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Xiao K, Zhao F, Xie W, Ding J, Gong X, OuYang C, Le AP. Mechanism of TLR4 mediated immune effect in transfusion-induced acute lung injury based on Slit2/Robo4 signaling pathway. Transfus Apher Sci 2023; 62:103500. [PMID: 35853810 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2022.103500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is the infusion of blood or blood system. OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism of TLR4-mediated T cell immune effect in TRALI. METHODS In this animal study, a mouse model of LPS-induced TRALI was established. Sixty adult C57/BL6 mice (wild-type, WT) were randomly divided into 5 groups: 1) normal WT type, 2) LPS control group of WT type lipopolysaccharide, 3) WT type TRALI group (LPS + MHC-I mAb), 4) (TLR4 antibody) lipopolysaccharide LPS control group, 5) (TLR4 antibody) TRALI group (LPS + MHC-I mAb). Mice were injected with LPS (0.1 mg/kg) and MHC-I mAb (2 mg/kg) into the tail vein. H&E staining was performed to detect pathological features. The myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and the level of inflammatory cytokines in lung tissue homogenate supernatant were measured. Blood, spleen single-cell suspension, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were collected to detect the ratio of Treg and Th17 cells by flow cytometry. RT-PCR and WB were used to detect mRNA or protein expression. RESULTS TLR4 mAb treatment alleviated the pathogenesis of LPS-induced TRALI in vivo, the MPO activity, and the level of proinflammatory factors in lung tissues. TLR4 exerted its function by changing of Treg/Th17 ratio via the SLIT2/ROBO4 signaling pathway and downregulating CDH5 and SETSIP. CONCLUSION TLR4 mediates immune response in the LPS-induced TRALI model through the SLIT2/ROBO4 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xiao
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - WenJie Xie
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - XiaoAn Gong
- Department of Urology, Fengcheng People's Hospital, Fengcheng 331100, China
| | - ChenSi OuYang
- Department of Urology, Yichun People's Hospital, Yichun 336000, China
| | - Ai Ping Le
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China.
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Transfusion-Associated Circulatory Overload and Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2019; 33:767-779. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Vossoughi S, Gorlin J, Kessler DA, Hillyer CD, Van Buren NL, Jimenez A, Shaz BH. Ten years of TRALI mitigation: measuring our progress. Transfusion 2019; 59:2567-2574. [PMID: 31145481 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a leading cause of transfusion-associated mortality for which multiple mitigation strategies have been implemented over the past decade. However, product-specific TRALI rates have not been reported longitudinally and may help refine additional mitigation strategies. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS This retrospective multicenter study included analysis of TRALI rates from 2007 through 2017. Numerators included definite or probable TRALI reports from five blood centers serving nine states in the United States. Denominators were components distributed from participating centers. Rates were calculated as per 100,000 components distributed (p < 0.05 significant). RESULTS One hundred four TRALI cases were reported from 10,012,707 components distributed (TRALI rate of 1.04 per 100,000 components). The TRALI rate was 2.25 for female versus 1.08 for male donated components (p < .001). The TRALI rate declined from 2.88 in 2007 to 0.60 in 2017. From 2007 to 2013, there was a significantly higher TRALI rate associated with female versus male plasma (33.85 vs. 1.59; p < 0.001) and RBCs (1.97 vs. 1.15; p = 0.03). From 2014 through 2017, after implementation of mitigation strategies, a significantly higher TRALI rate only from female-donated plateletpheresis continued to be observed (2.98 vs. 0.75; p = 0.04). CONCLUSION Although the TRALI rates have substantially decreased secondary to multiple strategies over the past decade, a residual risk remains, particularly with female-donated plateletpheresis products. Additional tools that may further mitigate TRALI incidence include the use of buffy coat pooled platelets suspended in male donor plasma or platelet additive solution due to the lower amounts of residual plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Vossoughi
- New York Blood Center, New York, New York.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jed Gorlin
- Innovative Blood Resources, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | | | | | | | | | - Beth H Shaz
- New York Blood Center, New York, New York.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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Roubinian N. TACO and TRALI: biology, risk factors, and prevention strategies. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2018; 2018:585-594. [PMID: 30570487 PMCID: PMC6324877 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2018.1.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) and transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) are the leading causes of transfusion-related morbidity and mortality. These adverse events are characterized by acute pulmonary edema within 6 hours of a blood transfusion and have historically been difficult to study due to underrecognition and nonspecific diagnostic criteria. However, in the past decade, in vivo models and clinical studies utilizing active surveillance have advanced our understanding of their epidemiology and pathogenesis. With the adoption of mitigation strategies and patient blood management, the incidence of TRALI and TACO has decreased. Continued research to prevent and treat these severe cardiopulmonary events is focused on both the blood component and the transfusion recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nareg Roubinian
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA; Kaiser Permanente Northern California Medical Center and Division of Research, Oakland, CA; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
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5
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Nguyen XD, Schulze TJ, Bugert P, Lauber-Härtl S, Schulz-Linkholt M, González-Schulze K, Reil A, Dengler T, Panzer S, Seifried E. Granulocyte antibodies in male blood donors: can they trigger transfusion-related acute lung injury? Transfusion 2018; 58:1894-1901. [PMID: 29707799 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White blood cell-associated antibodies can lead to transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). Female donors with a history of pregnancies have been identified as a main cause for these antibodies. Male or female donors without a history of pregnancy are considered as safe donors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Following the identification of two TRALI cases associated with blood products from male donors, we investigated the frequency of granulocyte-specific and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies in the entire blood donor population using a high throughput automated flow-cytometry-based granulocyte immunofluorescence test (Flow-GIFT). We investigated sera from 14,343 whole blood donors (female, n = 6974, 48.7%; male, n = 7369, 51.3%) using automated Flow-GIFT. Of the female blood donors, 60.4% had a history of pregnancy. Positive sera were retested by the standard granulocyte immunofluorescence test and granulocyte agglutination test. For the detection of HLA Class I and II immunoglobulin G antibodies, we used a commercial screening enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS We detected in 924 (21.9%) of the 4212 females with a history of pregnancy antibodies against granulocyte antigens (n = 62, 1.5%), HLA Class I and/or II antigens (n = 864, 20.5%). Notably, in 3.5% (n = 96) of 2762 females without a history of pregnancy and in 2.1% (n = 154) of 7369 males antibodies against granulocyte antigens (n = 13, 0.47% and n = 45, 0.6%), HLA Class I and/or II (n = 83, 3% and n = 109, 1.4%, respectively), were also detected. CONCLUSION Human neutrophil antigen antibodies are rare in male and females without a history of pregnancy compared to females with a history of pregnancy, but their relevance is not negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Duc Nguyen
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Torsten J Schulze
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Mannheim, Germany.,German Red Cross Blood Service NSTOB, Institute Springe, Springe, Germany
| | - Peter Bugert
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephanie Lauber-Härtl
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Monika Schulz-Linkholt
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Karen González-Schulze
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Dengler
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Baden-Baden, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Baden-Baden, Germany
| | - Simon Panzer
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erhard Seifried
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Weisberg SP, Shaz BH, Tumer G, Silliman CC, Kelher MR, Cohn CS. PAS-C platelets contain less plasma protein, lower anti-A and anti-B titers, and decreased HLA antibody specificities compared to plasma platelets. Transfusion 2018; 58:891-895. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.14523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart P. Weisberg
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology; Columbia University; New York New York
| | - Beth H. Shaz
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology; Columbia University; New York New York
| | - Gizem Tumer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Chris C. Silliman
- Department of Surgery; Denver Health Medical Center; Denver Colorado
| | | | - Claudia S. Cohn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
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Andreu G, Boudjedir K, Muller JY, Pouchol E, Ozier Y, Fevre G, Gautreau C, Quaranta JF, Drouet C, Rieux C, Mertes PM, Clavier B, Carlier M, Sandid I. Analysis of Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury and Possible Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury Reported to the French Hemovigilance Network From 2007 to 2013. Transfus Med Rev 2018; 32:16-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Otrock ZK, Liu C, Grossman BJ. Transfusion-related acute lung injury risk mitigation: an update. Vox Sang 2017; 112:694-703. [PMID: 28948604 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a life-threatening complication of transfusion. Greater understanding of the pathophysiology of this syndrome has much improved during the last two decades. Plasma-containing components from female donors with leucocyte antibodies were responsible for the majority of TRALI fatalities before mitigation strategies were implemented. Over the past 15 years, measures to mitigate risk for TRALI have been implemented worldwide and they continued to evolve with time. The AABB requires that all plasma containing components and whole blood for transfusion must be collected from men, women who have not been pregnant, or women who have tested negative for human leucocyte antigen antibodies. Although the incidence of TRALI has decreased following the institution of TRALI mitigation strategies, TRALI is still the most common cause of transfusion-associated death in the United States. In this review, we focus on TRALI risk mitigation strategies. We describe the measures taken by blood collection facilities to reduce the risk of TRALI in the United States, Canada and European countries. We also review the literature for the effectiveness of these measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z K Otrock
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - C Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - B J Grossman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
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Rahmani F, Aghamohammadi A, Ochs HD, Rezaei N. Agammaglobulinemia: comorbidities and long-term therapeutic risks. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1330145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Rahmani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Network (PIDNet), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hans D. Ochs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Sheffield, UK
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10
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Moritz ED, Tonnetti L, Hewins ME, Berardi VP, Dodd RY, Stramer SL. Description of 15 DNA-positive and antibody-negative “window-period” blood donations identified during prospective screening for Babesia microti. Transfusion 2017; 57:1781-1786. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.14103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin D. Moritz
- Scientific Affairs Department; American Red Cross; Gaithersburg Maryland
| | - Laura Tonnetti
- Scientific Affairs Department; American Red Cross; Gaithersburg Maryland
| | | | | | - Roger Y. Dodd
- Scientific Affairs Department; American Red Cross; Gaithersburg Maryland
| | - Susan L. Stramer
- Scientific Affairs Department; American Red Cross; Gaithersburg Maryland
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11
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Martini R, Hörner R, Graichen DÂS. Antimicrobial susceptibility profile and research of mec A and erm genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from platelet concentrates bags. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902017000115195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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12
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Moritz ED, Winton CS, Tonnetti L, Townsend RL, Berardi VP, Hewins ME, Weeks KE, Dodd RY, Stramer SL. Screening for Babesia microti in the U.S. Blood Supply. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:2236-2245. [PMID: 27959685 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1600897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Babesia microti, a tickborne intraerythrocytic parasite that can be transmitted by means of blood transfusion, is responsible for the majority of cases of transfusion-transmitted babesiosis in the United States. However, no licensed test exists for screening for B. microti in donated blood. We assessed data from a large-scale, investigational product-release screening and donor follow-up program. METHODS From June 2012 through September 2014, we performed arrayed fluorescence immunoassays (AFIAs) for B. microti antibodies and real-time polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) assays for B. microti DNA on blood-donation samples obtained in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. We determined parasite loads with the use of quantitative PCR testing and assessed infectivity by means of the inoculation of hamsters and the subsequent examination for parasitemia. Donors with test-reactive samples were followed. Using data on cases of transfusion-transmitted babesiosis, we compared the proportions of screened versus unscreened donations that were infectious. RESULTS Of 89,153 blood-donation samples tested, 335 (0.38%) were confirmed to be positive, of which 67 (20%) were PCR-positive; 9 samples were antibody-negative (i.e., 1 antibody-negative sample per 9906 screened samples), representing 13% of all PCR-positive samples. PCR-positive samples were identified all through the year; antibody-negative infections occurred from June through September. Approximately one third of the red-cell samples from PCR-positive or high-titer AFIA-positive donations infected hamsters. Follow-up showed DNA clearance in 86% of the donors but antibody seroreversion in 8% after 1 year. In Connecticut and Massachusetts, no reported cases of transfusion-transmitted babesiosis were associated with screened donations (i.e., 0 cases per 75,331 screened donations), as compared with 14 cases per 253,031 unscreened donations (i.e., 1 case per 18,074 unscreened donations) (odds ratio, 8.6; 95% confidence interval, 0.51 to 144; P=0.05). Overall, 29 cases of transfusion-transmitted babesiosis were linked to blood from infected donors, including blood obtained from 10 donors whose samples tested positive on the PCR assay 2 to 7 months after the implicated donation. CONCLUSIONS Blood-donation screening for antibodies to and DNA from B. microti was associated with a decrease in the risk of transfusion-transmitted babesiosis. (Funded by the American Red Cross and Imugen; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01528449 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Moritz
- From Scientific Affairs, American Red Cross, Gaithersburg, MD (E.D.M., C.S.W., L.T., R.L.T., R.Y.D., S.L.S.); and the Research Division, Imugen, Norwood, MA (V.P.B., M.-E.H., K.E.W.)
| | - Colleen S Winton
- From Scientific Affairs, American Red Cross, Gaithersburg, MD (E.D.M., C.S.W., L.T., R.L.T., R.Y.D., S.L.S.); and the Research Division, Imugen, Norwood, MA (V.P.B., M.-E.H., K.E.W.)
| | - Laura Tonnetti
- From Scientific Affairs, American Red Cross, Gaithersburg, MD (E.D.M., C.S.W., L.T., R.L.T., R.Y.D., S.L.S.); and the Research Division, Imugen, Norwood, MA (V.P.B., M.-E.H., K.E.W.)
| | - Rebecca L Townsend
- From Scientific Affairs, American Red Cross, Gaithersburg, MD (E.D.M., C.S.W., L.T., R.L.T., R.Y.D., S.L.S.); and the Research Division, Imugen, Norwood, MA (V.P.B., M.-E.H., K.E.W.)
| | - Victor P Berardi
- From Scientific Affairs, American Red Cross, Gaithersburg, MD (E.D.M., C.S.W., L.T., R.L.T., R.Y.D., S.L.S.); and the Research Division, Imugen, Norwood, MA (V.P.B., M.-E.H., K.E.W.)
| | - Mary-Ellen Hewins
- From Scientific Affairs, American Red Cross, Gaithersburg, MD (E.D.M., C.S.W., L.T., R.L.T., R.Y.D., S.L.S.); and the Research Division, Imugen, Norwood, MA (V.P.B., M.-E.H., K.E.W.)
| | - Karen E Weeks
- From Scientific Affairs, American Red Cross, Gaithersburg, MD (E.D.M., C.S.W., L.T., R.L.T., R.Y.D., S.L.S.); and the Research Division, Imugen, Norwood, MA (V.P.B., M.-E.H., K.E.W.)
| | - Roger Y Dodd
- From Scientific Affairs, American Red Cross, Gaithersburg, MD (E.D.M., C.S.W., L.T., R.L.T., R.Y.D., S.L.S.); and the Research Division, Imugen, Norwood, MA (V.P.B., M.-E.H., K.E.W.)
| | - Susan L Stramer
- From Scientific Affairs, American Red Cross, Gaithersburg, MD (E.D.M., C.S.W., L.T., R.L.T., R.Y.D., S.L.S.); and the Research Division, Imugen, Norwood, MA (V.P.B., M.-E.H., K.E.W.)
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Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Peters
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology/Department of Intensive Care; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - A. P. J. Vlaar
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology/Department of Intensive Care; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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14
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Eder AF. Knowns, unknowns, and perceptions in between. Transfusion 2016; 56:1491-5. [PMID: 27295023 DOI: 10.1111/trf.13668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne F Eder
- Blood Services Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
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