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Nelson GR, Mama KR, Weiner D, McKemie DS, Kass PH, Steinmetz SJ, Knych HK. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and antinociceptive effects of buprenorphine following transdermal administration to horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2024; 51:520-530. [PMID: 38834387 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study describes the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, including antinociceptive effects, of a transdermal buprenorphine solution in horses. It was hypothesized that transdermal application would lead to sustained blood concentrations and antinociceptive effects with fewer adverse effects compared with intravenous (IV) injection. STUDY DESIGN Prospective nonrandomized four-part parallel experimental study. ANIMALS A group of eight horses (three mares and five geldings) aged 6-12 years. METHODS Horses were administered incremental doses of 15, 30 and 45 μg kg-1 of buprenorphine transdermal solution and a single IV dose of 5 μg kg-1 of buprenorphine with a 2 week washout period between treatments. Concentrations of buprenorphine were determined in plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and modeled using a nonlinear mixed effects population pharmacokinetic model to determine pharmacokinetic parameters. Pharmacodynamic effects, including changes in locomotor activity, heart rate, body temperature, gastrointestinal borborygmi, thermal and mechanical nociceptive thresholds were recorded. Mixed effects analysis of variance and post hoc comparisons were performed using a Bonferroni multiple comparison adjustment to assess differences in pharmacodynamic parameters between baseline and each time point within each dose group and between dose groups at the same time point. RESULTS Transdermal application of buprenorphine resulted in low systemic concentrations relative to IV injection. Bioavailability after transdermal application was 11%. Thermal nociceptive thresholds were significantly (p < 0.05) increased (4.3-10.7% relative to baseline) for up to 72 hours in the IV dose group, but only sporadically in the transdermal dose groups (2.5-9.9% relative to baseline). Changes in locomotor activity, heart rate and borborygmi varied over time and with dose. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Limited thermal antinociceptive effects were observed at the transdermal doses studied likely owing to limited absorption relative to IV dosing. Future studies may be directed toward investigating antinociceptive effects of higher transdermal doses and different application sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle R Nelson
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory (Pharmacology Section), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Khursheed R Mama
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Dan Weiner
- Pharmacometrics Consultant, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dan S McKemie
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory (Pharmacology Section), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Philip H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stacy J Steinmetz
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory (Pharmacology Section), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Heather K Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory (Pharmacology Section), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Paranjape VV, Knych HK, Berghaus LJ, Giancola S, Cathcart J, Reed RA. Plasma concentrations of buprenorphine administered via matrix-type transdermal patches applied at three different anatomical locations in healthy adult horses. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2024; 5:1390322. [PMID: 38962712 PMCID: PMC11220193 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1390322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Anatomical location-dependent differences in transdermal opioid penetration are well described in human patients. Although this has been investigated in horses with fentanyl, there is no literature available on location-dependent plasma buprenorphine concentrations when administered as a transdermal matrix-type patch. Objective This study aims to compare the plasma concentrations achieved from the matrix-type transdermal buprenorphine patches placed at different anatomical sites (metacarpus, gaskin, and ventral tail base) in healthy adult horses. Study design This is a randomized experimental study with a Latin square design. Methods Six adult horses were given each of three treatments with a minimum 10-day washout period. For each treatment, two 20 μg h-1 matrix-type buprenorphine patches were applied to the ventral aspect of the tail base (TailTDP), metacarpus region (MetacarpusTDP), or gaskin region (GaskinTDP). Whole blood samples (for determination of buprenorphine concentration) and physiological variables were collected before (0 h) and at 0.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 56, 72, 96 and 120 h after patches were applied. The patches were removed 96 h following placement and were analyzed for residual buprenorphine content. Buprenorphine concentrations were measured in plasma by LC-MS/MS. A mixed-effects model was used to analyze the physiological variables. Results Between the three treatment groups, there was no change in physiological variables across timepoints as compared to baseline and when compared to each other in a single horse and between horses (p > 0.3). When comparing all three locations, the buprenorphine uptake was observed to be more consistent with respect to measurable plasma concentrations >0.1 ng ml-1 when applied to the ventral aspect of the tail base. In the TailTDP group, the mean plasma buprenorphine concentrations were >0.1 ng ml-1 from 2 to 32 h. The highest group mean was 0.25 ng ml-1 noted at 4 h. Conclusions The metacarpal and gaskin regions presented more erratic and inconsistent buprenorphine uptake and plasma concentrations as compared to the ventral aspect of the tail base. Further research must be directed at investigating the optimal dose, achievable duration of analgesia, change in measurable plasma concentrations, and behavioral and systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidehi V. Paranjape
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Heather K. Knych
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Londa J. Berghaus
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Shyla Giancola
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jessica Cathcart
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Rachel A. Reed
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Reed RA, Berghaus LJ, Reynolds RM, Holmes BT, Krikorian AM, Sakai DM, Ishikawa Y, Knych HK. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fentanyl administered via transdermal patch in horses. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2024; 5:1373759. [PMID: 38571562 PMCID: PMC10987731 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1373759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Understanding the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fentanyl in horses is crucial for optimizing pain management strategies in veterinary medicine. Methods Six adult horses were enrolled in a randomized crossover design. Treatments included: placebo, two 100 mcg/h patches (LDF), four 100 mcg/h patches (MDF), and six 100 mcg/h patches (HDF). Patches were in place for 72 h. Blood was obtained for fentanyl plasma concentration determination, thermal threshold, mechanical threshold, heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were obtained prior patch placement and at multiple time points following patch placement for the following 96 h. Fentanyl plasma concentration was determined using LC-MS/MS. Data were analyzed using a generalized mixed effects model. Results Mean (range) maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax, and area under the curve extrapolated to infinity were 1.39 (0.82-1.82), 2.64 (1.21-4.42), 4.11 (2.78-7.12) ng/ml, 12.7 (8.0-16.0), 12.7 (8.0-16.0), 12 (8.0-16.0) h, 42.37 (27.59-55.56), 77.24 (45.62-115.06), 120.34 (100.66-150.55) h ng/ml for LDF, MDF, and HDF, respectively. There was no significant effect of treatment or time on thermal threshold, mechanical threshold, respiratory rate, or temperature (p > 0.063). There was no significant effect of treatment on heart rate (p = 0.364). There was a significant effect of time (p = 0.003) on heart rate with overall heart rates being less than baseline at 64 h. Conclusions Fentanyl administered via transdermal patch is well absorbed and well tolerated but does not result in an anti-nociceptive effect as measured by thermal and mechanical threshold at the doses studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Reed
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Londa J. Berghaus
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Rose M. Reynolds
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brittany T. Holmes
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Anna M. Krikorian
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Daniel M. Sakai
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Yushun Ishikawa
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Heather K. Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Paranjape VV, Knych HK, Berghaus LJ, Cathcart J, Giancola S, Craig H, James C, Saksena S, Reed RA. Evaluation of physical variables, thermal nociceptive threshold testing and pharmacokinetics during placement of transdermal buprenorphine matrix-type patch in healthy adult horses. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2024; 5:1373555. [PMID: 38529072 PMCID: PMC10961409 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1373555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Matrix type transdermal buprenorphine patches have not been investigated in horses and may provide an effective means of providing continuous pain control for extended period and eliminating venous catheterization. Objective Assessment of the physiological variables (heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature) and thermal nociceptive threshold testing, and describing the pharmacokinetic profile of transdermal buprenorphine matrix-type patch (20 μg h-1 and 40 μg h-1 dosing) in healthy adult horses. Study design Randomised experimental study with a Latin-square design. Methods Six adult healthy horses received each of the three treatments with a minimum 10 day washout period. BUP0 horses did not receive a patch (control). BUP20 horses received one patch (20 μg h-1) applied on the ventral aspect of the tail base resulting in a dose of 0.03-0.04 μg kg-1 h-1. BUP40 horses received two patches placed alongside each other (40 μg h-1) on the tail base resulting in a dose of 0.07-0.09 μg kg-1 h-1. Whole blood samples (for determination of buprenorphine concentration), physiological variables and thermal threshold testing were performed before (0 h) and at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, and 96 h after patch application. The patches were removed 72 h following placement and were analyzed for residual buprenorphine content. Results Between the three groups, there was no change in physiological variables across timepoints as compared to baseline (p > 0.1). With the higher dose, there was a significant increase in thermal thresholds from baseline values from 2 h until 48 h and these values were significantly higher than the group receiving the lower patch dose for multiple timepoints up to 40 h. 40 μg h-1 patch led to consistent measurable plasma concentrations starting at 2 h up to 96 h, with the mean plasma concentrations of > 0.1 ng/ml from 4 h to 40 h. Conclusions 20 μg h-1 and 40 μg h-1 patch doses were well tolerated by all horses. At higher dose, plasma buprenorphine concentrations were more consistently measurable and blunted thermal thresholds for 48 h vs. 32 h with 20 μg h-1 dosing as compared to control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidehi V. Paranjape
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Heather K. Knych
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Londa J. Berghaus
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jessica Cathcart
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Shyla Giancola
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hannah Craig
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Caroline James
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Siddharth Saksena
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Rachel A. Reed
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Castro-Cuellar G, Cremer J, Queiroz-Williams P, Knych HK, Leise BS. Pharmacokinetics of intra-articular buprenorphine in horses with lipopolysaccharide-induced synovitis. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2023. [PMID: 36815620 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe the pharmacokinetics of intra-articular (IA) administered buprenorphine in horses with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced synovitis. Radiocarpal synovitis was induced in six healthy adult horses with the IA injection of LPS (0.5 ng/joint) on two occasions in a randomized cross-over design. Treatments (IA buprenorphine (IAB) at 5 μg/kg plus intravenous saline; and intravenous buprenorphine (IVB) at 5 μg/kg plus IA saline) were administered 4 h following LPS injection. Concentrations of buprenorphine were assessed in plasma and synovial fluid (SF) at 0.5, 2, 6, 12, and 24 h after administration. Pharmacokinetic parameters after IVB and IAB in plasma and synovial fluid were calculated using a nonlinear mixed effects model. IAB was detectable in SF of all horses at 24 h [median concentration of 6.2 (3.46-22.6) ng/mL]. IAB resulted in a median plasma concentration of 0.59 (0.42-1.68) ng/mL at 0.5 h and was detectable in all subjects for up to 6 h and in two horses for up to 12 h. IVB resulted in SF concentrations detected up to 6 h in all horses [median concentration of 0.12 (0.07-0.82) ng/mL]. Results suggest that IA buprenorphine remains present in the inflamed joint for at least 24 h and systemic absorption occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Castro-Cuellar
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jeannette Cremer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Patricia Queiroz-Williams
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Heather K Knych
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Lab, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Britta S Leise
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Flynn H, Cenani A, Brosnan RJ, DiMaio Knych HK, de Araujo Aguiar AJ. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a high concentration of buprenorphine (Simbadol) in conscious horses after subcutaneous administration. Vet Anaesth Analg 2021; 48:585-595. [PMID: 33934992 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of high-concentration formulation of buprenorphine (1.8 mg mL-1; Simbadol) following subcutaneous (SC) administration in horses. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, crossover trial. ANIMALS A group of six healthy adult horses weighing 521-602 kg. METHODS On three occasions, Simbadol (0.005 mg kg-1; treatment S5), (0.0025 mg kg-1; treatment S2.5) or saline (treatment SAL) were administered SC at least 7 days apart in random order. Electrical nociceptive threshold (ENT) measured on the neck region, physiologic variables, locomotor activity, degree of restlessness and presence of excitatory signs were measured at baseline and for up to 48 hours after injection. Blood was collected for pharmacokinetic analysis at the same time intervals and plasma buprenorphine concentration (Cp) measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Buprenorphine was quantifiable in all horses from 15 minutes after administration up to 8-12 hours. ENT was significantly increased in treatment S2.5 compared with treatment SAL at 0.75-6 hours after treatment. Increase in locomotor activity and compulsive behavior were recorded in all horses after Simbadol, and degree of restlessness was significantly higher in treatment S5 than SAL for a sustained time. Gastrointestinal motility significantly decreased in all horses after Simbadol and returned to baseline by 16 hours after treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In horses, SC Simbadol was rapidly absorbed and Cp decreased rapidly. Side effects commonly seen in horses after opioids were observed in both Simbadol treatments, but degree of opioid-induced excitement lasted significantly longer in treatment S5. Simbadol (0.0025 mg kg-1) SC has the potential to be used clinically to treat pain in horses. However, at this dose, duration of antinociceptive effects was not longer than that reported for conventional buprenorphine, and side effects, including reduction in gastrointestinal motility and increased locomotor activity, were documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Flynn
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alessia Cenani
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Robert J Brosnan
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Heather K DiMaio Knych
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Antonio J de Araujo Aguiar
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Haussler KK. Pressure Algometry for the Detection of Mechanical Nociceptive Thresholds in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122195. [PMID: 33255216 PMCID: PMC7760268 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary It is difficult to measure pain in horses. As animals are not able to verbalize what they feel, we are left with trying to interpret the different signs that they display when they are in pain. Many of these signs are vague (e.g., not eating their food), but some are more readily identified if the animal moves away or lifts their leg when pressure is applied to a sensitive area. Pressure algometry is a tool used to detect responses to applied mechanical stimuli within painful and nonpainful tissues. Pressure algometry has been used in many different studies, but there is no consensus on how to synthesize this information to better diagnose and treat pain in horses. The purpose of this study was to summarize the results of these studies. Based on that review, we conclude that there is good evidence that pressure algometry is a reliable and objective method to measure pain responses. This information will help to improve the diagnosis and treatment of pain in horses. Abstract The clinical assessment of pain is subjective; therefore, variations exist between practitioners in their ability to identify and localize pain. Due to differing interpretations of the signs or severity of pain equine practitioners may assign varying levels of clinical significance and treatment options. There is a critical need to develop better tools to qualify and quantify pain in horses. Palpation is the most common method to detect local tenderness or sensitivity. To quantify this applied pressure, pressure algometry has been used to gradually apply pressure over specified landmarks until an avoidance response is noted, which is defined as the mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT). Numerous studies have used pressure algometry in different applications to measure MNTs in horses. There is an acute need to establish normative values within different body regions and to develop standardized methods of testing MNTs to better guide practitioners in the diagnosis and treatment of pain. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence for the use of pressure algometry in horses. There is good evidence that pressure algometry is a repeatable, semi-objective method that can be used in a wide array of clinical and research applications to assess MNTs in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Haussler
- Equine Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Bowen IM, Redpath A, Dugdale A, Burford JH, Lloyd D, Watson T, Hallowell GD. BEVA primary care clinical guidelines: Analgesia. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:13-27. [PMID: 31657050 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary care guidelines provide a reference point to guide clinicians based on a systematic review of the literature, contextualised by expert clinical opinion. These guidelines develop a modification of the GRADE framework for assessment of research evidence (vetGRADE) and applied this to a range of clinical scenarios regarding use of analgesic agents. Key guidelines produced by the panel included recommendations that horses undergoing routine castration should receive intratesticular local anaesthesia irrespective of methods adopted and that horses should receive NSAIDs prior to surgery (overall certainty levels high). Butorphanol and buprenorphine should not be considered appropriate as sole analgesic for such procedures (high certainty). The panel recommend the continuation of analgesia for 3 days following castration (moderate certainty) and conclude that phenylbutazone provided superior analgesia to meloxicam and firocoxib for hoof pain/laminitis (moderate certainty), but that enhanced efficacy has not been demonstrated for joint pain. In horses with colic, flunixin and firocoxib are considered to provide more effective analgesia than meloxicam or phenylbutazone (moderate certainty). Given the risk of adverse events of all classes of analgesic, these agents should be used only under the control of a veterinary surgeon who has fully evaluated a horse and developed a therapeutic, analgesic plan that includes ongoing monitoring for such adverse events such as the development of right dorsal colitis with all classes of NSAID and spontaneous locomotor activity and potentially ileus with opiates. Finally, the panel call for the development of a single properly validated composite pain score for horses to allow accurate comparisons between medications in a robust manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Bowen
- Oakham Veterinary Hospital/University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, UK
| | - A Redpath
- Oakham Veterinary Hospital/University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, UK
| | - A Dugdale
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, UK
| | - J H Burford
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, UK
| | - D Lloyd
- ChesterGates Veterinary Specialists, Chester, UK
| | - T Watson
- Waterlane Equine Vets, Stroud, UK
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Gozalo-Marcilla M, Luna SPL, Gasthuys F, Schauvliege S. Thermal, mechanical and electrical stimuli in antinociceptive studies in standing horses: an update. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 47:15-27. [PMID: 31813668 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a literature review of the thermal and mechanical antinociceptive devices used in pharmacological studies in standing horses published after 2011 (2012-2019). To complete a full literature review about electrical stimulation used for evaluation in similar studies. DATABASES USED PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science. CONCLUSIONS A high level of standardization has been reached in antinociceptive studies in standing horses using thermal and mechanical stimuli in most recent years. Commercially available testing devices to deliver thermal, mechanical and electrical stimuli, with observation of aversive responses to these stimuli, are reliable, sensitive and specific. For electrical stimulus testing, there is evidence that the resistance between the electrodes should be measured and should not exceed 3 kΩ to guarantee consistent and reproducible stimuli. The specific analysis of electromyographic activity after an electrical stimulus provides more detailed information about the neurons stimulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gozalo-Marcilla
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK.
| | - Stelio Pacca Loureiro Luna
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Frank Gasthuys
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Stijn Schauvliege
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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10
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Grubb TL, Kurkowski D, Sellon DC, Seino KK, Coffey T, Davis JL. Pharmacokinetics and physiologic/behavioral effects of buprenorphine administered sublingually and intravenously to neonatal foals. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 42:26-36. [PMID: 30242851 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Buprenorphine is absorbed following sublingual administration, which would be a low-stress delivery route in foals. However, the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics are not described in foals. Six healthy foals <21 days of age participated in a blinded, randomized, 3-period, 5-sequence, 3-treatment crossover prospective study. Foals received 0.01-0.02 mg/kg buprenorphine administered SL or IV with an equivalent volume of saline administered by the opposite route. Blood was collected from the cephalic vein for pharmacokinetic analysis. Physiologic parameters (HR, RR, body temperature, GI sounds), locomotion (pedometer), and behavioral data (activity level, nursing time, response to humans) were recorded. Plasma concentration of buprenorphine exceeded a presumed analgesic level (0.6 ng/ml) in five foals in the IV group and one in the SL group but only for a very brief time. Pharmacokinetic analysis following IV administration demonstrated a short elimination half-life (t1/2β 1.95 ± 0.7 hr), large volume of distribution (6.46 ± 1.54 L/kg), and a high total clearance (55.83 ± 23.75 ml/kg/min), which differs from adult horses. Following SL administration, maximum concentrations reached were 0.61 ± 0.11 ng/ml and bioavailability was 25.1% ± 10.9%. In both groups, there were minor statistical differences in HR, RR, body temperature, locomotion, and time spent nursing. However, these differences were clinically insignificant in this single dose study, and excitement, sedation, or colic did not occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Grubb
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Danielle Kurkowski
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Deborah C Sellon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Kathy K Seino
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Todd Coffey
- Center for Interdisciplinary Statistical Education and Research, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Jennifer L Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, VA Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
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Barbarossa A, Rambaldi J, Giunti M, Zaghini A, Cunto M, Zambelli D, Valgimigli S, Santoro F, Romagnoli N. Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following constant rate infusion for postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariectomy. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:435-443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Potter JJ, MacFarlane PD, Love EJ, Tremaine H, Taylor PM, Murrell JC. Preliminary investigation comparing a detomidine continuous rate infusion combined with either morphine or buprenorphine for standing sedation in horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2016; 43:189-94. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Schauvliege
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 9820 Merelbeke Belgium
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