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Xiao J, Zhou Y, Xie Y, Li T, Su X, He J, Jiang Y, Zhu H, Qu H. ATP homeostasis and signaling in plants. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100834. [PMID: 38327057 PMCID: PMC11009363 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
ATP is the primary form of energy for plants, and a shortage of cellular ATP is generally acknowledged to pose a threat to plant growth and development, stress resistance, and crop quality. The overall metabolic processes that contribute to the ATP pool, from production, dissipation, and transport to elimination, have been studied extensively. Considerable evidence has revealed that in addition to its role in energy supply, ATP also acts as a regulatory signaling molecule to activate global metabolic responses. Identification of the eATP receptor DORN1 contributed to a better understanding of how plants cope with disruption of ATP homeostasis and of the key points at which ATP signaling pathways intersect in cells or whole organisms. The functions of SnRK1α, the master regulator of the energy management network, in restoring the equilibrium of the ATP pool have been demonstrated, and the vast and complex metabolic network mediated by SnRK1α to adapt to fluctuating environments has been characterized. This paper reviews recent advances in understanding the regulatory control of the cellular ATP pool and discusses possible interactions among key regulators of ATP-pool homeostasis and crosstalk between iATP/eATP signaling pathways. Perception of ATP deficit and modulation of cellular ATP homeostasis mediated by SnRK1α in plants are discussed at the physiological and molecular levels. Finally, we suggest future research directions for modulation of plant cellular ATP homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yijie Zhou
- Guangdong AIB Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510507, China
| | - Yunyun Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Taotao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinguo Su
- Guangdong AIB Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510507, China
| | - Junxian He
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Hongxia Qu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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2
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Li X, Zhao M, Yang W, Zhou X, Xie Y. The C4 Protein of TbLCYnV Promotes SnRK1 β2 Degradation Via the Autophagy Pathway to Enhance Viral Infection in N. benthamiana. Viruses 2024; 16:234. [PMID: 38400010 PMCID: PMC10892878 DOI: 10.3390/v16020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are a group of single-stranded DNA viruses that have developed multiple strategies to overcome host defenses and establish viral infections. Sucrose nonfermenting-1-related kinase 1 (SnRK1) is a key regulator of energy balance in plants and plays an important role in plant development and immune defenses. As a heterotrimeric complex, SnRK1 is composed of a catalytic subunit α (SnRK1 α) and two regulatory subunits, β and γ. Previous studies on SnRK1 in plant defenses against microbial pathogens have mainly focused on SnRK1 α. In this study, we validated the interaction between the C4 protein encoded by tobacco leaf curl Yunnan virus (TbLCYnV) and the regulatory subunit β of Nicotiana benthamiana SnRK1, i.e., NbSnRK1 β2, and identified that the Asp22 of C4 is critical for TbLCYnV C4-NbSnRK1 β2 interactions. NbSnRK1 β2 silencing in N. benthamiana enhances susceptibility to TbLCYnV infection. Plants infected with viral mutant TbLCYnV (C4D22A), which contains the mutant version C4 (D22A) that is incapable of interacting with NbSnRK1 β2, display milder symptoms and lower viral accumulation. Furthermore, we discovered that C4 promotes NbSnRK1 β2 degradation via the autophagy pathway. We herein propose a model by which the geminivirus C4 protein causes NbSnRK1 β2 degradation via the TbLCYnV C4-NbSnRK1 β2 interaction to antagonize host antiviral defenses and facilitates viral infection and symptom development in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Wanyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.)
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3
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Fan W, Li Z, Li C, Gu Z, Hong Y, Cheng L, Ban X. Catalytic activity enhancement of 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme by N-terminal modification. Food Chem X 2023; 20:100888. [PMID: 38144803 PMCID: PMC10739917 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme (GBE, EC 2.4.1.18) has garnered considerable attention for its ability to increase the degree of branching of starch and retard starch digestion, which has great industrial applications. Previous studies have reported that the N-terminal domain plays an important role in the expression and stability of GBEs. To further increase the catalytic ability of Gt-GBE, we constructed five mutants in the N-terminal domain: L19R, L19K, L25R, L25K, and L25A. Specific activities of L25R and L25A were increased by 28.46% and 23.46%, respectively, versus the wild-type Gt-GBE. In addition, the α-1,6-glycosidic linkage ratios of maltodextrin samples treated with L25R and L25A increased to 5.71%, which were significantly increased by 19.96% compared with that of the wild-type Gt-GBE. The results of this study suggest that the N-terminal domain selective modification can improve enzyme catalytic activity, thus further increasing the commercial application of enzymes in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Fan
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Caiming Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yan Hong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Li Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Avidan O, Moraes TA, Mengin V, Feil R, Rolland F, Stitt M, Lunn JE. In vivo protein kinase activity of SnRK1 fluctuates in Arabidopsis rosettes during light-dark cycles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:387-408. [PMID: 36725081 PMCID: PMC10152665 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose-nonfermenting 1 (SNF1)-related kinase 1 (SnRK1) is a central hub in carbon and energy signaling in plants, and is orthologous with SNF1 in yeast and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in animals. Previous studies of SnRK1 relied on in vitro activity assays or monitoring of putative marker gene expression. Neither approach gives unambiguous information about in vivo SnRK1 activity. We have monitored in vivo SnRK1 activity using Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) reporter lines that express a chimeric polypeptide with an SNF1/SnRK1/AMPK-specific phosphorylation site. We investigated responses during an equinoctial diel cycle and after perturbing this cycle. As expected, in vivo SnRK1 activity rose toward the end of the night and rose even further when the night was extended. Unexpectedly, although sugars rose after dawn, SnRK1 activity did not decline until about 12 h into the light period. The sucrose signal metabolite, trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P), has been shown to inhibit SnRK1 in vitro. We introduced the SnRK1 reporter into lines that harbored an inducible trehalose-6-phosphate synthase construct. Elevated Tre6P decreased in vivo SnRK1 activity in the light period, but not at the end of the night. Reporter polypeptide phosphorylation was sometimes negatively correlated with Tre6P, but a stronger and more widespread negative correlation was observed with glucose-6-phosphate. We propose that SnRK1 operates within a network that controls carbon utilization and maintains diel sugar homeostasis, that SnRK1 activity is regulated in a context-dependent manner by Tre6P, probably interacting with further inputs including hexose phosphates and the circadian clock, and that SnRK1 signaling is modulated by factors that act downstream of SnRK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omri Avidan
- Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Thiago A Moraes
- Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Virginie Mengin
- Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Regina Feil
- Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Filip Rolland
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Stitt
- Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - John E Lunn
- Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Ruiz-Gayosso A, Rodríguez-Cruz I, Martínez-Barajas E, Coello P. Phosphorylation of DPE2 at S786 partially regulates starch degradation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 193:70-77. [PMID: 36335878 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In plants, transitory starch is synthetized during the day and degraded at night to provide the continuous carbon needed for growth and development. Starch metabolism is highly coordinated, as the starch degradation rate must be coupled to the amount of starch synthetized during the day. Maltose is one of the chloroplastic products obtained from starch degradation, and maltose is exported to the cytosol where disproportionating enzyme-2 (DPE2) is responsible for its metabolism. The amount of DPE2 remained unchanged throughout the day, but its activity notably increased at the end of the day (7 p.m.), suggesting that posttranslational modification drives the mechanism underlying the regulatory activity of this enzyme. Sucrose nonfermenting-related kinase-1 (SnRK1), a protein kinase that controls the activity of several metabolic enzymes, was able to interact and phosphorylate DPE2 at three different residues localized in the α-glucanotransferase domain. This phosphorylation acts as a positive regulator of DPE2, increasing its activity. Complementation of dpe2-deficient mutants with the wild-type (WT) and S786A forms of DPE2 showed that the nonphosphorylated form of DPE2 only partially restored starch degradation, suggesting that phosphorylation at S786 is involved in enzyme regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruiz-Gayosso
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Cd. Mx, 04510, Mexico
| | - I Rodríguez-Cruz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Cd. Mx, 04510, Mexico
| | - E Martínez-Barajas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Cd. Mx, 04510, Mexico
| | - P Coello
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Cd. Mx, 04510, Mexico.
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6
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Peixoto B, Baena-González E. Management of plant central metabolism by SnRK1 protein kinases. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7068-7082. [PMID: 35708960 PMCID: PMC9664233 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
SUCROSE NON-FERMENTING1 (SNF1)-RELATED KINASE 1 (SnRK1) is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase with key roles in plant stress responses. SnRK1 is activated when energy levels decline during stress, reconfiguring metabolism and gene expression to favour catabolism over anabolism, and ultimately to restore energy balance and homeostasis. The capacity to efficiently redistribute resources is crucial to cope with adverse environmental conditions and, accordingly, genetic manipulations that increase SnRK1 activity are generally associated with enhanced tolerance to stress. In addition to its well-established function in stress responses, an increasing number of studies implicate SnRK1 in the homeostatic control of metabolism during the regular day-night cycle and in different organs and developmental stages. Here, we review how the genetic manipulation of SnRK1 alters central metabolism in several plant species and tissue types. We complement this with studies that provide mechanistic insight into how SnRK1 modulates metabolism, identifying changes in transcripts of metabolic components, altered enzyme activities, or direct regulation of enzymes or transcription factors by SnRK1 via phosphorylation. We identify patterns of response that centre on the maintenance of sucrose levels, in an analogous manner to the role described for its mammalian orthologue in the control of blood glucose homeostasis. Finally, we highlight several knowledge gaps and technical limitations that will have to be addressed in future research aiming to fully understand how SnRK1 modulates metabolism at the cellular and whole-plant levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Peixoto
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal and GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal
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7
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Gutierrez-Beltran E, Crespo JL. Compartmentalization, a key mechanism controlling the multitasking role of the SnRK1 complex. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7055-7067. [PMID: 35861169 PMCID: PMC9664234 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
SNF1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1), the plant ortholog of mammalian AMP-activated protein kinase/fungal (yeast) Sucrose Non-Fermenting 1 (AMPK/SNF1), plays a central role in metabolic responses to reduced energy levels in response to nutritional and environmental stresses. SnRK1 functions as a heterotrimeric complex composed of a catalytic α- and regulatory β- and βγ-subunits. SnRK1 is a multitasking protein involved in regulating various cellular functions, including growth, autophagy, stress response, stomatal development, pollen maturation, hormone signaling, and gene expression. However, little is known about the mechanism whereby SnRK1 ensures differential execution of downstream functions. Compartmentalization has been recently proposed as a new key mechanism for regulating SnRK1 signaling in response to stimuli. In this review, we discuss the multitasking role of SnRK1 signaling associated with different subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose L Crespo
- Instituto de Bioquimica Vegetal y Fotosintesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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8
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Sink Strength Promoting Remobilization of Non-Structural Carbohydrates by Activating Sugar Signaling in Rice Stem during Grain Filling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094864. [PMID: 35563255 PMCID: PMC9106009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The remobilization of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) in the stem is essential for rice grain filling so as to improve grain yield. We conducted a two-year field experiment to deeply investigate their relationship. Two large-panicle rice varieties with similar spikelet size, CJ03 and W1844, were used to conduct two treatments (removing-spikelet group and control group). Compared to CJ03, W1844 had higher 1000-grain weight, especially for the grain growth of inferior spikelets (IS) after removing the spikelet. These results were mainly ascribed to the stronger sink strength of W1844 than that of CJ03 contrasting in the same group. The remobilization efficiency of NSC in the stem decreased significantly after removing the spikelet for both CJ03 and W1844, and the level of sugar signaling in the T6P-SnRK1 pathway was also significantly changed. However, W1844 outperformed CJ03 in terms of the efficiency of carbon reserve remobilization under the same treatments. More precisely, there was a significant difference during the early grain-filling stage in terms of the conversion of sucrose and starch. Interestingly, the sugar signaling of the T6P and SnRK1 pathways also represented an obvious change. Hence, sugar signaling may be promoted by sink strength to remobilize the NSCs of the rice stem during grain filling to further advance crop yield.
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Jamsheer K M, Kumar M, Srivastava V. SNF1-related protein kinase 1: the many-faced signaling hub regulating developmental plasticity in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6042-6065. [PMID: 33693699 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Snf1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) is the plant homolog of the heterotrimeric AMP-activated protein kinase/sucrose non-fermenting 1 (AMPK/Snf1), which works as a major regulator of growth under nutrient-limiting conditions in eukaryotes. Along with its conserved role as a master regulator of sugar starvation responses, SnRK1 is involved in controlling the developmental plasticity and resilience under diverse environmental conditions in plants. In this review, through mining and analyzing the interactome and phosphoproteome data of SnRK1, we are highlighting its role in fundamental cellular processes such as gene regulation, protein synthesis, primary metabolism, protein trafficking, nutrient homeostasis, and autophagy. Along with the well-characterized molecular interaction in SnRK1 signaling, our analysis highlights several unchartered regions of SnRK1 signaling in plants such as its possible communication with chromatin remodelers, histone modifiers, and inositol phosphate signaling. We also discuss potential reciprocal interactions of SnRK1 signaling with other signaling pathways and cellular processes, which could be involved in maintaining flexibility and homeostasis under different environmental conditions. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the SnRK1 signaling network in plants and suggests many novel directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Jamsheer K
- Amity Food & Agriculture Foundation, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Amity Food & Agriculture Foundation, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Vibha Srivastava
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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10
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Abstract
Nutrients are vital to life through intertwined sensing, signaling, and metabolic processes. Emerging research focuses on how distinct nutrient signaling networks integrate and coordinate gene expression, metabolism, growth, and survival. We review the multifaceted roles of sugars, nitrate, and phosphate as essential plant nutrients in controlling complex molecular and cellular mechanisms of dynamic signaling networks. Key advances in central sugar and energy signaling mechanisms mediated by the evolutionarily conserved master regulators HEXOKINASE1 (HXK1), TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR), and SNF1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE1 (SNRK1) are discussed. Significant progress in primary nitrate sensing, calcium signaling, transcriptome analysis, and root-shoot communication to shape plant biomass and architecture are elaborated. Discoveries on intracellular and extracellular phosphate signaling and the intimate connections with nitrate and sugar signaling are examined. This review highlights the dynamic nutrient, energy, growth, and stress signaling networks that orchestrate systemwide transcriptional, translational, and metabolic reprogramming, modulate growth and developmental programs, and respond to environmental cues. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA; ,
| | - Kun-Hsiang Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA; , .,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, and Institute of Future Agriculture, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jen Sheen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA; ,
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11
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Cvetkovic J, Haferkamp I, Rode R, Keller I, Pommerrenig B, Trentmann O, Altensell J, Fischer-Stettler M, Eicke S, Zeeman SC, Neuhaus HE. Ectopic maltase alleviates dwarf phenotype and improves plant frost tolerance of maltose transporter mutants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:315-329. [PMID: 33650638 PMCID: PMC8154053 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Maltose, the major product of starch breakdown in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves, exits the chloroplast via the maltose exporter1 MEX1. Consequently, mex1 loss-of-function plants exhibit substantial maltose accumulation, a starch-excess phenotype and a specific chlorotic phenotype during leaf development. Here, we investigated whether the introduction of an alternative metabolic route could suppress the marked developmental defects typical for mex1 loss-of-function mutants. To this end, we ectopically expressed in mex1 chloroplasts a functional maltase (MAL) from baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, chloroplastidial MAL [cpMAL] mutants). Remarkably, the stromal MAL activity substantially alleviates most phenotypic peculiarities typical for mex1 plants. However, the cpMAL lines contained only slightly less maltose than parental mex1 plants and their starch levels were, surprisingly, even higher. These findings point to a threshold level of maltose responsible for the marked developmental defects in mex1. While growth and flowering time were only slightly retarded, cpMAL lines exhibited a substantially improved frost tolerance, when compared to wild-types. In summary, these results demonstrate the possibility to bypass the MEX1 transporter, allow us to differentiate between possible starch-excess and maltose-excess responses, and demonstrate that stromal maltose accumulation prevents frost defects. The latter insight may be instrumental for the development of crop plants with improved frost tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Cvetkovic
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str., D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ilka Haferkamp
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str., D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Regina Rode
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str., D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Isabel Keller
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str., D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Benjamin Pommerrenig
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str., D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Oliver Trentmann
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str., D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Altensell
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str., D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | - Simona Eicke
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstr. 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstr. 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str., D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Author for communication:
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Baena-González E, Lunn JE. SnRK1 and trehalose 6-phosphate - two ancient pathways converge to regulate plant metabolism and growth. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 55:52-59. [PMID: 32259743 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
SUCROSE-NON-FERMENTING1-RELATED KINASE1 (SnRK1) belongs to a family of protein kinases that originated in the earliest eukaryotes and plays a central role in energy and metabolic homeostasis. Trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P) is the intermediate of trehalose biosynthesis, and has even more ancient roots, being found in all three domains of life - Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. In plants, the function of SnRK1 has diverged from its orthologues in fungi and animals, evolving new roles in signalling of nutrient status and abiotic stress. Tre6P has also acquired a novel function in plants as a signal and homeostatic regulator of sucrose, the dominant sugar in plant metabolism. These two ancient pathways have converged in a unique way in plants, enabling them to coordinate their metabolism, growth, and development with their environment, which is essential for their autotrophic and sessile lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Baena-González
- Plant Stress Signaling, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - John Edward Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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Martínez-Barajas E, Coello P. Review: How do SnRK1 protein kinases truly work? PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 291:110330. [PMID: 31928656 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The AMPK/SNF1/SnRK1 family of protein kinases is involved in cellular responses to energy stress. They also interact with molecules of other signaling pathways to regulate many aspects of growth and development. The biochemical, genetic and molecular knowledge of SnRK1 in plants lags behind that of AMPK and SNF1 and is freely extrapolated such that, in many cases, it is assumed that plant enzymes behave in the same way as homologs in other organisms. In this review, we present data that support the evidence that the structural characteristics of the SnRK1 subunits determine the functional properties of the complex. We also discuss results suggesting that the SnRK1 subunits participate in the assembly of different complexes and that not all combinations are equally important. The activity of SnRK1 is dependent on the phosphorylation of SnRK1αThr175 found in the activation loop of the catalytic domain. However, we propose that the phosphorylation of sites close to SnRK1αThr175 might contribute to the fine-tuned regulation of SnRK1 activity and thus requires further evaluation. Finally, we also call attention to the interaction of the SnRK1α with regulatory proteins that are not typically identified as putative substrates. The additional functions of the SnRK1 subunits, in addition to those of the active complex, may be necessary for the cell to respond to the complicated conditions presented by energy stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleazar Martínez-Barajas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Patricia Coello
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico.
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Zhong Y, Sagnelli D, Topbjerg HB, Hasler-Sheetal H, Andrzejczak OA, Hooshmand K, Gislum R, Jiang D, Møller IM, Blennow A, Hebelstrup KH. Expression of starch-binding factor CBM20 in barley plastids controls the number of starch granules and the level of CO2 fixation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:234-246. [PMID: 31494665 PMCID: PMC6913705 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of starch granules in plant plastids is coordinated by the orchestrated action of transferases, hydrolases, and dikinases. These enzymes either contain starch-binding domain(s) themselves, or are dependent on direct interactions with co-factors containing starch-binding domains. As a means to competitively interfere with existing starch-protein interactions, we expressed the protein module Carbohydrate-Binding Motif 20 (CBM20), which has a very high affinity for starch, ectopically in barley plastids. This interference resulted in an increase in the number of starch granules in chloroplasts and in formation of compound starch granules in grain amyloplasts, which is unusual for barley. More importantly, we observed a photosystem-independent inhibition of CO2 fixation, with a subsequent reduced growth rate and lower accumulation of carbohydrates with effects throughout the metabolome, including lower accumulation of transient leaf starch. Our results demonstrate the importance of endogenous starch-protein interactions for controlling starch granule morphology and number, and plant growth, as substantiated by a metabolic link between starch-protein interactions and control of CO2 fixation in chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Zhong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture/National Engineering and technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Domenico Sagnelli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Bak Topbjerg
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Harald Hasler-Sheetal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
- Nordcee, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Olga Agata Andrzejczak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Kourosh Hooshmand
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - René Gislum
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Dong Jiang
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture/National Engineering and technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ian Max Møller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kim Henrik Hebelstrup
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
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Crepin N, Rolland F. SnRK1 activation, signaling, and networking for energy homeostasis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 51:29-36. [PMID: 31030062 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The SnRK1 kinases are key regulators of the plant energy balance, but how their activity is regulated by metabolic status is still unclear. While the heterotrimeric kinase complex is well conserved among plants, fungi, and animals, plants appear to have modified its regulation to better fit their unique physiology and lifestyle. The SnRK1 kinases control metabolism, growth, and development, and stress tolerance by direct phosphorylation of metabolic enzymes and regulatory proteins and by extensive transcriptional regulation. Diverse types of transcription factors have already been implicated, with a well-studied role for the heterodimerizing group C and group S1 bZIPs. SnRK1 is also part of a more elaborate metabolic and stress signaling network, which includes the TOR kinase and the ABA-signaling SnRK2 kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Crepin
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Rolland
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium.
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Jamsheer K M, Jindal S, Laxmi A. Evolution of TOR-SnRK dynamics in green plants and its integration with phytohormone signaling networks. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2239-2259. [PMID: 30870564 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR)-sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) signaling is an ancient regulatory mechanism that originated in eukaryotes to regulate nutrient-dependent growth. Although the TOR-SnRK1 signaling cascade shows highly conserved functions among eukaryotes, studies in the past two decades have identified many important plant-specific innovations in this pathway. Plants also possess SnRK2 and SnRK3 kinases, which originated from the ancient SnRK1-related kinases and have specialized roles in controlling growth, stress responses and nutrient homeostasis in plants. Recently, an integrative picture has started to emerge in which different SnRKs and TOR kinase are highly interconnected to control nutrient and stress responses of plants. Further, these kinases are intimately involved with phytohormone signaling networks that originated at different stages of plant evolution. In this review, we highlight the evolution and divergence of TOR-SnRK signaling components in plants and their communication with each other as well as phytohormone signaling to fine-tune growth and stress responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Jamsheer K
- Amity Food & Agriculture Foundation, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Sunita Jindal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashverya Laxmi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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Janse van Rensburg HC, Van den Ende W, Signorelli S. Autophagy in Plants: Both a Puppet and a Puppet Master of Sugars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:14. [PMID: 30723485 PMCID: PMC6349728 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a major pathway that recycles cellular components in eukaryotic cells both under stressed and non-stressed conditions. Sugars participate both metabolically and as signaling molecules in development and response to various environmental and nutritional conditions. It is therefore essential to maintain metabolic homeostasis of sugars during non-stressed conditions in cells, not only to provide energy, but also to ensure effective signaling when exposed to stress. In both plants and animals, autophagy is activated by the energy sensor SnRK1/AMPK and inhibited by TOR kinase. SnRK1/AMPK and TOR kinases are both important regulators of cellular metabolism and are controlled to a large extent by the availability of sugars and sugar-phosphates in plants whereas in animals AMP/ATP indirectly translate sugar status. In plants, during nutrient and sugar deficiency, SnRK1 is activated, and TOR is inhibited to allow activation of autophagy which in turn recycles cellular components in an attempt to provide stress relief. Autophagy is thus indirectly regulated by the nutrient/sugar status of cells, but also regulates the level of nutrients/sugars by recycling cellular components. In both plants and animals sugars such as trehalose induce autophagy and in animals this is independent of the TOR pathway. The glucose-activated G-protein signaling pathway has also been demonstrated to activate autophagy, although the exact mechanism is not completely clear. This mini-review will focus on the interplay between sugar signaling and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Santiago Signorelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Departamento de Biologiía Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la Repuíblica, Montevideo, Uruguay
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