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Li M, Morse B, Kassim S. Development and clinical translation considerations for the next wave of gene modified hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells therapies. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:1177-1191. [PMID: 35833356 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2101361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Consistent and reliable manufacture of gene modified hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HPSC) therapies will be of the utmost importance as they become more mainstream and address larger populations. Robust development campaigns will be needed to ensure that these products will be delivered to patients with the highest quality standards. AREAS COVERED Through publicly available manuscripts, press releases, and news articles - this review touches on aspects related to HSPC therapy, development, and manufacturing. EXPERT OPINION Recent advances in genome modification technology coupled with the longstanding clinical success of HSPCs warrants great optimism for the next generation of engineered HSPC-based therapies. Treatments for some diseases that have thus far been intractable now appear within reach. Reproducible manufacturing will be of critical importance in delivering these therapies but will be challenging due to the need for bespoke materials and methods in combination with the lack of off-the-shelf solutions. Continued progress in the field will manifest in the form of industrialization which currently requires attention and resources directed toward the custom reagents, a focus on closed and automated processes, and safer and more precise genome modification technologies that will enable broader, faster, and safer access to these life-changing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brent Morse
- Dark Horse Consulting Group, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
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2
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Vladimira R, Ines B. Role of flow cytometry in evaluation of the cellular therapy products used in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Int J Lab Hematol 2022; 44:446-453. [PMID: 35419954 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cellular therapy nowadays includes various products from haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) collected from bone marrow, peripheral blood, and umbilical cord blood to more complex adoptive immune therapy for the treatment of malignant diseases, and gene therapy for inherited immune deficiencies. Broader utilization of cellular therapy requires extensive quality testing of these products that should fulfil the same requirements regarding composition, purity, and potency nevertheless they are manufactured in various centres. Technical improvements of the flow cytometers accompanied by the increased number of available reagents and fluorochromes used to conjugate monoclonal antibodies, enable detailed and precise insight into the function of the immune system and other areas of cell biology, and allows cell evaluation based on size, shape, and morphology or assessment of cell surface markers, as well as cell purity and viability, which greatly contributes to the development and progress of the cell therapy. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the current use and challenges of flow cytometry analysis in quality assessment of cellular therapy products, with regard to basic principles of determining HSC and leukocyte subpopulation, assessment of cells viability and quality of thawed cryopreserved HSC as well as the importance of validation and quality control of flow cytometry methods according to good laboratory practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimac Vladimira
- Clinical Department of Transfusion Medicine and Transplantation Biology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bojanić Ines
- Clinical Department of Transfusion Medicine and Transplantation Biology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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3
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Optimizing leukapheresis product yield and purity for blood cell-based gene and immune effector cell therapy. Curr Opin Hematol 2021; 27:415-422. [PMID: 32889828 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A critical common step for blood-based ex-vivo gene and immune effector cell (IEC) therapies is the collection of target cells for further processing and manufacturing, often accomplished through a leukapheresis procedure to collect mononuclear cells (MNCs). The purpose of this review is to describe strategies to optimize the apheresis product cell yield and purity for gene and IEC therapies. Relevant data from the conventional bone marrow transplant literature is described where applicable. RECENT FINDINGS Product yield is affected by three main factors: the peripheral blood concentration of the target cell, optimized by mobilizing agents, donor interventions or donor selection; the volume of peripheral blood processed, tailored to the desired product yield using prediction algorithms; and target cell collection efficiency, optimized by a variety of device and donor-specific considerations. Factors affecting product purity include characteristics of the donor, mobilizing agent, device, and device settings. SUMMARY Strategies to optimize product yield and purity for gene and IEC therapies are important to consider because of loss of target cell numbers or function with downstream steps and detrimental effects of nontarget cells on further manufacturing and patient outcome.
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4
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Pham HP, Dormesy S, Wolfe K, Budhai A, Sachais BS, Shi PA. Potentially modifiable predictors of cell collection efficiencies and product characteristics of allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cell collections. Transfusion 2021; 61:1518-1524. [PMID: 33713454 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) and immune effector cell (IEC) therapies often require high doses of mononuclear cells (MNCs), whether CD34+ cells, lymphocytes, or monocytes. Cells for IEC can be sourced from HPC products. We thus examined potentially modifiable variables affecting collection efficiencies (CEs) of MNC subsets in HPC collection and also of the typically undesired cell types of platelets, granulocytes, and red cells, which hinder downstream processing. Finally, we sought to confirm previously indeterminate studies of the effect of an adjusted collect flow rate (CFR) on CD34+ CE. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We performed univariate and multivariate regression analyses of all 135 National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP) HPC collections in 2019 and compared these fixed CFR procedures to previous NMDP collections using adjusted CFRs. RESULTS Target cell CEs decreased with increasing peripheral blood (PB) concentration and were associated with different cell type locations within the MNC layer. CEs of undesired cell types varied with standard procedural parameters (inlet flow rate, whole blood processed, etc.). Interestingly, some CEs increased with preapheresis hematocrit. Finally, adjusting the CFR by PB MNC count improved MNC CE but not CD34+ CE. CONCLUSION Correlation of target cell CEs with their PB concentration and different cell type locations by depth within the MNC layer indicates the importance of investigating the compensatory fine-tuning of procedure variables to improve CE. Correlation of CEs with PB hematocrit, and CFR adjustment by a modified PB MNC and/or PB CD34 algorithm should be further explored. Adjusting standard procedural parameters may reduce product contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy P Pham
- Be The Match Seatte Collection Center, National Marrow Donor Program, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Kurt Wolfe
- New York Blood Center, Clinical Services, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexandra Budhai
- New York Blood Center, Clinical Services, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bruce S Sachais
- New York Blood Center, Clinical Services, New York, New York, USA
- New York Blood Center, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Patricia A Shi
- New York Blood Center, Clinical Services, New York, New York, USA
- New York Blood Center, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York, New York, USA
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5
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Garcia-Aponte OF, Herwig C, Kozma B. Lymphocyte expansion in bioreactors: upgrading adoptive cell therapy. J Biol Eng 2021; 15:13. [PMID: 33849630 PMCID: PMC8042697 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-021-00264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioreactors are essential tools for the development of efficient and high-quality cell therapy products. However, their application is far from full potential, holding several challenges when reconciling the complex biology of the cells to be expanded with the need for a manufacturing process that is able to control cell growth and functionality towards therapy affordability and opportunity. In this review, we discuss and compare current bioreactor technologies by performing a systematic analysis of the published data on automated lymphocyte expansion for adoptive cell therapy. We propose a set of requirements for bioreactor design and identify trends on the applicability of these technologies, highlighting the specific challenges and major advancements for each one of the current approaches of expansion along with the opportunities that lie in process intensification. We conclude on the necessity to develop targeted solutions specially tailored for the specific stimulation, supplementation and micro-environmental needs of lymphocytes’ cultures, and the benefit of applying knowledge-based tools for process control and predictability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Fabian Garcia-Aponte
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bence Kozma
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Calmels B, Gautier É, Magnani A, Magrin É, Mamez AC, Vaissié A, Yakoub-Agha I, Baudoux É. Procédé de préparation, contrôles de qualité et spécifications des immunosélections CD34+ : recommandations de la Société francophone de greffe de moelle et de thérapie cellulaire (SFGM-TC). Bull Cancer 2020; 107:S185-S192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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7
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Pello OM, Lanzarot D, Colorado M, Amunarriz C, Insunza A, Álvarez‐Rodríguez L, Díez de Velasco M, Sainz‐Sainz N, Arroyo JL. Optimal large-scale CD34+ enrichment from a leukapheresis collection using the clinimacs prodigy platform. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8:2650-2653. [PMID: 33363798 PMCID: PMC7752486 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimization of Hematology Patient's treatment: It is possible to obtain a 100% CD34+ recovery after CD34+ selection using the CliniMACS Prodigy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar M. Pello
- Blood and Tissue Bank of CantabriaMarqués de Valdecilla FoundationSantanderSpain
- Haematologic Neoplasms and Haematopoietic Stem Cells Transplantation GroupMarqués de Valdecilla Research InstituteSantanderSpain
| | | | - Mercedes Colorado
- Haematologic Neoplasms and Haematopoietic Stem Cells Transplantation GroupMarqués de Valdecilla Research InstituteSantanderSpain
- Hematology DepartmentMarqués de Valdecilla HospitalSantanderSpain
| | - Cristina Amunarriz
- Blood and Tissue Bank of CantabriaMarqués de Valdecilla FoundationSantanderSpain
- Haematologic Neoplasms and Haematopoietic Stem Cells Transplantation GroupMarqués de Valdecilla Research InstituteSantanderSpain
| | - Andrés Insunza
- Haematologic Neoplasms and Haematopoietic Stem Cells Transplantation GroupMarqués de Valdecilla Research InstituteSantanderSpain
- Hematology DepartmentMarqués de Valdecilla HospitalSantanderSpain
| | - Lorena Álvarez‐Rodríguez
- Blood and Tissue Bank of CantabriaMarqués de Valdecilla FoundationSantanderSpain
- Haematologic Neoplasms and Haematopoietic Stem Cells Transplantation GroupMarqués de Valdecilla Research InstituteSantanderSpain
| | | | | | - José Luis Arroyo
- Blood and Tissue Bank of CantabriaMarqués de Valdecilla FoundationSantanderSpain
- Haematologic Neoplasms and Haematopoietic Stem Cells Transplantation GroupMarqués de Valdecilla Research InstituteSantanderSpain
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8
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Sadeqi Nezhad M, Seifalian A, Bagheri N, Yaghoubi S, Karimi MH, Adbollahpour-Alitappeh M. Chimeric Antigen Receptor Based Therapy as a Potential Approach in Autoimmune Diseases: How Close Are We to the Treatment? Front Immunol 2020; 11:603237. [PMID: 33324420 PMCID: PMC7727445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant breakthroughs in understanding of immunological and physiological features of autoimmune diseases, there is currently no specific therapeutic option with prolonged remission. Cell-based therapy using engineered-T cells has attracted tremendous attention as a practical treatment for autoimmune diseases. Genetically modified-T cells armed with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) attack autoreactive immune cells such as B cells or antibody-secreting plasma cells. CARs can further guide the effector and regulatory T cells (Tregs) to the autoimmune milieu to traffic, proliferate, and exert suppressive functions. The genetically modified-T cells with artificial receptors are a promising option to suppress autoimmune manifestation and autoinflammatory events. Interestingly, CAR-T cells are modified to a new chimeric auto-antibody receptor T (CAAR-T) cell. This cell, with its specific-antigen, recognizes and binds to the target autoantibodies expressing autoreactive cells and, subsequently, destroy them. Preclinical studies of CAR-T cells demonstrated satisfactory outcomes against autoimmune diseases. However, the lack of target autoantigens remains one of the pivotal problems in the field of CAR-T cells. CAR-based therapy has to pass several hurdles, including stability, durability, trafficking, safety, effectiveness, manufacturing, and persistence, to enter clinical use. The primary goal of this review was to shed light on CAR-T immunotherapy, CAAR-T cell therapy, and CAR-Treg cell therapy in patients with immune system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sadeqi Nezhad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Young Researchers and Elites Club, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran.,Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Alexander Seifalian
- Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine Commercialization Centre (Ltd), The London BioScience Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Sajad Yaghoubi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
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Yoon EJ, Zhang J, Weinberg RS, Brochstein JA, Nandi V, Sachais BS, Shi PA. Validation of simple prediction algorithms to consistently achieve CD3+ and postselection CD34+ targets with leukapheresis. Transfusion 2019; 60:133-143. [PMID: 31756000 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular therapies using engineered T cells, haploidentical transplants, and autologous gene therapy are increasing. Specified CD3+ or high CD34+ doses are typically required for subsequent manufacturing, manipulation, or CD34+ selection. Simple, practical, and reliable lymphocyte and hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) collection algorithms accounting for subsequent CD34+ selection have not been published. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In this analysis of 15 haploidentical donors undergoing tandem lymphocyte and HPC collections, we validated one-step, practical prediction algorithms (Appendix S1, available as supporting information in the online version of this paper) that use conservative facility-specific collection efficiencies, CD34+ selection efficiency, and donor-specific peripheral counts to reliably achieve the target CD3+ and CD34+ product doses. These algorithms expand on our previously published work regarding predictive HPC collection algorithms. RESULTS Ninety-three percent of lymphocyte and 93% of CD34+ collections achieved the final target CD3+ and CD34+ product dose when our algorithm-calculated process volumes were used. Linear regression analysis of our algorithms for CD3+, preselection CD34+, and postselection CD34+ showed statistically significant models with R2 of 0.80 (root mean square error [RMSE], 31.3), 0.72 (RMSE, 385.7), and 0.56 (RMSE, 326.0), respectively, all with p values less than 0.001. CONCLUSION Because achievement of CD3+ or CD34+ dose targets may be critical for safety and efficacy of cell therapies, these simple, practical, and reliable prediction algorithms for lymphocyte and HPC collections should be very useful for collection facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Yoon
- Clinical Services, New York Blood Center, New York, New York.,Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- Clinical Services, New York Blood Center, New York, New York
| | - Rona S Weinberg
- Clinical Services, New York Blood Center, New York, New York.,Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York
| | - Joel A Brochstein
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Vijay Nandi
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York
| | - Bruce S Sachais
- Clinical Services, New York Blood Center, New York, New York.,Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York
| | - Patricia A Shi
- Clinical Services, New York Blood Center, New York, New York.,Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York
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10
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Velier M, Granata A, Bramanti S, Calmels B, Furst S, Legrand F, Harbi S, Faucher C, Devillier R, Blaise D, Mfarrej B, Lemarie C, Chabannon C. A matched-pair analysis reveals marginally reduced CD34+ cell mobilization on second occasion in 27 related donors who underwent peripheral blood stem cell collection twice at the same institution. Transfusion 2019; 59:3442-3447. [PMID: 31625183 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a small proportion of cases, hematopoietic function is insufficient after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, as a result of poor graft function or graft failure. These complications are common indications of re-mobilization of the initial donor, either for a second allograft or for an infusion of CD34+ Selected stem Cell Boost (SCB). METHODS AND MATERIALS We retrospectively reviewed the results of two cycles of CD34+ cell mobilization and collection. CD34+ cells mobilized and collected at each cycle were compared. When CD34+ cell selection from the collected allogeneic mononuclear cells was indicated, it was performed with the Clinimacs Plus® medical device, and results from in-process and final quality checks were analyzed. To assess the efficacy of CD34+ SCB, transfusion needs before and after the infusion of selected CD34+ cells were calculated. RESULTS The median peripheral blood concentration of CD34+ cells/μL was marginally reduced during the second cycle (35.6 vs 33.8, p < 0.05); results revealed a strong correlation between paired values (r = 0.85). The cumulative number of collected CD34+ cells were similar for both cycles; the total processed blood volume was higher during the second cycle (p = 0.023). For CD34+ immune-selection procedures, CD34+ cell recovery and purity were respectively 57% and 95%, with a median T-cell depletion of 6.7 log. Recipients' needs for platelet and red blood cell transfusions were significantly reduced after CD34+ SCB. CONCLUSION This study confirms the feasibility of a second cycle of mobilization in healthy related donors and the benefits of CD34+ SCB on hematopoietic reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Velier
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Centre de Thérapie Cellulaire, Cell Collection & Cell Processing Facility, Marseille, France.,Inserm, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques de Marseille, Module Biothérapies, Marseille, France
| | - Angela Granata
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Centre de Thérapie Cellulaire, Cell Collection & Cell Processing Facility, Marseille, France.,Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Oncohématologie, Marseille, France
| | | | - Boris Calmels
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Centre de Thérapie Cellulaire, Cell Collection & Cell Processing Facility, Marseille, France.,Inserm, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques de Marseille, Module Biothérapies, Marseille, France
| | - Sabine Furst
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Oncohématologie, Marseille, France
| | - Faewzeh Legrand
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Oncohématologie, Marseille, France
| | - Samia Harbi
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Oncohématologie, Marseille, France
| | | | - Raynier Devillier
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Oncohématologie, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Blaise
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Oncohématologie, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Bechara Mfarrej
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Centre de Thérapie Cellulaire, Cell Collection & Cell Processing Facility, Marseille, France.,Inserm, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques de Marseille, Module Biothérapies, Marseille, France
| | - Claude Lemarie
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Centre de Thérapie Cellulaire, Cell Collection & Cell Processing Facility, Marseille, France.,Inserm, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques de Marseille, Module Biothérapies, Marseille, France
| | - Christian Chabannon
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Centre de Thérapie Cellulaire, Cell Collection & Cell Processing Facility, Marseille, France.,Inserm, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques de Marseille, Module Biothérapies, Marseille, France.,Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Oncohématologie, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
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11
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Panch SR, Reddy OL, Li K, Bikkani T, Rao A, Yarlagadda S, Highfill S, Fowler D, Childs RW, Battiwalla M, Barrett J, Larochelle A, Mackall C, Shah N, Stroncek DF. Robust Selections of Various Hematopoietic Cell Fractions on the CliniMACS Plus Instrument. Clin Hematol Int 2019; 1:161-167. [PMID: 34595426 PMCID: PMC8432366 DOI: 10.2991/chi.d.190529.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell separation technologies play a vital role in the graft engineering of hematopoietic cellular fractions, particularly with the rapid expansion of the field of cellular therapeutics. The CliniMACS Plus Instrument (Miltenyi Biotec) utilizes immunomagnetic techniques to isolate hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), T cells, NK cells, and monocytes. These products are ultimately used for HPC transplantation and for the manufacture of adoptive immunotherapies. We evaluated the viable cell recovery and cell purity of selections and depletions performed on the CliniMACS Plus over a 10-year period at our facility, specifically assessing for the isolation of CD34+, CD4+, CD3+/CD56+, CD4+/CD8+, and CD25+ cells. Additionally, patient- and instrument-related factors affecting these parameters were examined. Viable cell recovery ranged from 32.3 ± 10.2% to 65.4 ± 15.4%, and was the highest for CD34+ selections. Cell purity ranged from 86.3 ± 7.2% to 99.0 ± 1.1%, and was the highest for CD4+ selections. Undesired cell fractions demonstrated a range of 1.2 ± 0.45 to 5.1 ± 0.4 log reductions. Red cell depletions averaged 2.12 ± 0.68 logs, while platelets were reduced by an average of 4.01 ± 1.57 logs. Donor characteristics did not impact viable cell recovery or cell purity for CD34+ or CD4+ cell enrichments; however, these were affected by manufacturing variables, including tubing size, bead quantity, and whether preselection platelet washes were performed. Our data demonstrate the efficient recovery of hematopoietic cellular fractions on the CliniMACS Plus that may be optimized by adjusting manufacturing variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya R Panch
- Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Opal L Reddy
- Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine Li
- Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thejaswi Bikkani
- Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anusha Rao
- Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Swathi Yarlagadda
- Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven Highfill
- Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Fowler
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard W Childs
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Minocher Battiwalla
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John Barrett
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andre Larochelle
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Crystal Mackall
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Stanford Cancer Institute, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Nirali Shah
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David F Stroncek
- Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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12
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Kilic P, Bay M, Yildirim Y, Coskun O, Seker S, Baydin P, Lalegul Ulker O, Parmaksiz M, Cubukcuoglu Deniz G, Yilmazer A, Dalva K, Elcin AE, Akcali KC, Ilhan O, Gurman G. A CD34+ Cell Enrichment Protocol of Hematopoietic Stem Cells in a Well-Established Quality Management System. Cells Tissues Organs 2019; 207:15-20. [PMID: 31357194 DOI: 10.1159/000501167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation applications have improved tremendously over the past quarter of a century. The use of new immunosuppressive protocols and elimination of T cells by CD34+ cell enrichment or T cell depletion on apheresis products increases the chance of using partially matched or haploidentical grafts. This is without increasing the risk of graft-versus-host disease, which is observed as a major complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The aim of this protocol is to evaluate the results obtained from 6 different process cycles performed on 6 different days. We used the CliniMACS Plus system located in our Cell and Tissue Manufacturing Center Quality Control Unit which is already calibrated as a class D room and includes a class A microbiological safety cabinet inside. The average purity of the end products was 95.66%, excluding only one end product which was 70%; this was higher than the values in current studies in the field. Superior to the reported studies, the CD3 quantity in each end product was below the dedicated thresholds. BactecTM FX40 blood culture system test results were detected as negative for each end product. Endotoxin testing suggested the absence of endotoxin within the products. The consistent outcomes obtained from these 6 different process cycles confirmed that the CliniMACS® Plus process cycles performed in accordance with our well-defined quality management system procedure is sufficient for the routine application of high-quality and safe CD34+ enrichment processes within our clean room area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Kilic
- Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey,
| | - Meltem Bay
- Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasin Yildirim
- School of Medicine Therapeutic Apheresis Center, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Oznur Coskun
- Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sukran Seker
- Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pinar Baydin
- Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | - Klara Dalva
- Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | - Osman Ilhan
- School of Medicine Therapeutic Apheresis Center, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.,School of Medicine Department of Hematology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gunhan Gurman
- Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.,School of Medicine Department of Hematology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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13
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Erdmann M, Uslu U, Wiesinger M, Brüning M, Altmann T, Strasser E, Schuler G, Schuler-Thurner B. Automated closed-system manufacturing of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells for cancer immunotherapy. J Immunol Methods 2018; 463:89-96. [PMID: 30266448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines have been successfully used for immunotherapy of cancer and infections. A major obstacle is the need for high-level class A cleanroom cGMP facilities for DC generation. The CliniMACS Prodigy® (Prodigy) represents a new platform integrating all GMP-compliant manufacturing steps in a closed system for automated production of various cellular products, notably T cells, NK cells and CD34+ cells. We now systematically tested its suitability for producing human mature monocyte-derived DCs (Mo-DCs), and optimized it by directly comparing the Prodigy approach to our established standard production of Mo-DCs from elutriated monocytes in dishes or bags. Upon step-by-step identification of an optimal cell concentration for the Prodigy's CentriCult culture chamber, the total yield (% of input CD14+ monocytes), phenotype, and functionality of mature Mo-DCs were equivalent to those generated by the standard protocol. Technician's labor time was comparable for both methods, but the Prodigy approach significantly reduced hands-on time and high-level clean room resources. In summary, using our optimized conditions for the CliniMACS Prodigy, human Mo-DCs for clinical application can be generated almost automatically in a fully closed system. A significant drawback of the Prodigy approach was, however, that due to the limited size of the CentriCult culture chamber, in contrast to our standard semi-closed elutriation approach, only one fourth of an apheresis could be processed at once.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Erdmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Department of Dermatology, Germany.
| | - Ugur Uslu
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Department of Dermatology, Germany
| | - Manuel Wiesinger
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Department of Dermatology, Germany
| | | | | | - Erwin Strasser
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Haemostaseology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerold Schuler
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Department of Dermatology, Germany
| | - Beatrice Schuler-Thurner
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Department of Dermatology, Germany
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14
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Panch SR, Bikkani T, Vargas V, Procter J, Atkins JW, Guptill V, Frank KM, Lau AF, Stroncek DF. Prospective Evaluation of a Practical Guideline for Managing Positive Sterility Test Results in Cell Therapy Products. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2018; 25:172-178. [PMID: 30098394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Product safety assurance is crucial for the clinical use of manufactured cellular therapies. A rational approach for delivering products that fail release criteria (because of potentially false-positive sterility results) is important to avoid unwarranted wastage of highly personalized and costly therapies in critically ill patients where benefits may outweigh risk. Accurate and timely interpretation of microbial sterility assays represents a major challenge in cell therapies. We developed a systematic protocol for the assessment of positive microbial sterility test results using retrospective data from 2007 to 2016. This protocol was validated and applied prospectively between October 2016 and September 2017 to 13 products from which positive sterility results had been reported. Viable and nonviable environmental monitoring (EM) data were collected concurrently as part of a facility control assessment. Three of 13 (23%) positive sterility results were attributable to bone marrow collections that had been contaminated with skin flora during harvest; all were infused without pertinent infectious sequelae. Of the remaining 10, 1 was deemed a true positive and was discarded before infusion, whereas 9 were classified as false positives attributed to laboratory sampling and/or culturing processes. Three products deemed false positive were infused and 6 were withheld because of patient issues unrelated to microbial sterility results. No postinfusion-associated infectious complications were documented. Almost half of the positive EM findings were skin flora. Paired detection of an organism in both product and associated EM was identified in 1 case. Application of our validated protocol to positive product sterility test results allowed for systematic data compilation for regulatory evaluation and provided comprehensive information to clinical investigators to ensure timely and strategic management for product recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya R Panch
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Processing Section, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Thejaswi Bikkani
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Processing Section, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Vanessa Vargas
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Processing Section, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jolynn Procter
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Processing Section, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James W Atkins
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Processing Section, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Virginia Guptill
- Office of Research Support and Compliance, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Karen M Frank
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anna F Lau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David F Stroncek
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Processing Section, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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15
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Lin H, Li Q, Wang O, Rauch J, Harm B, Viljoen HJ, Zhang C, Van Wyk E, Zhang C, Lei Y. Automated Expansion of Primary Human T Cells in Scalable and Cell-Friendly Hydrogel Microtubes for Adoptive Immunotherapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701297. [PMID: 29749707 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy is a highly effective strategy for treating many human cancers, such as melanoma, cervical cancer, lymphoma, and leukemia. Here, a novel cell culture technology is reported for expanding primary human T cells for adoptive immunotherapy. T cells are suspended and cultured in microscale alginate hydrogel tubes (AlgTubes) that are suspended in the cell culture medium in a culture vessel. The hydrogel tubes protect cells from hydrodynamic stresses and confine the cell mass less than 400 µm (in radial diameter) to ensure efficient mass transport, creating a cell-friendly microenvironment for growing T cells. This system is simple, scalable, highly efficient, defined, cost-effective, and compatible with current good manufacturing practices. Under optimized culture conditions, the AlgTubes enable culturing T cells with high cell viability, low DNA damage, high growth rate (≈320-fold expansion over 14 days), high purity (≈98% CD3+), and high yield (≈3.2 × 108 cells mL-1 hydrogel). All offer considerable advantages compared to current T cell culturing approaches. This new culture technology can significantly reduce the culture volume, time, and cost, while increasing the production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishuang Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Nebraska; Lincoln 68588 NE USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Nebraska; Lincoln 68588 NE USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program; University of Nebraska; Lincoln 68588 NE USA
| | - Ou Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Nebraska; Lincoln 68588 NE USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program; University of Nebraska; Lincoln 68588 NE USA
| | - Jack Rauch
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Nebraska; Lincoln 68588 NE USA
| | - Braden Harm
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Nebraska; Lincoln 68588 NE USA
| | - Hendrik J. Viljoen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Nebraska; Lincoln 68588 NE USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology; College of Medicine; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha 68198 NE USA
| | | | - Chi Zhang
- School of Biological Science; University of Nebraska; Lincoln 68588 NE USA
| | - Yuguo Lei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Nebraska; Lincoln 68588 NE USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program; University of Nebraska; Lincoln 68588 NE USA
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha 68198 NE USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha 68106 NE USA
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16
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Priesner C, Aleksandrova K, Esser R, Mockel-Tenbrinck N, Leise J, Drechsel K, Marburger M, Quaiser A, Goudeva L, Arseniev L, Kaiser AD, Glienke W, Koehl U. Automated Enrichment, Transduction, and Expansion of Clinical-Scale CD62L + T Cells for Manufacturing of Gene Therapy Medicinal Products. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 27:860-869. [PMID: 27562135 PMCID: PMC5035932 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple clinical studies have demonstrated that adaptive immunotherapy using redirected T cells against advanced cancer has led to promising results with improved patient survival. The continuously increasing interest in those advanced gene therapy medicinal products (GTMPs) leads to a manufacturing challenge regarding automation, process robustness, and cell storage. Therefore, this study addresses the proof of principle in clinical-scale selection, stimulation, transduction, and expansion of T cells using the automated closed CliniMACS® Prodigy system. Naïve and central memory T cells from apheresis products were first immunomagnetically enriched using anti-CD62L magnetic beads and further processed freshly (n = 3) or split for cryopreservation and processed after thawing (n = 1). Starting with 0.5 × 108 purified CD3+ T cells, three mock runs and one run including transduction with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-containing vector resulted in a median final cell product of 16 × 108 T cells (32-fold expansion) up to harvesting after 2 weeks. Expression of CD62L was downregulated on T cells after thawing, which led to the decision to purify CD62L+CD3+ T cells freshly with cryopreservation thereafter. Most important in the split product, a very similar expansion curve was reached comparing the overall freshly CD62L selected cells with those after thawing, which could be demonstrated in the T cell subpopulations as well by showing a nearly identical conversion of the CD4/CD8 ratio. In the GFP run, the transduction efficacy was 83%. In-process control also demonstrated sufficient glucose levels during automated feeding and medium removal. The robustness of the process and the constant quality of the final product in a closed and automated system give rise to improve harmonized manufacturing protocols for engineered T cells in future gene therapy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Priesner
- 1 Cellular Therapy Center, Institute of Cellular Therapeutics , Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Krasimira Aleksandrova
- 1 Cellular Therapy Center, Institute of Cellular Therapeutics , Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruth Esser
- 2 GMP Development Unit, Institute of Cellular Therapeutics , Integrated Research and Treatment Center for Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jana Leise
- 1 Cellular Therapy Center, Institute of Cellular Therapeutics , Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Michael Marburger
- 2 GMP Development Unit, Institute of Cellular Therapeutics , Integrated Research and Treatment Center for Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Quaiser
- 2 GMP Development Unit, Institute of Cellular Therapeutics , Integrated Research and Treatment Center for Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lilia Goudeva
- 4 Institute of Transfusion Medicine , Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lubomir Arseniev
- 1 Cellular Therapy Center, Institute of Cellular Therapeutics , Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Glienke
- 2 GMP Development Unit, Institute of Cellular Therapeutics , Integrated Research and Treatment Center for Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- 1 Cellular Therapy Center, Institute of Cellular Therapeutics , Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,2 GMP Development Unit, Institute of Cellular Therapeutics , Integrated Research and Treatment Center for Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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17
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Wang X, Rivière I. Genetic Engineering and Manufacturing of Hematopoietic Stem Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 5:96-105. [PMID: 28480310 PMCID: PMC5415326 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The marketing approval of genetically engineered hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) as the first-line therapy for the treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency due to adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA-SCID) is a tribute to the substantial progress that has been made regarding HSC engineering in the past decade. Reproducible manufacturing of high-quality, clinical-grade, genetically engineered HSCs is the foundation for broadening the application of this technology. Herein, the current state-of-the-art manufacturing platforms to genetically engineer HSCs as well as the challenges pertaining to production standardization and product characterization are addressed in the context of primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) and other monogenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyan Wang
- Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Isabelle Rivière
- Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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18
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Irion S, Zabierowski SE, Tomishima MJ. Bringing Neural Cell Therapies to the Clinic: Past and Future Strategies. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2017; 4:72-82. [PMID: 28344993 PMCID: PMC5363320 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell replacement therapy in the nervous system has a rich history, with ∼40 years of research and ∼30 years of clinical experience. There is compelling evidence that appropriate cells can integrate and function in the dysfunctioning human nervous system, but the clinical results are mixed in practice. A number of factors conspire to vary patient outcome: the indication, cell source, patient selection, and team performing transplantation are all variables that can affect efficacy. Most early clinical trials have used fetal cells, a limited cell source that resists scale and standardization. Direct fetal cell transplantation creates significant challenges to commercialization that is the ultimate goal of an effective cell therapy. One approach to help scale and standardize fetal cell preparations is the expansion of neural cells in vitro. Expansion is achieved by transformation or through the application of mitogens before cryopreservation. Recently, neural cells derived from pluripotent stem cells have provided a scalable alternative. Pluripotent stem cells are desirable for manufacturing but present alternative concerns and manufacturing obstacles. All cell sources require robust and reproducible manufacturing to make nervous system cell replacement therapy an option for patients. Here, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for cell replacement in the nervous system. In this review, we give an overview of completed and ongoing neural cell transplantation clinical trials, and we discuss the challenges and opportunities for future cell replacement trials with a particular focus on pluripotent stem cell-derived therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Irion
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Susan E. Zabierowski
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
- SKI Stem Cell Research Facility and Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mark J. Tomishima
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
- SKI Stem Cell Research Facility, Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
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19
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Skorska A, Müller P, Gaebel R, Große J, Lemcke H, Lux CA, Bastian M, Hausburg F, Zarniko N, Bubritzki S, Ruch U, Tiedemann G, David R, Steinhoff G. GMP-conformant on-site manufacturing of a CD133 + stem cell product for cardiovascular regeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:33. [PMID: 28187777 PMCID: PMC5303262 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CD133+ stem cells represent a promising subpopulation for innovative cell-based therapies in cardiovascular regeneration. Several clinical trials have shown remarkable beneficial effects following their intramyocardial transplantation. Yet, the purification of CD133+ stem cells is typically performed in centralized clean room facilities using semi-automatic manufacturing processes based on magnetic cell sorting (MACS®). However, this requires time-consuming and cost-intensive logistics. Methods CD133+ stem cells were purified from patient-derived sternal bone marrow using the recently developed automatic CliniMACS Prodigy® BM-133 System (Prodigy). The entire manufacturing process, as well as the subsequent quality control of the final cell product (CP), were realized on-site and in compliance with EU guidelines for Good Manufacturing Practice. The biological activity of automatically isolated CD133+ cells was evaluated and compared to manually isolated CD133+ cells via functional assays as well as immunofluorescence microscopy. In addition, the regenerative potential of purified stem cells was assessed 3 weeks after transplantation in immunodeficient mice which had been subjected to experimental myocardial infarction. Results We established for the first time an on-site manufacturing procedure for stem CPs intended for the treatment of ischemic heart diseases using an automatized system. On average, 0.88 × 106 viable CD133+ cells with a mean log10 depletion of 3.23 ± 0.19 of non-target cells were isolated. Furthermore, we demonstrated that these automatically isolated cells bear proliferation and differentiation capacities comparable to manually isolated cells in vitro. Moreover, the automatically generated CP shows equal cardiac regeneration potential in vivo. Conclusions Our results indicate that the Prodigy is a powerful system for automatic manufacturing of a CD133+ CP within few hours. Compared to conventional manufacturing processes, future clinical application of this system offers multiple benefits including stable CP quality and on-site purification under reduced clean room requirements. This will allow saving of time, reduced logistics and diminished costs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-016-0467-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Skorska
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC), Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 68, Rostock, 18057, Germany.,Department Life, Light and Matter of the Interdisciplinary Faculty at Rostock University, Albert-Einstein Straße 25, Rostock, 18059, Germany
| | - Paula Müller
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC), Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 68, Rostock, 18057, Germany
| | - Ralf Gaebel
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC), Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 68, Rostock, 18057, Germany
| | - Jana Große
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC), Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 68, Rostock, 18057, Germany
| | - Heiko Lemcke
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC), Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 68, Rostock, 18057, Germany.,Department Life, Light and Matter of the Interdisciplinary Faculty at Rostock University, Albert-Einstein Straße 25, Rostock, 18059, Germany
| | - Cornelia A Lux
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC), Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 68, Rostock, 18057, Germany
| | - Manuela Bastian
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (ILAB), Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Straße 6, Rostock, 18057, Germany
| | - Frauke Hausburg
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC), Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 68, Rostock, 18057, Germany
| | - Nicole Zarniko
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC), Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 68, Rostock, 18057, Germany
| | - Sandra Bubritzki
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, Rostock, 18057, Germany
| | - Ulrike Ruch
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC), Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 68, Rostock, 18057, Germany
| | - Gudrun Tiedemann
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC), Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 68, Rostock, 18057, Germany
| | - Robert David
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC), Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 68, Rostock, 18057, Germany.,Department Life, Light and Matter of the Interdisciplinary Faculty at Rostock University, Albert-Einstein Straße 25, Rostock, 18059, Germany
| | - Gustav Steinhoff
- Department Life, Light and Matter of the Interdisciplinary Faculty at Rostock University, Albert-Einstein Straße 25, Rostock, 18059, Germany. .,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, Rostock, 18057, Germany.
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20
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Wang X, Rivière I. Clinical manufacturing of CAR T cells: foundation of a promising therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2016; 3:16015. [PMID: 27347557 PMCID: PMC4909095 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2016.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of cancer patients with autologous T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is one of the most promising adoptive cellular therapy approaches. Reproducible manufacturing of high-quality, clinical-grade CAR-T cell products is a prerequisite for the wide application of this technology. Product quality needs to be built-in within every step of the manufacturing process. We summarize herein the requirements and logistics to be considered, as well as the state of the art manufacturing platforms available. CAR-T cell therapy may be on the verge of becoming standard of care for a few clinical indications. Yet, many challenges pertaining to manufacturing standardization and product characterization remain to be overcome in order to achieve broad usage and eventual commercialization of this therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyan Wang
- Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Isabelle Rivière
- Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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21
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Hümmer C, Poppe C, Bunos M, Stock B, Wingenfeld E, Huppert V, Stuth J, Reck K, Essl M, Seifried E, Bonig H. Automation of cellular therapy product manufacturing: results of a split validation comparing CD34 selection of peripheral blood stem cell apheresis product with a semi-manual vs. an automatic procedure. J Transl Med 2016; 14:76. [PMID: 26983643 PMCID: PMC4793541 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0826-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Automation of cell therapy manufacturing promises higher productivity of cell factories, more economical use of highly-trained (and costly) manufacturing staff, facilitation of processes requiring manufacturing steps at inconvenient hours, improved consistency of processing steps and other benefits. One of the most broadly disseminated engineered cell therapy products is immunomagnetically selected CD34+ hematopoietic “stem” cells (HSCs). Methods As the clinical GMP-compliant automat CliniMACS Prodigy is being programmed to perform ever more complex sequential manufacturing steps, we developed a CD34+ selection module for comparison with the standard semi-automatic CD34 “normal scale” selection process on CliniMACS Plus, applicable for 600 × 106 target cells out of 60 × 109 total cells. Three split-validation processings with healthy donor G-CSF-mobilized apheresis products were performed; feasibility, time consumption and product quality were assessed. Results All processes proceeded uneventfully. Prodigy runs took about 1 h longer than CliniMACS Plus runs, albeit with markedly less hands-on operator time and therefore also suitable for less experienced operators. Recovery of target cells was the same for both technologies. Although impurities, specifically T- and B-cells, were 5 ± 1.6-fold and 4 ± 0.4-fold higher in the Prodigy products (p = ns and p = 0.013 for T and B cell depletion, respectively), T cell contents per kg of a virtual recipient receiving 4 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg was below 10 × 103/kg even in the worst Prodigy product and thus more than fivefold below the specification of CD34+ selected mismatched-donor stem cell products. The products’ theoretical clinical usability is thus confirmed. Conclusions This split validation exercise of a relatively short and simple process exemplifies the potential of automatic cell manufacturing. Automation will further gain in attractiveness when applied to more complex processes, requiring frequent interventions or handling at unfavourable working hours, such as re-targeting of T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Hümmer
- Department of Cellular Therapeutics (GMP), German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hesse, Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carolin Poppe
- Department of Cellular Therapeutics (GMP), German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hesse, Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Milica Bunos
- Department of Cellular Therapeutics (GMP), German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hesse, Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Belinda Stock
- Department of Cellular Therapeutics (GMP), German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hesse, Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Eva Wingenfeld
- Department of Cellular Therapeutics (GMP), German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hesse, Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Mike Essl
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch-Gladbach, Germany
| | - Erhard Seifried
- Department of Cellular Therapeutics (GMP), German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hesse, Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Goethe University Medical Center, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Halvard Bonig
- Department of Cellular Therapeutics (GMP), German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hesse, Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany. .,Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Goethe University Medical Center, Frankfurt, Germany. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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22
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Cryopreservation in Closed Bag Systems as an Alternative to Clean Rooms for Preparations of Peripheral Blood Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 951:67-76. [PMID: 27837555 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45457-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) represents a therapeutic option widely used for hematopoietic malignancies. One important milestone in the development of this treatment strategy was the development of effective cryopreservation technologies resulting in a high quality with respect to cell viability as well as lack of contamination of the graft.Stem cell preparations have been initially performed within standard laboratories as it is routinely still the case in many countries. With the emergence of cleanrooms, manufacturing of stem cell preparations within these facilities has become a new standard mandatory in Europe. However, due to high costs and laborious procedures, novel developments recently emerged using closed bag systems as reliable alternatives to conventional cleanrooms. Several hurdles needed to be overcome including the addition of the cryoprotectant dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as a relevant manipulation. As a result of the development, closed bag systems proved to be comparable in terms of product quality and patient outcome to cleanroom products. They also comply with the strict regulations of good manufacturing practice.With closed systems being available, costs and efforts of a cleanroom facility may be substantially reduced in the future. The process can be easily extended for other cell preparations requiring minor modifications as donor lymphocyte preparations. Moreover, novel developments may provide solutions for the production of advanced-therapy medicinal products in closed systems.
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