1
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Schütte D, Baier M, Griebel T. Cold priming on pathogen susceptibility in the Arabidopsis eds1 mutant background requires a functional stromal Ascorbate Peroxidase. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2300239. [PMID: 38170666 PMCID: PMC10766390 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2300239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
24 h cold exposure (4°C) is sufficient to reduce pathogen susceptibility in Arabidopsis thaliana against the virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) strain even when the infection occurs five days later. This priming effect is independent of the immune regulator Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1) and can be observed in the immune-compromised eds1-2 null mutant. In contrast, cold priming-reduced Pst susceptibility is strongly impaired in knock-out lines of the stromal and thylakoid ascorbate peroxidases (sAPX/tAPX) highlighting their relevance for abiotic stress-related increased immune resilience. Here, we extended our analysis by generating an eds1 sapx double mutant. eds1 sapx showed eds1-like resistance and susceptibility phenotypes against Pst strains containing the effectors avrRPM1 and avrRPS4. In comparison to eds1-2, susceptibility against the wildtype Pst strain was constitutively enhanced in eds1 sapx. Although a prior cold priming exposure resulted in reduced Pst titers in eds1-2, it did not alter Pst resistance in eds1 sapx. This demonstrates that the genetic sAPX requirement for cold priming of basal plant immunity applies also to an eds1 null mutant background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Schütte
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Margarete Baier
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Griebel
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Chakraborty J. A comprehensive review of soybean RNL and TIR domain proteins. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:78. [PMID: 38922375 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms use the nucleotide-binding domain/leucine-rich repeat (NBD/LRR)-triggered immunity (NLR-triggered immunity) signaling pathway to defend against pathogens. Plant NLRs are intracellular immune receptors that can bind to effector proteins secreted by pathogens. Dicotyledonous plants express a type of NLR known as TIR domain-containing NLRs (TNLs). TIR domains are enzymes that catalyze the production of small molecules that are essential for immune signaling and lead to plant cell death. The activation of downstream TNL signaling components, such as enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1), phytoalexin deficient 4 (PAD4), and senescence-associated gene 101 (SAG101), is facilitated by these small molecules. Helper NLRs (hNLRs) and the EDS1-PAD4/SAG101 complex associate after activation, causing the hNLRs to oligomerize, translocate to the plasma membrane (PM), and produce cation-selective channels. According to a recent theory, cations enter cells through pores created by oligomeric hNLRs and trigger cell death. Occasionally, TNLs can self-associate to create higher-order oligomers. Here, we categorized soybean TNLs based on the protein domains that they possess. We believe that TNLs may help soybean plants effectively fight pathogens by acting as a source of genetic resistance. In summary, the purpose of this review is to elucidate the range of TNLs that are expressed in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeep Chakraborty
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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3
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Zeng Y, Zheng Z, Hessler G, Zou K, Leng J, Bautor J, Stuttmann J, Xue L, Parker JE, Cui H. Arabidopsis PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 promotes the maturation and nuclear accumulation of immune-related cysteine protease RD19. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1530-1546. [PMID: 37976211 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 (PAD4) has an essential role in pathogen resistance as a heterodimer with ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1). Here we investigated an additional PAD4 role in which it associates with and promotes the maturation of the immune-related cysteine protease RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 19 (RD19). We found that RD19 and its paralog RD19c promoted EDS1- and PAD4-mediated effector-triggered immunity to an avirulent Pseudomonas syringae strain, DC3000, expressing the effector AvrRps4 and basal immunity against the fungal pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum. Overexpression of RD19, but not RD19 protease-inactive catalytic mutants, in Arabidopsis transgenic lines caused EDS1- and PAD4-dependent autoimmunity and enhanced pathogen resistance. In these lines, RD19 maturation to a pro-form required its catalytic residues, suggesting that RD19 undergoes auto-processing. In transient assays, PAD4 interacted preferentially with the RD19 pro-protease and promoted its nuclear accumulation in leaf cells. Our results lead us to propose a model for PAD4-stimulated defense potentiation. PAD4 promotes maturation and nuclear accumulation of processed RD19, and RD19 then stimulates EDS1-PAD4 dimer activity to confer pathogen resistance. This study highlights potentially important additional PAD4 functions that eventually converge on canonical EDS1-PAD4 dimer signaling in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zichao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Giuliana Hessler
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ke Zou
- State Key Laboratory Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Junchen Leng
- State Key Laboratory Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jaqueline Bautor
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Stuttmann
- CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, LEMiRE (Rhizosphère et Interactions sol-plante-microbiote), Aix Marseille University, 13115 Saint-Paul lez Durance, France
| | - Li Xue
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne-Duesseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Haitao Cui
- State Key Laboratory Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
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4
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Palukaitis P, Yoon JY. Defense signaling pathways in resistance to plant viruses: Crosstalk and finger pointing. Adv Virus Res 2024; 118:77-212. [PMID: 38461031 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to infection by plant viruses involves proteins encoded by plant resistance (R) genes, viz., nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs), immune receptors. These sensor NLRs are activated either directly or indirectly by viral protein effectors, in effector-triggered immunity, leading to induction of defense signaling pathways, resulting in the synthesis of numerous downstream plant effector molecules that inhibit different stages of the infection cycle, as well as the induction of cell death responses mediated by helper NLRs. Early events in this process involve recognition of the activation of the R gene response by various chaperones and the transport of these complexes to the sites of subsequent events. These events include activation of several kinase cascade pathways, and the syntheses of two master transcriptional regulators, EDS1 and NPR1, as well as the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. The phytohormones, which transit from a primed, resting states to active states, regulate the remainder of the defense signaling pathways, both directly and by crosstalk with each other. This regulation results in the turnover of various suppressors of downstream events and the synthesis of various transcription factors that cooperate and/or compete to induce or suppress transcription of either other regulatory proteins, or plant effector molecules. This network of interactions results in the production of defense effectors acting alone or together with cell death in the infected region, with or without the further activation of non-specific, long-distance resistance. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding these processes and the components of the local responses, their interactions, regulation, and crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Palukaitis
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Locci F, Parker JE. Plant NLR immunity activation and execution: a biochemical perspective. Open Biol 2024; 14:230387. [PMID: 38262605 PMCID: PMC10805603 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants deploy cell-surface and intracellular receptors to detect pathogen attack and trigger innate immune responses. Inside host cells, families of nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins serve as pathogen sensors or downstream mediators of immune defence outputs and cell death, which prevent disease. Established genetic underpinnings of NLR-mediated immunity revealed various strategies plants adopt to combat rapidly evolving microbial pathogens. The molecular mechanisms of NLR activation and signal transmission to components controlling immunity execution were less clear. Here, we review recent protein structural and biochemical insights to plant NLR sensor and signalling functions. When put together, the data show how different NLR families, whether sensors or signal transducers, converge on nucleotide-based second messengers and cellular calcium to confer immunity. Although pathogen-activated NLRs in plants engage plant-specific machineries to promote defence, comparisons with mammalian NLR immune receptor counterparts highlight some shared working principles for NLR immunity across kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Locci
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jane E. Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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6
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Locci F, Wang J, Parker JE. TIR-domain enzymatic activities at the heart of plant immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 74:102373. [PMID: 37150050 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Toll/interleukin-1/resistance (TIR) domain proteins contribute to innate immunity in all cellular kingdoms. TIR modules are activated by self-association and in plants, mammals and bacteria, some TIRs have enzymatic functions that are crucial for disease resistance and/or cell death. Many plant TIR-only proteins and pathogen effector-activated TIR-domain NLR receptors are NAD+ hydrolysing enzymes. Biochemical, structural and functional studies established that for both plant TIR-protein types, and certain bacterial TIRs, NADase activity generates bioactive signalling intermediates which promote resistance. A set of plant TIR-catalysed nucleotide isomers was discovered which bind to and activate EDS1 complexes, promoting their interactions with co-functioning helper NLRs. Analysis of TIR enzymes across kingdoms fills an important gap in understanding how pathogen disturbance induces TIR-regulated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Locci
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Junli Wang
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany; Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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7
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Chai J, Song W, Parker JE. New Biochemical Principles for NLR Immunity in Plants. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:468-475. [PMID: 37697447 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-23-0073-hh] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
While working for the United States Department of Agriculture on the North Dakota Agricultural College campus in Fargo, North Dakota, in the 1940s and 1950s, Harold H. Flor formulated the genetic principles for coevolving plant host-pathogen interactions that govern disease resistance or susceptibility. His 'gene-for-gene' legacy runs deep in modern plant pathology and continues to inform molecular models of plant immune recognition and signaling. In this review, we discuss recent biochemical insights to plant immunity conferred by nucleotide-binding domain/leucine-rich-repeat (NLR) receptors, which are major gene-for-gene resistance determinants in nature and cultivated crops. Structural and biochemical analyses of pathogen-activated NLR oligomers (resistosomes) reveal how different NLR subtypes converge in various ways on calcium (Ca2+) signaling to promote pathogen immunity and host cell death. Especially striking is the identification of nucleotide-based signals generated enzymatically by plant toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain NLRs. These small molecules are part of an emerging family of TIR-produced cyclic and noncyclic nucleotide signals that steer immune and cell-death responses in bacteria, mammals, and plants. A combined genetic, molecular, and biochemical understanding of plant NLR activation and signaling provides exciting new opportunities for combatting diseases in crops. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijie Chai
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen Song
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne-Duesseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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8
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Maruta N, Sorbello M, Lim BYJ, McGuinness HY, Shi Y, Ve T, Kobe B. TIR domain-associated nucleotides with functions in plant immunity and beyond. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 73:102364. [PMID: 37086529 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
TIR (Toll/interlukin-1 receptor) domains are found in archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes, featured in proteins generally associated with immune functions. In plants, they are found in a large group of NLRs (nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors), NLR-like proteins and TIR-only proteins. They are also present in effector proteins from phytopathogenic bacteria that are associated with suppression of host immunity. TIR domains from plants and bacteria are enzymes that cleave NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form) and other nucleotides. In dicot plants, TIR-derived signalling molecules activate downstream immune signalling proteins, the EDS1 (enhanced disease susceptibility 1) family proteins, and in turn helper NLRs. Recent work has brought major advances in understanding how TIR domains work, how they produce signalling molecules and how these products signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Maruta
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mitchell Sorbello
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bryan Y J Lim
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Helen Y McGuinness
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yun Shi
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Thomas Ve
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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9
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Liu Q, Zhang C, Fang H, Yi L, Li M. Indispensable Biomolecules for Plant Defense Against Pathogens: NBS-LRR and "nitrogen pool" Alkaloids. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023:111752. [PMID: 37268110 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In a complex natural environment, plants have evolved intricate and subtle defense response regulatory mechanisms for survival. Plant specific defenses, including the disease resistance protein nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) protein and metabolite derived alkaloids, are key components of these complex mechanisms. The NBS-LRR protein can specifically recognize the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms to trigger the immune response mechanism. Alkaloids, synthesized from amino acids or their derivatives, can also inhibit pathogens. This study reviews NBS-LRR protein activation, recognition, and downstream signal transduction in plant protection, as well as the synthetic signaling pathways and regulatory defense mechanisms associated with alkaloids. In addition, we clarify the basic regulation mechanism and summarize their current applications and the development of future applications in biotechnology for these plant defense molecules. Studies on the NBS-LRR protein and alkaloid plant disease resistance molecules may provide a theoretical foundation for the cultivation of disease resistant crops and the development of botanical pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China; Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of The Planting and Development of Astragalus membranaceus of the Geoherbs, Baotou, China
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of The Planting and Development of Astragalus membranaceus of the Geoherbs, Baotou, China
| | - Huiyong Fang
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Letai Yi
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Minhui Li
- Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China; Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of The Planting and Development of Astragalus membranaceus of the Geoherbs, Baotou, China; Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese and Mongolian Medicine, Hohhot, China.
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10
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Johanndrees O, Baggs EL, Uhlmann C, Locci F, Läßle HL, Melkonian K, Käufer K, Dongus JA, Nakagami H, Krasileva KV, Parker JE, Lapin D. Variation in plant Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor domain protein dependence on ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:626-642. [PMID: 36227084 PMCID: PMC9806590 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains are integral to immune systems across all kingdoms. In plants, TIRs are present in nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors, NLR-like, and TIR-only proteins. Although TIR-NLR and TIR signaling in plants require the ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1) protein family, TIRs persist in species that have no EDS1 members. To assess whether particular TIR groups evolved with EDS1, we searched for TIR-EDS1 co-occurrence patterns. Using a large-scale phylogenetic analysis of TIR domains from 39 algal and land plant species, we identified 4 TIR families that are shared by several plant orders. One group occurred in TIR-NLRs of eudicots and another in TIR-NLRs across eudicots and magnoliids. Two further groups were more widespread. A conserved TIR-only group co-occurred with EDS1 and members of this group elicit EDS1-dependent cell death. In contrast, a maize (Zea mays) representative of TIR proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats was also present in species without EDS1 and induced EDS1-independent cell death. Our data provide a phylogeny-based plant TIR classification and identify TIRs that appear to have evolved with and are dependent on EDS1, while others have EDS1-independent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charles Uhlmann
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Federica Locci
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henriette L Läßle
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Melkonian
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kiara Käufer
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joram A Dongus
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Jane E Parker
- Authors for correspondence: (D.L.); (J.E.P.); (K.V.K.)
| | - Dmitry Lapin
- Authors for correspondence: (D.L.); (J.E.P.); (K.V.K.)
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11
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Wang J, Song W, Chai J. Structure, biochemical function, and signaling mechanism of plant NLRs. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:75-95. [PMID: 36415130 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To counter pathogen invasion, plants have evolved a large number of immune receptors, including membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs). Our knowledge about PRR and NLR signaling mechanisms has expanded significantly over the past few years. Plant NLRs form multi-protein complexes called resistosomes in response to pathogen effectors, and the signaling mediated by NLR resistosomes converges on Ca2+-permeable channels. Ca2+-permeable channels important for PRR signaling have also been identified. These findings highlight a crucial role of Ca2+ in triggering plant immune signaling. In this review, we first discuss the structural and biochemical mechanisms of non-canonical NLR Ca2+ channels and then summarize our knowledge about immune-related Ca2+-permeable channels and their roles in PRR and NLR signaling. We also discuss the potential role of Ca2+ in the intricate interaction between PRR and NLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 261000, China.
| | - Wen Song
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Jijie Chai
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
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12
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Zönnchen J, Gantner J, Lapin D, Barthel K, Eschen-Lippold L, Erickson JL, Villanueva SL, Zantop S, Kretschmer C, Joosten MHAJ, Parker JE, Guerois R, Stuttmann J. EDS1 complexes are not required for PRR responses and execute TNL-ETI from the nucleus in Nicotiana benthamiana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:2249-2264. [PMID: 36151929 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heterodimeric complexes incorporating the lipase-like proteins EDS1 with PAD4 or SAG101 are central hubs in plant innate immunity. EDS1 functions encompass signal relay from TIR domain-containing intracellular NLR-type immune receptors (TNLs) towards RPW8-type helper NLRs (RNLs) and, in Arabidopsis thaliana, bolstering of signaling and resistance mediated by cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Increasing evidence points to the activation of EDS1 complexes by small molecule binding. We used CRISPR/Cas-generated mutant lines and agroinfiltration-based complementation assays to interrogate functions of EDS1 complexes in Nicotiana benthamiana. We did not detect impaired PRR signaling in N. benthamiana lines deficient in EDS1 complexes or RNLs. Intriguingly, in assays monitoring functions of SlEDS1-NbEDS1 complexes in N. benthamiana, mutations within the SlEDS1 catalytic triad could abolish or enhance TNL immunity. Furthermore, nuclear EDS1 accumulation was sufficient for N. benthamiana TNL (Roq1) immunity. Reinforcing PRR signaling in Arabidopsis might be a derived function of the TNL/EDS1 immune sector. Although Solanaceae EDS1 functionally depends on catalytic triad residues in some contexts, our data do not support binding of a TNL-derived small molecule in the triad environment. Whether and how nuclear EDS1 activity connects to membrane pore-forming RNLs remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josua Zönnchen
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Johannes Gantner
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Biology, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Karen Barthel
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Lennart Eschen-Lippold
- Department of Crop Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Jessica L Erickson
- Department of Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Sergio Landeo Villanueva
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Zantop
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Carola Kretschmer
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Raphael Guerois
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), IBITECS, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Johannes Stuttmann
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
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13
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Ramírez-Zavaleta CY, García-Barrera LJ, Rodríguez-Verástegui LL, Arrieta-Flores D, Gregorio-Jorge J. An Overview of PRR- and NLR-Mediated Immunities: Conserved Signaling Components across the Plant Kingdom That Communicate Both Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12974. [PMID: 36361764 PMCID: PMC9654257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are plant immune proteins that trigger an orchestrated downstream signaling in response to molecules of microbial origin or host plant origin. Historically, PRRs have been associated with pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), whereas NLRs have been involved with effector-triggered immunity (ETI). However, recent studies reveal that such binary distinction is far from being applicable to the real world. Although the perception of plant pathogens and the final mounting response are achieved by different means, central hubs involved in signaling are shared between PTI and ETI, blurring the zig-zag model of plant immunity. In this review, we not only summarize our current understanding of PRR- and NLR-mediated immunities in plants, but also highlight those signaling components that are evolutionarily conserved across the plant kingdom. Altogether, we attempt to offer an overview of how plants mediate and integrate the induction of the defense responses that comprise PTI and ETI, emphasizing the need for more evolutionary molecular plant-microbe interactions (EvoMPMI) studies that will pave the way to a better understanding of the emergence of the core molecular machinery involved in the so-called evolutionary arms race between plants and microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy Yuriria Ramírez-Zavaleta
- Programa Académico de Ingeniería en Biotecnología—Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, Tepeyanco 90180, Mexico
| | - Laura Jeannette García-Barrera
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Av. de las Culturas, Veracruzanas No. 101, Xalapa 91090, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km.1.5, Santa Inés-Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla 90700, Mexico
| | | | - Daniela Arrieta-Flores
- Programa Académico de Ingeniería en Biotecnología—Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, Tepeyanco 90180, Mexico
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 09310, Mexico
| | - Josefat Gregorio-Jorge
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología—Comisión Nacional del Agua, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Del. Benito Juárez, Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico
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14
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Essuman K, Milbrandt J, Dangl JL, Nishimura MT. Shared TIR enzymatic functions regulate cell death and immunity across the tree of life. Science 2022; 377:eabo0001. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abo0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the 20th century, researchers studying animal and plant signaling pathways discovered a protein domain shared across diverse innate immune systems: the Toll/Interleukin-1/Resistance-gene (TIR) domain. The TIR domain is found in several protein architectures and was defined as an adaptor mediating protein-protein interactions in animal innate immunity and developmental signaling pathways. However, studies of nerve degeneration in animals, and subsequent breakthroughs in plant, bacterial and archaeal systems, revealed that TIR domains possess enzymatic activities. We provide a synthesis of TIR functions and the role of various related TIR enzymatic products in evolutionarily diverse immune systems. These studies may ultimately guide interventions that would span the tree of life, from treating human neurodegenerative disorders and bacterial infections, to preventing plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kow Essuman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeffery L. Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marc T. Nishimura
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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15
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Jia A, Huang S, Song W, Wang J, Meng Y, Sun Y, Xu L, Laessle H, Jirschitzka J, Hou J, Zhang T, Yu W, Hessler G, Li E, Ma S, Yu D, Gebauer J, Baumann U, Liu X, Han Z, Chang J, Parker JE, Chai J. TIR-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation reactions produce signaling molecules for plant immunity. Science 2022; 377:eabq8180. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abq8180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogen-activated immune signaling by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors with an N-terminal Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain converges on Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1) and its direct partners Phytoalexin Deficient 4 (PAD4) or Senescence-Associated Gene 101 (SAG101). TIR-encoded NADases produce signaling molecules to promote exclusive EDS1-PAD4 and EDS1-SAG101 interactions with helper NLR sub-classes. Here we show that TIR-containing proteins catalyze adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and ADP ribose (ADPR) via ADPR polymerase-like and NADase activity, forming ADP-ribosylated ATP (ADPr-ATP) and ADPr-ADPR (di-ADPR), respectively. Specific binding of ADPr-ATP or di-ADPR allosterically promotes EDS1-SAG101 interaction with helper NLR N requirement gene 1A (NRG1A) in vitro and
in planta
. Our data reveal an enzymatic activity of TIRs that enables specific activation of the EDS1-SAG101-NRG1 immunity branch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aolin Jia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Shijia Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Wen Song
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Junli Wang
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Yonggang Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Lina Xu
- National Protein Science Facility, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Henriette Laessle
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Jirschitzka
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jiao Hou
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenquan Yu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Giuliana Hessler
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ertong Li
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Shoucai Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Dongli Yu
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Gebauer
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrich Baumann
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- National Protein Science Facility, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Zhifu Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Henan Normal University, 453007 Xinxiang, China
| | - Jane E. Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jijie Chai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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16
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Huang S, Jia A, Song W, Hessler G, Meng Y, Sun Y, Xu L, Laessle H, Jirschitzka J, Ma S, Xiao Y, Yu D, Hou J, Liu R, Sun H, Liu X, Han Z, Chang J, Parker JE, Chai J. Identification and receptor mechanism of TIR-catalyzed small molecules in plant immunity. Science 2022; 377:eabq3297. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abq3297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat-containing (NLR) receptors with an N-terminal Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain sense pathogen effectors to enable TIR-encoded NADase activity for immune signaling. TIR-NLR signaling requires helper NLRs N requirement gene 1 (NRG1) and Activated Disease Resistance 1 (ADR1), and Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1) that forms a heterodimer with each of its paralogs Phytoalexin Deficient 4 (PAD4) and Senescence-Associated Gene101 (SAG101). Here, we show that TIR-containing proteins catalyze production of 2'-(5′'-phosphoribosyl)-5′-adenosine mono-/di-phosphate (pRib-AMP/ADP) in vitro and
in planta
. Biochemical and structural data demonstrate that EDS1-PAD4 is a receptor complex for pRib-AMP/ADP, which allosterically promote EDS1-PAD4 interaction with ADR1-L1 but not NRG1A. Our study identifies TIR-catalyzed pRib-AMP/ADP as a missing link in TIR signaling via EDS1-PAD4 and as likely second messengers for plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Aolin Jia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Wen Song
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Giuliana Hessler
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Yonggang Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Lina Xu
- National Protein Science Facility, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Henriette Laessle
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Jirschitzka
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Shoucai Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Dongli Yu
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jiao Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huanhuan Sun
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- National Protein Science Facility, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Zhifu Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Henan Normal University, 453007 Xinxiang, China
| | - Jane E. Parker
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jijie Chai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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