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Redondo JI, Otero PE, Martínez-Taboada F, Doménech L, Hernández-Magaña EZ, Viscasillas J. Anaesthetic mortality in dogs: A worldwide analysis and risk assessment. Vet Rec 2024; 195:e3604. [PMID: 37953683 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ensuring patient safety during small animal anaesthesia is crucial. This study aimed to assess anaesthetic-related deaths in dogs globally, identify risks and protective factors and inform clinical practice. METHODS This prospective cohort multicentric study involved 55,022 dogs from 405 veterinary centres across various countries. Data on anaesthesia-related deaths from premedication to 48 hours post-extubation were collected. Logistic regression was used to analyse patient demographics, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, procedure type and anaesthetic drugs used. RESULTS Anaesthetic-related mortality was 0.69%. Most deaths occurred postoperatively (81%). Age, obesity and a higher ASA classification score were associated with increased mortality. Urgent procedures, non-urgent but unscheduled anaesthesias and short procedures also had higher mortality. Some sedatives, systemic analgesics, hypnotics and the use of locoregional anaesthesia were linked to a decrease in mortality. LIMITATIONS The limitations of the study include the non-randomised sample, potential selection bias, lack of response rate quantification, variable data quality control, subjectivity in classifying causes of death and limited analysis of variables. CONCLUSION Careful patient evaluation, drug selection and monitoring can be associated with reduced mortality. These findings can be used to develop guidelines and strategies to improve patient safety and outcomes. Further research is needed to refine protocols, enhance data quality systems and explore additional risk mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- José I Redondo
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera - CEU, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo E Otero
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Management, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Martínez-Taboada
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 3A Animal Anaesthesia and Analgesia, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luis Doménech
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Física y Ciencias Tecnológicas, Escuela Superior de Enseñanzas Técnicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera - CEU, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva Zoe Hernández-Magaña
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera - CEU, Valencia, Spain
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Hampton CE, da Cunha A, Desselle A, Queiroz-Williams P, Hofmeister EH. The effect of age on the induction dose of propofol for general anesthesia in dogs. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288088. [PMID: 37399166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In people, the dose of propofol (DOP) required for procedural sedation and anesthesia decreases significantly with age. The objective of this study was to determine if the DOP required to perform endotracheal intubation decreases with age in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 1397 dogs. METHODS Data from dogs anesthetized at referral center (2017-2020) were analyzed with three multivariate linear regression models with backward elimination using a combination of either absolute age, physiologic age, or life expectancy (ratio between age at the time of anesthetic event and expected age of death for each breed obtained from previous literature) as well as other factors as independent variables, and DOP as the dependent variable. The DOP for each quartile of life expectancy (<25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, 75-100%, >100%) was compared using one-way ANOVA. Significance was set at alpha = 0.025. RESULTS Mean age was 7.2 ± 4.1 years, life expectancy 59.8 ± 33%, weight 19 ± 14 kg, and DOP 3.76 ± 1.8 mg kg-1. Among age models, only life expectancy was a predictor of DOP (-0.37 mg kg-1; P = 0.013) but of minimal clinical importance. The DOP by life age expectancy quartile was 3.9 ± 2.3, 3.8 ± 1.8, 3.6 ± 1.8, 3.7 ± 1.7, and 3.4 ± 1.6 mg kg-1, respectively (P = 0.20). Yorkshire Terrier, Chihuahua, Maltese, mixed breed dogs under 10 kg, and Shih Tzu required higher DOP. Status of neutered male, ASA E, and Boxer, Labrador and Golden Retriever breeds decreased DOP, along with certain premedication drugs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In contrast to what is observed in people, an age cut-off predictive of DOP does not exist. Percentage of elapsed life expectancy along with other factors such as breed, premedication drug, emergency procedure, and reproductive status significantly alter DOP. In older dogs, the dose of propofol can be adjusted based on their elapsed life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara E Hampton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Anderson da Cunha
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Amber Desselle
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Patricia Queiroz-Williams
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Erik H Hofmeister
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
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Kristensen L, Zardo JQ, Hansen SM, Bertelsen MF, Alstrup AKO, Wang T, Williams CJA. Effect of atropine and propofol on the minimum anaesthetic concentration of isoflurane in the freshwater turtle Trachemys scripta (yellow-bellied slider). Vet Anaesth Analg 2023; 50:180-187. [PMID: 36739261 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if the administration of atropine would reduce the measured minimum anaesthetic concentration of isoflurane (MACisoflurane) in freshwater turtles - the yellow-bellied slider (Trachemys scripta scripta). STUDY DESIGN Paired, blinded, randomized, prospective studies of 1) the effect of atropine in isoflurane anaesthetized freshwater turtles (T. scripta scripta) and 2) the effect of atropine in yellow-bellied sliders in which anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. ANIMALS T. scripta scripta (n = 8), female, adult. METHODS Atropine (2 mg kg-1) or an isovolumetric control injection of saline was administered intraperitoneally 15 minutes prior to induction of anaesthesia with isoflurane. Individual MACisoflurane was then determined by end-tidal gas analysis in a bracketing design by an experimenter blinded to the administered drug, with a 2 week washout period. The experiment was repeated, with atropine (2 mg kg-1) or saline administered intravascularly in combination with propofol for anaesthetic induction. Linear mixed modelling was used to determine the effects of atropine and propofol on the individual MACisoflurane. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. RESULTS Premedication with atropine significantly reduced MACisoflurane (p = 0.0039). In isoflurane-induced T. scripta scripta, MACisoflurane decreased from 4.2 ± 0.4% to 3.3 ± 0.8% when atropine had been administered. Propofol as an induction agent had a MAC-sparing effect (p < 0.001) such that MACisoflurane following propofol and a control injection of saline was 2.3 ± 1.0%, which decreased further to 1.5 ± 0.8% when propofol was combined with atropine. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Atropine, presumably by inhibiting parasympathetically mediated pulmonary artery constriction, decreases right-to-left cardiac shunting and the MACisoflurane in yellow-bellied sliders, and thereby may facilitate control of inhalant anaesthesia. Propofol can be used for induction of anaesthesia and reduces the required concentration of inhaled anaesthesia assessed 1.5 hours following induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Kristensen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Juliana Q Zardo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie M Hansen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads F Bertelsen
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Aage K O Alstrup
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tobias Wang
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Catherine J A Williams
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Louro LF, Maddox T, Robson K, Alderson B. Pre-anaesthetic clinical examination influences anaesthetic protocol in dogs undergoing general anaesthesia and sedation. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:737-743. [PMID: 33988250 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Identify whether pre-anaesthetic clinical examination influences anaesthetic and analgesic agents and techniques protocol in dogs presented for general anaesthesia and sedation at a large referral hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this prospective clinical audit, 554 dogs, undergoing general anaesthesia or sedation for surgical, diagnostic or imaging procedures were included. Multiple attending anaesthetists completed a questionnaire divided into four sections (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification, anaesthetic and analgesic agents and techniques protocol, pre-anaesthetic clinical examination findings and changes made to the anaesthetic protocol). The attending anaesthetist was able to review the patient's history before planning the anaesthetic and analgesic agents and techniques protocol. The patients were examined and changes in American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification or anaesthetic protocol were recorded. RESULTS The initial anaesthetic and analgesic agents and techniques protocol was altered in 23.3% (n=129/554) of cases following a pre-anaesthetic clinical examination, but American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status reclassification occurred in only 8.0% (n=37/464) of cases. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that pre-anaesthetic clinical examination performed by European College of Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia diplomates (odds ratio 5.8, 95% confidence interval 2.0 to 17.2), compared to anaesthesia interns, and the presence of an audible heart murmur (odds ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.4 to 4.4) were factors linked to changes in anaesthetic and analgesic agents and techniques protocol, whereas for each one kilogram increase in patient's weight, the odds of a change in anaesthetic and analgesic agents and techniques protocol to occur decreased by 1.7% (odds ratio 0.98, 95% confidence interval 0.97 to 1.0). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Pre-anaesthetic clinical examination has impact on American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification, therefore estimation of patient's anaesthetic risk, and influences anaesthetic and analgesic agents and techniques protocol choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Louro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - T Maddox
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - K Robson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - B Alderson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
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Devito FC, Patricio GCF, Flôr PB, Vendramini THA, Amaral AR, Pfrimer K, Brunetto MA, Cortopassi SRG. Comparative study of anaesthesia induction in obese dogs using propofol dosages based on lean body weight or total body weight. Vet Anim Sci 2020; 10:100131. [PMID: 32734031 PMCID: PMC7386691 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the dosages for anesthesia induction in obese dogs using propofol based on lean body weight or total body weight. For this purpose, seven dogs with ideal body condition score (BCS) (BCS 4-5; 17.3 ± 2.5% fat mass) were included in the control group (CG), seven obese dogs (BCS 8-9; 45.7 ± 2.9% fat mass) in the total body weight group (TBWG) and seven obese dogs (BCS 8-9; 42.8 ± 6.3% fat mass) in the lean body weight group (LBWG). Anaesthesia was induced by a constant rate infusion of propofol at 150 mg kg-1 hour-1 through a propofol infusion pump until the loss of consciousness; the animals in CG and TBWG received a propofol infusion based on total body weight; the animals in LBWG received a propofol infusion based on lean body mass (in kg) determined by the deuterium dilution method. The results were compared between the groups using the Tukey test (p < 0.05). The propofol dosage used was 11.4 ± 3.2 mg kg-1, 8.0± 2.0 mg kg-1 and 14.1 ± 4.7 mg kg-1 in groups CG, TBWG and LBWG, respectively, and they were different among all groups (p < 0.001). There was also a statistical difference in the time between the start of propofol infusion and loss of consciousness in which LBWG took longer than CG and TBWG (p = 0.004). This study shows that obese dogs require lower dosages of propofol when inducing anesthesia than ideal BCS dogs anesthetized with dosages based on total body weight, when the propofol dosages are calculated on the basis of muscle mass it should be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Corrêa Devito
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Geni Cristina Fonseca Patricio
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Bonifácio Flôr
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Annibale Vendramini
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Andressa Rodrigues Amaral
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Karina Pfrimer
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Marcio Antonio Brunetto
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Silvia Renata Gaido Cortopassi
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
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Ferreira J. Preanaesthetic screening in dogs and cats. IN PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.m1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Cattai A, Pilla T, Cagnardi P, Zonca A, Franci P. Evaluation and optimisation of propofol pharmacokinetic parameters in cats for target-controlled infusion. Vet Rec 2016; 178:503. [PMID: 27044652 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a pharmacokinetic model-driven infusion of propofol in premedicated cats. In a first step, propofol (10 mg/kg) was administered intravenously over 60 seconds to induce anaesthesia for the elective neutering of seven healthy cats, premedicated intramuscularly with 0.3 mg/kg methadone, 0.01 mg/kg medetomidine and 2 mg/kg ketamine. Venous blood samples were collected over 240 minutes, and propofol concentrations were measured via a validated high-performance liquid chromatography assay. Selected pharmacokinetic parameters, determined by a three-compartment open linear model, were entered into a computer-controlled infusion pump (target-controlled infusion-1 (TCI-1)). In a second step, TCI-1 was used to induce and maintain general anaesthesia in nine cats undergoing neutering. Predicted and measured plasma concentrations of propofol were compared at specific time points. In a third step, the pharmacokinetic parameters were modified according to the results from the use of TCI-1 and were evaluated again in six cats. For this TCI-2 group, the median values of median performance error and median absolute performance error were -1.85 per cent and 29.67 per cent, respectively, indicating that it performed adequately. Neither hypotension nor respiratory depression was observed during TCI-1 and TCI-2. Mean anaesthesia time and time to extubation in the TCI-2 group were 73.90 (±20.29) and 8.04 (±5.46) minutes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cattai
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - T Pilla
- AHP-Animal Hospital PostojnaÂ, 6230 Postojna, Slovenia Centro Veterinario di Diagnostica per Immagini, Udine 0432, Italy
| | - P Cagnardi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - A Zonca
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - P Franci
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua 35020, Italy
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Ferreira JP, Dzikit TB, Zeiler GE, Buck R, Nevill B, Gummow B, Bester L. Anaesthetic induction and recovery characteristics of a diazepam-ketamine combination compared with propofol in dogs. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2015; 86:1258. [PMID: 26244579 PMCID: PMC6138176 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v86i1.1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of anaesthesia occasionally has been associated with undesirable behaviour in dogs. High quality of induction of anaesthesia with propofol has been well described while in contrast variable induction and recovery quality has been associated with diazepam-ketamine. In this study, anaesthetic induction and recovery characteristics of diazepam-ketamine combination with propofol alone were compared in dogs undergoing elective orchidectomy. Thirty-six healthy adult male dogs were used. After habitus scoring (simple descriptive scale [SDS]), the dogs were sedated with morphine and acepromazine. Forty minutes later a premedication score (SDS) was allocated and general anaesthesia was induced using a combination of diazepam-ketamine (Group D/K) or propofol (Group P) and maintained with isoflurane. Scores for the quality of induction, intubation and degree of myoclonus were allocated (SDS). Orchidectomy was performed after which recovery from anaesthesia was scored (SDS) and times to extubation and standing were recorded. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Kappa Reliability and Kendall Tau B tests. Both groups were associated with acceptable quality of induction and recovery from anaesthesia. Group P, however, was associated with a poorer quality of induction (p = 0.014), prolonged induction period (p = 0.0018) and more pronounced myoclonus (p = 0.003), but had better quality of recovery (p = 0.000002) and shorter recovery times (p = 0.035) compared with Group D/K. Diazepam-ketamine and propofol are associated with acceptable induction and recovery from anaesthesia. Propofol had inferior anaesthetic induction characteristics, but superior and quicker recovery from anaesthesia compared with diazepam-ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques P Ferreira
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria.
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Love L, Cline MG. Perioperative physiology and pharmacology in the obese small animal patient. Vet Anaesth Analg 2015; 42:119-32. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Griffenhagen GM, Rezende ML, Gustafson DL, Hansen RJ, Lunghofer PJ, Mama KR. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol with or without 2% benzyl alcohol following a single induction dose administered intravenously in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2014; 42:472-83. [PMID: 25327817 DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol with or without 2% benzyl alcohol administered intravenously (IV) as a single induction dose in cats. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS Six healthy adult cats, three female intact, three male castrated, weighing 4.8 ± 1.8 kg. METHODS Cats received 8 mg kg(-1) IV of propofol (P) or propofol with 2% benzyl alcohol (P28) using a randomized crossover design. Venous blood samples were collected at predetermined time points to 24 hours after drug administration to determine drug plasma concentrations. Physiologic and behavioral variables were also recorded. Propofol and benzyl alcohol concentrations were determined using high pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Pharmacokinetic parameters were described using a 2-compartment model. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were analyzed using repeated measures anova (p < 0.05). RESULTS Plasma concentrations of benzyl alcohol were below the lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) at all time points for two of the six cats (33%), and by 30 minutes for the remaining four cats. Propofol pharmacokinetics, with or without 2% benzyl alcohol, were characterized by rapid distribution, a long elimination phase, and a large volume of distribution. No differences were noted between treatments with the exception of clearance from the second compartment (CLD2), which was 23.6 and 38.8 mL kg(-1) minute(-1) in the P and P28 treatments, respectively. Physiologic and behavioral variables were not different between treatments with the exception of heart rate at 4 hours post administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The addition of 2% benzyl alcohol as a preservative minimally altered the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol 1% emulsion when administered as a single IV bolus in this group of cats. These data support the cautious use of propofol with 2% benzyl alcohol for induction of anesthesia in healthy cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg M Griffenhagen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Marlis L Rezende
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Daniel L Gustafson
- Pharmacology Core Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ryan J Hansen
- Pharmacology Core Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Paul J Lunghofer
- Pharmacology Core Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Khursheed R Mama
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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