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Cao Y, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Yan T, Ding L, Yang Y, Meng Y, Shan W. The RXLR effector PpE18 of Phytophthora parasitica is a virulence factor and suppresses peroxisome membrane-associated ascorbate peroxidase NbAPX3-1-mediated plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1472-1489. [PMID: 38877698 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Phytophthora parasitica causes diseases on a broad range of host plants. It secretes numerous effectors to suppress plant immunity. However, only a few virulence effectors in P. parasitica have been characterized. Here, we highlight that PpE18, a conserved RXLR effector in P. parasitica, was a virulence factor and suppresses Nicotiana benthamiana immunity. Utilizing luciferase complementation, co-immunoprecipitation, and GST pull-down assays, we determined that PpE18 targeted NbAPX3-1, a peroxisome membrane-associated ascorbate peroxidase with reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging activity and positively regulates plant immunity in N. benthamiana. We show that the ROS-scavenging activity of NbAPX3-1 was critical for its immune function and was hindered by the binding of PpE18. The interaction between PpE18 and NbAPX3-1 resulted in an elevation of ROS levels in the peroxisome. Moreover, we discovered that the ankyrin repeat-containing protein NbANKr2 acted as a positive immune regulator, interacting with both NbAPX3-1 and PpE18. NbANKr2 was required for NbAPX3-1-mediated disease resistance. PpE18 competitively interfered with the interaction between NbAPX3-1 and NbANKr2, thereby weakening plant resistance. Our results reveal an effective counter-defense mechanism by which P. parasitica employed effector PpE18 to suppress host cellular defense, by suppressing biochemical activity and disturbing immune function of NbAPX3-1 during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tiantian Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Liwen Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuling Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Zhang X, Zhu X, Chen L, Fan H, Liu X, Yang N, Duan Y, Wang Y. MiR398b Targets Superoxide Dismutase Genes in Soybean in Defense Against Heterodera glycines via Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostasis. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024:PHYTO09230343R. [PMID: 38970805 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-23-0343-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
MicroRNAs play crucial roles in plant defense responses. However, the underlying mechanism by which miR398b contributes to soybean responses to soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) remains elusive. In this study, by using Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of soybean hairy roots, we observed that miR398b and target genes GmCCS and GmCSD1b played vital functions in soybean-H. glycines interaction. The study revealed that the abundance of miR398b was downregulated by H. glycines infection, and overexpression of miR398b enhanced the susceptibility of soybean to H. glycines. Conversely, silencing of miR398b improved soybean resistance to H. glycines. Detection assays revealed that miR398b rapidly senses stress-induced reactive oxygen species, leading to the repression of target genes GmCCS and GmCSD1b and regulating the accumulation of plant defense genes against nematode infection. Moreover, exogenous synthetic ds-miR398b enhanced soybean sensitivity to H. glycines by modulating H2O2 and O2- levels. Functional analysis demonstrated that overexpression of GmCCS and GmCSD1b in soybean enhanced resistance to H. glycines. RNA interference-mediated repression of GmCCS and GmCSD1b in soybean increased susceptibility to H. glycines. RNA sequencing revealed that a majority of differentially expressed genes in overexpressed GmCCS were associated with oxidative stress. Overall, the results indicate that miR398b targets superoxide dismutase genes, which negatively regulate soybean resistance to H. glycines via modulating reactive oxygen species levels and defense signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lijie Chen
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuxi Duan
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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Yang K, Huang Y, Li Z, Zeng Q, Dai X, Lv J, Zong X, Deng K, Zhang J. Overexpression of Nta-miR6155 confers resistance to Phytophthora nicotianae and regulates growth in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1281373. [PMID: 38053762 PMCID: PMC10694243 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1281373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco black shank induced by Phytophthora nicotianae causes significant yield losses in tobacco plants. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a pivotal role in plant biotic stress responses and have great potential in tobacco breeding for disease resistance. However, the roles of miRNAs in tobacco plants in response to P. nicotianae infection has not been well characterized. In this study, we found that Nta-miR6155, a miRNA specific to Solanaceae crops, was significantly induced in P. nicotianae infected tobacco. Some of predicted target genes of Nta-miR6155 were also observed to be involved in disease resistance. To further investigate the function of miR6155 in tobacco during P. nicotianae infection, Nta-miR6155 overexpression plants (miR6155-OE) were generated in the Honghua Dajinyuan tobacco variety (HD, the main cultivated tobacco variety in China). We found that the Nta-miR6155 overexpression enhanced the resistance in tobacco towards P. nicotianae infections. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly lower and antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly higher in miR6155-OE plants than those in control HD plants during P. nicotianae infection. In addition, we found that the accumulation of salicylic acid and the expression of salicylic acid biosynthesis and signal transduction-related genes is significantly higher in miR6155-OE plants in comparison to the control HD plants. Furthermore, we found that Nta-miR6155 cleaved target genes NtCIPK18 to modulate resistance towards P. nicotianae in tobacco plants. Additionally, phenotypic analysis of miR6155-OE plants showed that Nta-miR6155 could inhibit the growth of tobacco by suppressing nitrogen uptake and photosynthesis. In conclusion, our findings indicated that miR6155 plays a crucial role in the regulation of growth and resistance against P. nicotianae infections in tobacco plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Yang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zexuan Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Zeng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiumei Dai
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Tobacco Science Research Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Lv
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuefeng Zong
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Kexuan Deng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Tobacco Science Research Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiankui Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Tobacco Science Research Institute, Chongqing, China
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Parmagnani AS, Kanchiswamy CN, Paponov IA, Bossi S, Malnoy M, Maffei ME. Bacterial Volatiles (mVOC) Emitted by the Phytopathogen Erwinia amylovora Promote Arabidopsis thaliana Growth and Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030600. [PMID: 36978848 PMCID: PMC10045578 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogens are well known for their devastating activity that causes worldwide significant crop losses. However, their exploitation for crop welfare is relatively unknown. Here, we show that the microbial volatile organic compound (mVOC) profile of the bacterial phytopathogen, Erwinia amylovora, enhances Arabidopsis thaliana shoot and root growth. GC-MS head-space analyses revealed the presence of typical microbial volatiles, including 1-nonanol and 1-dodecanol. E. amylovora mVOCs triggered early signaling events including plasma transmembrane potential Vm depolarization, cytosolic Ca2+ fluctuation, K+-gated channel activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) burst from few minutes to 16 h upon exposure. These early events were followed by the modulation of the expression of genes involved in plant growth and defense responses and responsive to phytohormones, including abscisic acid, gibberellin, and auxin (including the efflux carriers PIN1 and PIN3). When tested, synthetic 1-nonanol and 1-dodecanol induced root growth and modulated genes coding for ROS. Our results show that E. amylovora mVOCs affect A. thaliana growth through a cascade of early and late signaling events that involve phytohormones and ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra S. Parmagnani
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15/a, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Ivan A. Paponov
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simone Bossi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15/a, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Massimo E. Maffei
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15/a, 10135 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-670-5967
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Antisense Transcription in Plants: A Systematic Review and an Update on cis-NATs of Sugarcane. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911603. [PMID: 36232906 PMCID: PMC9569758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially, natural antisense transcripts (NATs, natRNAs, or asRNAs) were considered repressors; however, their functions in gene regulation are diverse. Positive, negative, or neutral correlations to the cognate gene expression have been noted. Although the first studies were published about 50 years ago, there is still much to be investigated regarding antisense transcripts in plants. A systematic review of scientific publications available in the Web of Science databases was conducted to contextualize how the studying of antisense transcripts has been addressed. Studies were classified considering three categories: “Natural antisense” (208), artificial antisense used in “Genetic Engineering” (797), or “Natural antisense and Genetic Engineering”-related publications (96). A similar string was used for a systematic search in the NCBI Gene database. Of the 1132 antisense sequences found for plants, only 0.8% were cited in PubMed and had antisense information confirmed. This value was the lowest when compared to fungi (2.9%), bacteria (2.3%), and mice (54.1%). Finally, we present an update for the cis-NATs identified in Saccharum spp. Of the 1413 antisense transcripts found in different experiments, 25 showed concordant expressions, 22 were discordant, 1264 did not correlate with the cognate genes, and 102 presented variable results depending on the experiment.
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