transfusion is still based on HBsAg serological testing of donors only. In this connection, OBI remains as a potential threat to blood transfusion safety. Detection of HBV DNA is a reliable preventive measure against transmission of the virus from donors with HBsAg-negative HBV infection, especially in highly endemic regions. In this regard, the study was conducted to substantiate recommendations for improving blood safety against the background of significant HBV prevalence in the Republic of Guinea.The aim of the work was the evaluation of serological and molecular markers of HBV infection in blood donors in the Republic of Guinea. MATERIAL AND METHODS We examined 250 blood samples obtained from donors living in Conakry, Republic of Guinea. Samples were tested for the presence of serological (surface antigen, HBsAg; antibodies (ABs) to surface (anti-HBs IgG) and core (anti-HBc IgG) antigens) and molecular (DNA) markers of HBV infection. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The overall detection rate of hepatitis B markers was 83.2%; HBsAg was detected in 16.4% of all individuals. The high incidence of HBsAg in men (19.55%) compared to women (8.45%) was shown, the relative risk of HBV infection with the formation of HBsAg-positive chronic hepatitis B in males was also significantly higher. The prevalence of the HBV DNA in the study group was 30.4%, the OBI cases accounted for 15.6%. The prevalence of this form of the disease was shown in donors aged 30-49 years (24.78%), in the group of people younger than 30 years, the incidence was lower (8.73%), and at the age of over 50 years, OBI was not detected. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of 76 virus isolates, it was shown that genotype E prevails in the examined group (85.53%).Cases of pathogen DNA detection occurred in HBsAg-negative blood donors in the presence of anti-HBs IgG (n = 4), as well as in the simultaneous presence of ABs anti-HBs IgG and anti-HBc IgG (n = 7). The viral load exceeded 200 IU/ml in OBI samples. Escape mutations were detected by sequencing in each OBI sample, contributing to the virus escaping from diagnostic based on screening for HBsAg. CONCLUSION Assessment of the prevalence viral hepatitis B markers in blood donors, determination of genotypes and clinically significant mutations of virus variants are necessary to ensure safe medical manipulations, control and prevention of the spread of this infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boumbaly
- International Tropical Infections Research Center; Research Institute of Applied Biology of Guinea
| | - T A L Balde
- Research Institute of Applied Biology of Guinea
| | - A V Semenov
- FSBI State Scientific Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector» of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - Yu V Ostankova
- FBSI «Saint Petersburg Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Mictobiology» of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - E N Serikova
- FBSI «Saint Petersburg Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Mictobiology» of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - E V Naidenova
- FSHI Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute «Microbe» of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - D E Valutite
- FBSI «Saint Petersburg Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Mictobiology» of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - A N Shchemelev
- FBSI «Saint Petersburg Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Mictobiology» of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - E B Zueva
- FBSI «Saint Petersburg Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Mictobiology» of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - E V Esaulenko
- FBSI «Saint Petersburg Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Mictobiology» of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - Areg A Totolian
- FBSI «Saint Petersburg Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Mictobiology» of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
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Talla C, Itanyi IU, Tsuyuki K, Stadnick N, Ogidi AG, Olakunde BO, Patel D, Oko JO, Aarons G, Onoka CA, Ezeanolue EE. Hepatitis B infection and risk factors among pregnant women and their male partners in the Baby Shower Programme in Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. Trop Med Int Health 2020; 26:316-326. [PMID: 33247862 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the population prevalence and determinants of hepatitis B (Hep B) status, and status discordance, among pregnant women and their male partners in Nigeria. METHODS Cross-sectional study assessing the seroprevalence of Hep B virus in a cohort of 16 920 pregnant women and their male partners in northcentral Nigeria. Rapid HBsAg antibody test was used for Hep B diagnosis. Demographic, socio-economic and behavioural information was collected through interviewer-administered questionnaires and evaluated as determinants of Hep B status and couple status discordance using logistic regression. RESULTS Of 16 920 participants who had a Hep B test result, 6750 couples and 1316 discordant couples were identified. The prevalence of Hep B among all participants was 10.9%, with lower prevalence among pregnant women (10.2%) than their male partners (11.9%), P < 0.001. The prevalence of Hep B sero-discordance among couples was 19.5% (1316/6750). Younger age, prior Hep B testing and a prior positive Hep B test increased the odds of Hep B infection while being a woman decreased the odds of Hep B among all participants, and among couples. Furthermore, polygamy (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.49, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19-1.87), prior Hep B testing (AOR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.14-4.97) and a prior positive Hep B test result were significant determinants of status discordance among the participating couples. CONCLUSION The prevalence of Hep B among pregnant women and their male partners in northcentral Nigeria is high. A large-scale intervention is required to reduce Hep B prevalence in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Talla
- Caritas Nigeria, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Ijeoma Uchenna Itanyi
- Center for Translation and Implementation Research, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria.,Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Kiyomi Tsuyuki
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Stadnick
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,UC San Diego Dissemination and Implementation Science Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Amaka Grace Ogidi
- Center for Translation and Implementation Research, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde
- Center for Translation and Implementation Research, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria.,National Agency for the Control of AIDS, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Dina Patel
- Healthy Sunrise Foundation, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | | | - Gregory Aarons
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,UC San Diego Dissemination and Implementation Science Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Chima Ariel Onoka
- Center for Translation and Implementation Research, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria.,Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Echezona Edozie Ezeanolue
- Center for Translation and Implementation Research, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria.,Healthy Sunrise Foundation, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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