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Mou M, Pan Z, Lu M, Sun H, Wang Y, Luo Y, Zhu F. Application of Machine Learning in Spatial Proteomics. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:5875-5895. [PMID: 36378082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spatial proteomics is an interdisciplinary field that investigates the localization and dynamics of proteins, and it has gained extensive attention in recent years, especially the subcellular proteomics. Numerous evidence indicate that the subcellular localization of proteins is associated with various cellular processes and disease progression. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based and imaging-based experimental approaches have been developed to acquire large-scale spatial proteomic data. To allow the reliable analysis of increasingly complex spatial proteomics data, machine learning (ML) methods have been widely used in both MS-based and imaging-based spatial proteomic data analysis pipelines. Here, we comprehensively survey the applications of ML in spatial proteomics from following aspects: (1) data resources for spatial proteome are comprehensively introduced; (2) the roles of different ML algorithms in data analysis pipelines are elaborated; (3) successful applications of spatial proteomics and several analytical tools integrating ML methods are presented; (4) challenges existing in modern ML-based spatial proteomics studies are discussed. This review provides guidelines for researchers seeking to apply ML methods to analyze spatial proteomic data and can facilitate insightful understanding of cell biology as well as the future research in medical and drug discovery communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Mou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ziqi Pan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mingkun Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huaicheng Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yunxia Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yongchao Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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2
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Fenech EJ, Ben-Dor S, Schuldiner M. Double the Fun, Double the Trouble: Paralogs and Homologs Functioning in the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Annu Rev Biochem 2021; 89:637-666. [PMID: 32569522 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-011520-104831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of eukaryotic genomes has been propelled by a series of gene duplication events, leading to an expansion in new functions and pathways. While duplicate genes may retain some functional redundancy, it is clear that to survive selection they cannot simply serve as a backup but rather must acquire distinct functions required for cellular processes to work accurately and efficiently. Understanding these differences and characterizing gene-specific functions is complex. Here we explore different gene pairs and families within the context of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the main cellular hub of lipid biosynthesis and the entry site for the secretory pathway. Focusing on each of the ER functions, we highlight specificities of related proteins and the capabilities conferred to cells through their conservation. More generally, these examples suggest why related genes have been maintained by evolutionary forces and provide a conceptual framework to experimentally determine why they have survived selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Fenech
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
| | - Shifra Ben-Dor
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
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3
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Li X, Cordat E, Schmitt MJ, Becker B. Boosting endoplasmic reticulum folding capacity reduces unfolded protein response activation and intracellular accumulation of human kidney anion exchanger 1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 2021; 38:521-534. [PMID: 34033682 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human kidney anion exchanger 1 (kAE1) facilitates simultaneous efflux of bicarbonate and absorption of chloride at the basolateral membrane of α-intercalated cells. In these cells, kAE1 contributes to systemic acid-base balance along with the proton pump v-H+ -ATPase and the cytosolic carbonic anhydrase II. Recent electron microscopy analyses in yeast demonstrate that heterologous expression of several kAE1 variants causes a massive accumulation of the anion transporter in intracellular membrane structures. Here, we examined the origin of these kAE1 aggregations in more detail. Using various biochemical techniques and advanced light and electron microscopy, we showed that accumulation of kAE1 mainly occurs in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes which eventually leads to strong unfolded protein response (UPR) activation and severe growth defect in kAE1 expressing yeast cells. Furthermore, our data indicate that UPR activation is dose dependent and uncoupled from the bicarbonate transport activity. By using truncated kAE1 variants, we identified the C-terminal region of kAE1 as crucial factor for the increased ER stress level. Finally, a redistribution of ER-localized kAE1 to the cell periphery was achieved by boosting the ER folding capacity. Our findings not only demonstrate a promising strategy for preventing intracellular kAE1 accumulation and improving kAE1 plasma membrane targeting but also highlight the versatility of yeast as model to investigate kAE1-related research questions including the analysis of structural features, protein degradation and trafficking. Furthermore, our approach might be a promising strategy for future analyses to further optimize the cell surface targeting of other disease-related PM proteins, not only in yeast but also in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Li
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences and Centre of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Emmanuelle Cordat
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Manfred J Schmitt
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences and Centre of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Björn Becker
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences and Centre of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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4
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David Y, Castro IG, Schuldiner M. The Fast and the Furious: Golgi Contact Sites. CONTACT (THOUSAND OAKS (VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.)) 2021; 4:1-15. [PMID: 35071979 PMCID: PMC7612241 DOI: 10.1177/25152564211034424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Contact sites are areas of close apposition between two membranes that coordinate nonvesicular communication between organelles. Such interactions serve a wide range of cellular functions from regulating metabolic pathways to executing stress responses and coordinating organelle inheritance. The past decade has seen a dramatic increase in information on certain contact sites, mostly those involving the endoplasmic reticulum. However, despite its central role in the secretory pathway, the Golgi apparatus and its contact sites remain largely unexplored. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of Golgi contact sites and share our thoughts as to why Golgi contact sites are understudied. We also highlight what exciting future directions may exist in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotam David
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Inês G Castro
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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5
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Marek M, Vincenzetti V, Martin SG. Sterol biosensor reveals LAM-family Ltc1-dependent sterol flow to endosomes upon Arp2/3 inhibition. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e202001147. [PMID: 32320462 PMCID: PMC7265315 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202001147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterols are crucial components of biological membranes, which are synthetized in the ER and accumulate in the plasma membrane (PM). Here, by applying a genetically encoded sterol biosensor (D4H), we visualize a sterol flow between PM and endosomes in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Using time-lapse and correlative light-electron microscopy, we found that inhibition of Arp2/3-dependent F-actin assembly promotes the reversible relocalization of D4H from the PM to internal sterol-rich compartments (STRIC) labeled by synaptobrevin Syb1. Retrograde sterol internalization to STRIC is independent of endocytosis or an intact Golgi, but depends on Ltc1, a LAM/StARkin-family protein localized to ER-PM contact sites. The PM in ltc1Δ cells over-accumulates sterols and upon Arp2/3 inhibition forms extended ER-interacting invaginations, indicating that sterol transfer contributes to PM size homeostasis. Anterograde sterol movement from STRIC is independent of canonical vesicular trafficking but requires Arp2/3, suggesting a novel role for this complex. Thus, transfer routes orthogonal to vesicular trafficking govern the flow of sterols in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sophie G. Martin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Lundberg E, Borner GHH. Spatial proteomics: a powerful discovery tool for cell biology. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 20:285-302. [PMID: 30659282 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-018-0094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein subcellular localization is tightly controlled and intimately linked to protein function in health and disease. Capturing the spatial proteome - that is, the localizations of proteins and their dynamics at the subcellular level - is therefore essential for a complete understanding of cell biology. Owing to substantial advances in microscopy, mass spectrometry and machine learning applications for data analysis, the field is now mature for proteome-wide investigations of spatial cellular regulation. Studies of the human proteome have begun to reveal a complex architecture, including single-cell variations, dynamic protein translocations, changing interaction networks and proteins localizing to multiple compartments. Furthermore, several studies have successfully harnessed the power of comparative spatial proteomics as a discovery tool to unravel disease mechanisms. We are at the beginning of an era in which spatial proteomics finally integrates with cell biology and medical research, thereby paving the way for unbiased systems-level insights into cellular processes. Here, we discuss current methods for spatial proteomics using imaging or mass spectrometry and specifically highlight global comparative applications. The aim of this Review is to survey the state of the field and also to encourage more cell biologists to apply spatial proteomics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Lundberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Georg H H Borner
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Martinsried, Germany.
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7
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A formal methods approach to predicting new features of the eukaryotic vesicle traffic system. ACTA INFORM 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00236-019-00357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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A Validated Set of Fluorescent-Protein-Based Markers for Major Organelles in Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). mBio 2019; 10:mBio.01691-19. [PMID: 31481383 PMCID: PMC6722415 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01691-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells share a basic scheme of internal organization featuring membrane-based organelles. The use of fluorescent proteins (FPs) greatly facilitated live-cell imaging of organelle dynamics and protein trafficking. One major limitation of this approach is that the fusion of an FP to a target protein can and often does compromise the function of the target protein and alter its subcellular localization. The optimization process to obtain a desirable fusion construct can be time-consuming or even unsuccessful. In this work, we set out to provide a validated set of FP-based markers for major organelles in the budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Out of over 160 plasmids constructed, we present a final set of 42 plasmids, the recommendations for which are backed up by meticulous evaluations. The tool set includes three colors (green, red, and blue) and covers the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nucleus, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and lipid droplets. The fidelity of the markers was established by systematic cross-comparison and quantification. Functional assays were performed to examine the impact of marker expression on the secretory pathway, endocytic pathway, and metabolic activities of mitochondria and peroxisomes. Concomitantly, our work constitutes a reassessment of organelle identities in this model organism. Our data support the recognition that "late Golgi" and "early endosomes," two seemingly distinct terms, denote the same compartment in yeast. Conversely, all other organelles can be visually separated from each other at the resolution of conventional light microscopy, and quantification results justify their classification as distinct entities.IMPORTANCE Cells contain elaborate internal structures. For eukaryotic cells, like those in our bodies, the internal space is compartmentalized into membrane-bound organelles, each tasked with specialized functions. Oftentimes, one needs to visualize organelles to understand a complex cellular process. Here, we provide a validated set of fluorescent protein-based markers for major organelles in budding yeast. Yeast is a commonly used model when investigating basic mechanisms shared among eukaryotes. Fluorescent proteins are produced by cells themselves, avoiding the need for expensive chemical dyes. Through extensive cross-comparison, we make sure that each of our markers labels and only labels the intended organelle. We also carefully examined if the presence of our markers has any negative impact on the functionality of the cells and found none. Our work also helps answer a related question: are the structures we see really what we think they are?
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9
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Anderson NS, Barlowe C. Conserved juxtamembrane domains in the yeast golgin Coy1 drive assembly of a megadalton-sized complex and mediate binding to tethering and SNARE proteins. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:9690-9705. [PMID: 31073031 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The architecture and organization of the Golgi complex depend on a family of coiled-coil proteins called golgins. Golgins are thought to form extended homodimers that are C-terminally anchored to Golgi membranes, whereas their N termini extend into the cytoplasm to initiate vesicle capture. Previously, we reported that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae golgin Coy1 contributes to intra-Golgi retrograde transport and binds to the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex and multiple retrograde Golgi Q-SNAREs (where SNARE is soluble NSF-attachment protein receptor). Here, using various engineered yeast strains, membrane protein extraction and fractionation methods, and in vitro binding assays, we mapped the Coy1 regions responsible for these activities. We also report that Coy1 assembles into a megadalton-size complex and that assembly of this complex depends on the most C-terminal coiled-coil and a conserved region between this coiled-coil and the transmembrane domain of Coy1. We found that this conserved region is necessary and sufficient for binding the SNARE protein Sed5 and the COG complex. Mutagenesis of conserved arginine residues within the C-terminal coiled-coil disrupted oligomerization, binding, and function of Coy1. Our findings indicate that the stable incorporation of Coy1 into a higher-order oligomer is required for its interactions and role in maintaining Golgi homeostasis. We propose that Coy1 assembles into a docking platform that directs COG-bound vesicles toward cognate SNAREs on the Golgi membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine S Anderson
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Charles Barlowe
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
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10
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Funato K, Riezman H, Muñiz M. Vesicular and non-vesicular lipid export from the ER to the secretory pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158453. [PMID: 31054928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum is the site of synthesis of most glycerophospholipids, neutral lipids and the initial steps of sphingolipid biosynthesis of the secretory pathway. After synthesis, these lipids are distributed within the cells to create and maintain the specific compositions of the other secretory organelles. This represents a formidable challenge, particularly while there is a simultaneous and quantitatively important flux of membrane components stemming from the vesicular traffic of proteins through the pathway, which can also vary depending on the cell type and status. To meet this challenge cells have developed an intricate system of interorganellar contacts and lipid transport proteins, functioning in non-vesicular lipid transport, which are able to ensure membrane lipid homeostasis even in the absence of membrane trafficking. Nevertheless, under normal conditions, lipids are transported in cells by both vesicular and non-vesicular mechanisms. In this review we will discuss the mechanism and roles of vesicular and non-vesicular transport of lipids from the ER to other organelles of the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Funato
- Department of Bioresource Science and Technology, Hiroshima University, Japan.
| | - Howard Riezman
- NCCR Chemical Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Sciences II, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Manuel Muñiz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.
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11
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Weill U, Arakel EC, Goldmann O, Golan M, Chuartzman S, Munro S, Schwappach B, Schuldiner M. Toolbox: Creating a systematic database of secretory pathway proteins uncovers new cargo for COPI. Traffic 2019. [PMID: 29527758 PMCID: PMC5947560 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A third of yeast genes encode for proteins that function in the endomembrane system. However, the precise localization for many of these proteins is still uncertain. Here, we visualized a collection of ~500 N‐terminally, green fluorescent protein (GFP), tagged proteins of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. By co‐localizing them with 7 known markers of endomembrane compartments we determined the localization for over 200 of them. Using this approach, we create a systematic database of the various secretory compartments and identify several new residents. Focusing in, we now suggest that Lam5 resides in contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum and the late Golgi. Additionally, analysis of interactions between the COPI coat and co‐localizing proteins from our screen identifies a subset of proteins that are COPI‐cargo. In summary, our approach defines the protein roster within each compartment enabling characterization of the physical and functional organization of the endomembrane system and its components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Weill
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Eric C Arakel
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen Institut für Molekularbiologie Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Omer Goldmann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Matan Golan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Silvia Chuartzman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sean Munro
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Blanche Schwappach
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen Institut für Molekularbiologie Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany.,Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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12
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Adolf F, Rhiel M, Hessling B, Gao Q, Hellwig A, Béthune J, Wieland FT. Proteomic Profiling of Mammalian COPII and COPI Vesicles. Cell Rep 2019; 26:250-265.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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13
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Weill U, Yofe I, Sass E, Stynen B, Davidi D, Natarajan J, Ben-Menachem R, Avihou Z, Goldman O, Harpaz N, Chuartzman S, Kniazev K, Knoblach B, Laborenz J, Boos F, Kowarzyk J, Ben-Dor S, Zalckvar E, Herrmann JM, Rachubinski RA, Pines O, Rapaport D, Michnick SW, Levy ED, Schuldiner M. Genome-wide SWAp-Tag yeast libraries for proteome exploration. Nat Methods 2018; 15:617-622. [PMID: 29988094 PMCID: PMC6076999 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-018-0044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Yeast libraries revolutionized the systematic study of cell biology. To extensively increase the number of such libraries and the type of information that can be gleaned from them, we previously devised the SWAp-Tag (SWAT) approach that enables rapid, easy and efficient creation of yeast strain collections. Here we present the construction and investigation of a full genome library of ~5500 strains carrying the SWAT NOP1promoter-GFP module at the N terminus of proteins, as well as its use in creating six additional libraries that either restore the native regulation, create an overexpression library with a Cherry tag or enable protein complementation assays from two fragments of an enzyme or fluorophore. We show methods to utilize these SWAT collections to systematically characterize the yeast proteome on multiple levels spanning protein abundance, localization, topology and interactions. Our findings demonstrate how diverse full-genome SWAT libraries facilitate obtaining insights into numerous aspects of the proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Weill
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ido Yofe
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ehud Sass
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Bram Stynen
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dan Davidi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Janani Natarajan
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Reut Ben-Menachem
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zohar Avihou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Omer Goldman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nofar Harpaz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Silvia Chuartzman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kiril Kniazev
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Barbara Knoblach
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Janina Laborenz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Felix Boos
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Kowarzyk
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shifra Ben-Dor
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Einat Zalckvar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Johannes M Herrmann
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | - Ophry Pines
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Doron Rapaport
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephen W Michnick
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Emmanuel D Levy
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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