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Abouelfetouh MM, Liu L, Salah E, Sun R, Nan S, Ding M, Ding Y. The Effect of Xylazine Premedication on the Dose and Quality of Anesthesia Induction with Alfaxalone in Goats. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:723. [PMID: 33800906 PMCID: PMC8000074 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Goats have been used as animal models in research and are increasingly kept as companion animals. However, information about effective anesthetic drugs is scarce in this species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of xylazine premedication on alfaxalone induction. Twelve clinically healthy goats weighing 18.5 ± 2 kg were randomly assigned to two groups. Induction was performed with alfaxalone alone intravenously (ALF group) or with xylazine premedication before alfaxalone administration (XYL-ALF group). The quality of induction was scored, induction doses of alfaxalone were determined, and cardiorespiratory parameters and nociceptive thresholds were measured before any treatment(s) (baseline) and at 5, 15, 25 and 35 min after alfaxalone administration. The mean dose of alfaxalone required for induction in the ALF group was greater than that in the XYL-ALF group (p < 0.001). There were no significant changes in diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) or systolic arterial pressure (SAP) compared to baseline in either group, while hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) was lower from 5 to 25 min (p < 0.5) in the XYL-ALF group. The nociceptive threshold was significantly higher at 5 min in the XYL-ALF group than in the ALF group (p = 0.0417). Xylazine premedication reduced the required dose of alfaxalone for anesthetic induction and produced better antinociception than alfaxalone alone. In addition, the combination of xylazine and alfaxalone allowed for successful induction; however, oxygen supplementation is necessary to counteract xylazine-associated hypoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Abouelfetouh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.M.A.); (L.L.); (R.S.); (S.N.); (M.D.)
- Department of Surgery, Radiology and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Lingling Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.M.A.); (L.L.); (R.S.); (S.N.); (M.D.)
| | - Eman Salah
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Rui Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.M.A.); (L.L.); (R.S.); (S.N.); (M.D.)
| | - Sha Nan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.M.A.); (L.L.); (R.S.); (S.N.); (M.D.)
| | - Mingxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.M.A.); (L.L.); (R.S.); (S.N.); (M.D.)
| | - Yi Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.M.A.); (L.L.); (R.S.); (S.N.); (M.D.)
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Balko JA, Lindemann DM, Allender MC, Chinnadurai SK. Evaluation of the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of intramuscular alfaxalone administration and isoflurane in budgerigars ( Melopsittacus undulatus) and comparison with manual restraint. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 254:1427-1435. [PMID: 31149875 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.12.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of IM alfaxalone and isoflurane administration in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and compare use of these agents with use of manual restraint. ANIMALS 42 healthy budgerigars. PROCEDURES For dose comparison, birds received alfaxalone (5 or 10 mg/kg [2.27 or 4.54 mg/lb], IM; groups A5 and A10, respectively; n = 6/group). For treatment comparison, birds received alfaxalone (10 mg/kg, IM) or isoflurane (via face mask) or were manually restrained (groups A, I, and M, respectively; n = 10/group). Data were obtained on onset, degree, and duration of sedation or anesthesia; heart and respiratory rates; and recovery times. Birds in the treatment comparison underwent physical examination and blood gas analysis. RESULTS All group A5 birds became sedate, but not recumbent. In group A10, 5 of 6 birds lost the righting reflex; however, none lost the noxious stimulus response. Median time to initial effects was significantly shorter and mean time to complete recovery was significantly longer in group A10 than in group A5. Heart and respiratory rates in group A10 remained clinically acceptable; however, some birds had signs of excitement during induction and recovery. Times to initial effects, recumbency, and complete recovery were significantly longer, yet clinically practical, in group A than in group I. Plasma lactate concentrations were significantly higher in group M than in groups A and I. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Alfaxalone administered IM at 10 mg/kg produced effective sedation in healthy budgerigars and may be a viable alternative to isoflurane and manual restraint for brief, minimally invasive procedures. Brief manual restraint resulted in a significant increase in plasma lactate concentration.
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Wada S, Koyama H, Yamashita K. Sedative and physiological effects of alfaxalone intramuscular administration in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1021-1029. [PMID: 32461537 PMCID: PMC7399308 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the sedative and physiological effects of alfaxalone intramuscular (IM) administration, 12 healthy cynomolgus monkeys were administered single IM doses of alfaxalone
at 0.625 mg/kg (ALFX0.625), 1.25 mg/kg (ALFX1.25), 2.5 mg/kg (ALFX2.5), 5 mg/kg (ALFX5), 7.5 mg/kg (ALFX7.5), or 10 mg/kg (ALFX10); saline was used as the control (CONT). The
sedative effects were subjectively evaluated using a composite measure scoring system in six animals. Changes in respiratory rate, pulse rate, non-invasive blood pressure,
percutaneous oxygen-hemoglobin saturation (SpO2), and rectal temperature were observed after IM treatments in the other six animals. All animals were allowed to lay down
following the ALFX5, ALFX7.5, and ALFX10 treatments, whereas lateral recumbency was achieved in only two animals after ALFX2.5 treatment and none after the CONT, ALFX 0.625, and
ALFX1.25 treatments. The median time (interquartile range) to lateral recumbency was 6.5 min (5.3–7.8), 4.0 min (4.0–4.0), and 3.0 min (3.0–3.8), and the duration of immobilization
was 27.5 min (19.0–33.8), 56.0 min (42.3–60.8), and 74.5 min (62.8–78.0) after the ALFX5, ALFX7.5, and ALFX10 treatments, respectively. Endotracheal intubation was achieved in all
six animals after the ALFX7.5 and ALFX10 treatments. Dose-dependent decreases in respiratory rate, non-invasive blood pressure, SpO2, and rectal temperature were
observed, and the quality of recovery was smooth in all animals after the ALFX5, ALFX7.5, and ALFX10 treatments. Thus, alfaxalone IM induced a dose-dependent sedative effect in
cynomolgus monkeys, but at higher doses, hypotension, hypoxemia, and hypothermia could be induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sou Wada
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan.,Research Regulatory Management Department, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Hironari Koyama
- Research Regulatory Management Department, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuto Yamashita
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
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Comparison of the cardiopulmonary effects and recovery characteristics of anesthesia maintenance with xylazine, ketamine and propofol or isoflurane in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) for imaging procedures. Res Vet Sci 2020; 131:98-103. [PMID: 32330697 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Comparison of Systemic Effects of Midazolam, Ketamine, and Isoflurane Anaesthesia in Rabbits. J Vet Res 2019; 63:275-283. [PMID: 31276068 PMCID: PMC6598192 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Clinical doses of anaesthetic agents were administered to rabbits and effects on the brain, heart, and liver were investigated biochemically and histopathologically. Material and Methods The rabbits were randomly divided into three main groups (16 rabbits each) and each group into study (n = 8) and control (n = 8) groups. All study group rabbits received 3 mg/kg of midazolam (M) intramuscularly. Group 1.1 (M) received nothing further, group 2.1 (MK) also received 25 mg/kg of ketamine, and group 3.1 (MKI) besides ketamine was also given 2% isoflurane to induce anaesthesia for 30 min. NaCl solution in the same volume as midazolam and ketamine was injected into the controls. Results In clinical evaluation significant differences were detected in respiratory and heart rates. In blood gas analysis the PO2 and PCO2 values showed statistical differences in anaesthesia intervals. Significant biochemical value changes were recorded in creatine kinase-Mb, glucose, and total protein. Histopathological liver examinations revealed higher total apoptotic and normal cell numbers in the MK than in the M and MKI groups. Apoptotic cell numbers were statistically significant in M and MK groups. Conclusion Anaesthetic agents may increase programmed apoptosis. The MKI anaesthetics combination was found to cause less cell destruction in general than the other study groups. It was indicated that MKI was the safer anaesthetic combination in rabbits.
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El-Hawari SF, Sakata H, Oyama N, Tamura J, Higuchi C, Endo Y, Miyoshi K, Sano T, Suzuki K, Yamashita K. Anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of single-bolus intravenous alfaxalone with or without intramuscular xylazine-premedication in calves. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 80:361-367. [PMID: 29269688 PMCID: PMC5836778 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of xylazine-alfaxalone combination were
evaluated in calves. Six calves (age: 6–9 months old; weight: 114–310 kg) were
anesthetized with intravenous alfaxalone 15 min after administration of intramuscular
saline (0.5 ml/100 kg) or xylazine (0.1 mg/kg; 0.5
ml/100 kg of a 2% xylazine solution). Anesthesia induction was smooth and
orotracheal intubation was achieved in all calves. The calves anesthetized with
xylazine-alfaxalone required a smaller induction dose of alfaxalone (1.23 ± 0.17 mg/kg,
P=0.010) and accepted endotracheal intubation for a significantly
longer period (16.8 ± 7.2 min, P=0.022) than the calves anesthetized with
alfaxalone alone (2.28 ± 0.65 mg/kg 7.3 ± 1.6 min). At 5 min after induction, tachycardia
(heart rate: 166 ± 47 beats/min of heart rate), hypertension (mean arterial blood
pressure: 147 ± 81 mmHg) and hypoxemia (partial pressure of arterial blood oxygen
[PaO2]: 43 ± 10 mmHg) were observed in the calves anesthetized with
alfaxalone alone, whereas hypoxemia (PaO2: 47 ± 7 mmHg) and mild hypercapnia
(partial pressure of arterial blood carbon dioxide: 54 ± 5 mmHg) were observed in the
calves anesthetized with xylazine-alfaxalone. Premedication with xylazine provided a
sparing effect on the induction dose of alfaxalone and a prolongation of anesthetic
effect. Oxygen supplementation should be considered to prevent hypoxemia during
anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Fathi El-Hawari
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Hisashi Sakata
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Norihiko Oyama
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Jun Tamura
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Chika Higuchi
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Yusuke Endo
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Miyoshi
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Tadashi Sano
- Department of Veterinary Nursing Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Suzuki
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Kazuto Yamashita
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
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Taylor SD, Baird AN, Weil AB, Ruple A. Evaluation of three intravenous injectable anaesthesia protocols in healthy adult male alpacas. Vet Rec 2017; 181:322. [PMID: 28847875 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the effects of intravenous injectable anaesthesia in alpacas. The objective of this study was to evaluate three intravenous injectable anaesthesia protocols in healthy adult alpacas exposed to noxious stimulation. A prospective randomised crossover study was done using six healthy adult male alpacas. Cardiopulmonary variables including heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure, end-tidal pCO2 and haemoglobin oxygen saturation were collected immediately after and every two minutes following induction of each of three anaesthesia protocols in six male castrated alpacas. A hoof tester was used to apply consistent pressure every two minutes after induction and the response was recorded. Time from induction to muscle contraction and leg withdrawal were recorded, as well as time from induction to extubation, sternal recumbency and standing. There was no significant difference in duration of anaesthesia or cardiopulmonary variables among the three anaesthesia protocols. Total duration of anaesthesia was approximately 20 minutes for each protocol. Hypoxaemia and mild hypercarbia were common among all protocols. Induction and recovery scores were excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Aubrey N Baird
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Ann B Weil
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Audrey Ruple
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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