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Bel LV, Selleri P, Turcu CM, Cerbu C, Matei IA, Masi M, Melega I. Comparison of Two Intravenous Propofol Doses after Jugular Administration for Short Non-Surgical Procedures in Red-Eared Sliders ( Trachemys scripta elegans). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1847. [PMID: 38997959 PMCID: PMC11240516 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compares the effects of two different doses of propofol administered intravenously (IV), in the jugular vein, to red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans). In this crossover study, 5 or 10 mg/kg propofol was administered to six Trachemys scripta elegans after cannulation of the jugular vein. Each turtle received each dose, G1 (5 mg/kg IV) and G2 (10 mg/kg IV), after a 7-day washout period. The parameters evaluated were heart rate, palpebral reflex, cloacal reflex, muscle relaxation, ease of handling, sensitivity to anterior and posterior pinch stimuli, and possibility of intubation. Additionally, respiratory rate was measured when possible, and the times from propofol administration to full recovery and from intubation to extubation were recorded. None of the turtles in G1 could be intubated, and this dose provided little relaxation and ease of handling, with a duration of effect until full recovery of 12.16 ± 8.32 (SD) min for this group. In G2, five out of the six turtles could be intubated, and the duration of effect was 32.33 ± 5.85 (SD) min. Heart rates were influenced by manipulation for catheter placement. There were statistically significant differences (p value ≤ 0.05) between the two groups in muscle relaxation degree, handling, cloacal reflex, and possibility of intubation. The 5 mg/kg propofol dose was not sufficient to induce anesthesia, even when administered in the jugular vein, in red-eared sliders. A dose of 10 mg/kg IV or higher should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Victoria Bel
- Department of Surgery and ICU, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur No. 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Paolo Selleri
- Clinica per Animali Esotici, Veterinary Specialists Centre, 00154 Rome, Italy; (P.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Carmen Maria Turcu
- Department of Surgery and ICU, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur No. 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Constantin Cerbu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur No. 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Ioana Adriana Matei
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur No. 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Marco Masi
- Clinica per Animali Esotici, Veterinary Specialists Centre, 00154 Rome, Italy; (P.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Iulia Melega
- Department of Surgery and ICU, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur No. 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Webb JK, Keller KA, Chinnadurai SK, Kadotani S, Allender MC, Fries R. Use of alfaxalone in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps): optimizing pharmacodynamics and evaluating cardiogenic effects via echocardiography. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 261:126-131. [PMID: 36355454 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.08.0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps), a popular zoological companion species, frequently require sedation for procedures. A novel formulation of alfaxalone with preservatives was FDA approved for 28-day use after the vial is breached. Research has been performed in squamate species using alfaxalone without preservatives at various doses and routes of administration, but it is unknown whether preservatives affect quality of sedation or cardiac function. ANIMALS 10 bearded dragons. PROCEDURES This complete crossover study evaluated the pharmacodynamic effects of alfaxalone with preservatives administered to bearded dragons via intracoelomic (ICo; n = 10), SC (10), IM (9), and IV (9) injection at 15 mg/kg. RESULTS Deep sedation was achieved in 9 of 10 ICo, 8 of 10 SC, 8 of 9 IM, and 9 of 9 IV administrations. Heart rate significantly decreased from baseline for ICo (P = .008; median heart rate, 46), IM (P = .018; 54), and IV (P = .033; 54) routes, but maintained within clinically acceptable limits. Respiratory rate significantly decreased from baseline for ICo (P = .011; median respiratory rate, 30), SC (P = .024; 12), IM (P = .028; 12), and IV (P = .043; 12) routes. Spontaneous ventilation was retained during all events. Time to first effects was significantly sooner with IV (0 min) administration compared with ICo (P = .02; 5 min) and IM (P = .008; 5 min). Time to loss and recovery of withdrawal, righting reflex, deep pain, and purposeful movement were not significantly different between routes of administration. End-systolic volume was the only echocardiographic parameter significantly affected by IV sedation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Sedation quality was most consistent via IV administration at 15 mg/kg, and minimal changes in cardiac function were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Webb
- 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Krista A Keller
- 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL.,2Wildlife Epidemiology Lab, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | | | - Saki Kadotani
- 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Matthew C Allender
- 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL.,2Wildlife Epidemiology Lab, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Ryan Fries
- 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
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Tavares D, da Silva Matos SLB, Duran LM, Castro SA, Taylor EW, Filogonio R, Fernandes MN, Leite CA. Baroreflex responses of decerebrate rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus) are comparable to awake animals. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 273:111286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Snakes can be more challenging to anesthetize compared with other animals because of anatomic and physiologic differences, a wide range of patient sizes, and variable responses to anesthetic agents. Snakes have preferred optimal temperature zones, which, along with physiologic characteristics, such as the ability to shunt blood toward or away from the lungs, can have an impact on anesthesia. Injectable agents, including benzodiazepines, α2-agonists, opioids, propofol, and alfaxalone, as well as inhalant anesthetics can be used to anesthetize snakes. Pain management must be incorporated to the anesthetic plan when performing procedures that are expected to produce nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Almeida
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Martin Kennedy
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Erin Wend-Hornickle
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Oda GM, Leite CAC, Abe AS, Klein W. Effects of different levels of hypoxia and hypercarbia on ventilation and gas exchange in Boa constrictor amaralis and Crotalus durissus (Squamata: Serpentes). Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 294:103747. [PMID: 34302991 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ventilation and gas exchange have been studied in relatively few species of snakes, especially regarding their response to environmental hypoxia or hypercarbia. We exposed Crotalus durissus (N = 6) and Boa constrictor (N = 6) to decreasing levels of oxygen (12, 9, 6, 3 % O2) and increasing levels of carbon dioxide (1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 % CO2) and analyzed the effect of the different gas mixtures on ventilation and gas exchange using open-flow respirometry. Neither hypoxia nor hypercarbia significantly altered the duration of expiration or inspiration, nor their proportions. Both hypoxia and hypercarbia increased minute ventilation, but the decrease in oxygen had a less pronounced effect on ventilation. Gas exchange under normoxic conditions was low and was not significantly affected by hypoxia, but hypercarbia decreased gas exchange significantly in both species. While B. constrictor maintained its respiratory exchange ratio (RER) under hypercarbia between 0.5 and 1.0, C. durissus showed a RER above 1.0 during hypercarbia, due to a significantly greater CO2 excretion. The overall responses of both species to hypercarbia and especially to hypoxia were very similar, which could be associated to similar lifestyles as ambush hunting sit-and-wait predators that are able to ingest large prey items. The observed differences in gas exchange could be related to respiratory systems with macroscopically different structures, possessing only a tracheal lung in C. durissus, but two functional lungs in B. constrictor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Marega Oda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Comparada, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cléo Alacantara Costa Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Augusto Shinya Abe
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 13506-900, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilfried Klein
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Rocha GC, Castro SA, Taylor EW, Tavares D, Leite CAC. A Decerebrate Preparation of the Rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus, Provides an Experimental Model for Study of Autonomic Modulation of the Cardiovascular System in Reptiles. Physiol Biochem Zool 2021; 94:269-285. [PMID: 34142933 DOI: 10.1086/714973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe South American rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus, has been successfully used as an experimental model to study control of the cardiovascular system in squamate reptiles. Recent technical advances, including equipment miniaturization, have lessened the impact of instrumentation on in vivo recordings, and an increased range of anesthetic drugs has improved recording conditions for in situ preparations. Nevertheless, any animal-based experimental approach has to manage limitations regarding the avoidance of pain and stress the stability of the preparation and duration of experiments and the potentially overriding effects of anesthesia. To address such aspects, we tested a new experimental preparation, the decerebrate rattlesnake, in a study of the autonomic control of cardiovascular responses following the removal of general anesthesia. The preparation exhibited complex cardiovascular adjustments to deal with acute increases in venous return (caused by tail lifting), to compensate for blood flow reduction in the cephalic region (caused by head lifting), for body temperature control (triggered by an external heating source), and in response to stimulation of chemoreceptors (triggered by intravenous injection of NaCN). The decerebrate preparation retained extensive functional integrity of autonomic centers, and it was suitable for monitoring diverse cardiac and vascular variables. Furthermore, reanesthetizing the preparation markedly blunted cardiovascular performance. Isoflurane limited the maintenance of recovered cardiovascular variables in the prepared animal and reduced or abolished the observed cardiovascular reflexes. This preparation enables the recording of multiple concomitant cardiovascular variables for the study of mechanistic questions regarding the central integration of autonomic reflex responses in the absence of anesthesia.
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Kane LP, Chinnadurai SK, Vivirito K, Strahl-Heldreth D, Allender MC. Comparison of isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane as inhalant anesthetics in prairie rattlesnakes ( Crotalus viridis). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 257:945-949. [PMID: 33064609 DOI: 10.2460/javma.257.9.945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize induction and recovery characteristics of 3 commonly used inhalant anesthetics in prairie rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis): isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane. ANIMALS 12 healthy adult prairie rattlesnakes. PROCEDURES In a randomized crossover design, snakes underwent anesthetic induction with 5% isoflurane, 8% sevoflurane, or 18% desflurane, with a washout period of ≥ 7 days between anesthetic events. Anesthetic depth parameters were recorded throughout induction and recovery, including time to loss and return of righting reflex, muscle tone, ability to intubate, response to pressure, and time to return to spontaneous respiration. Every 5 minutes throughout the anesthetic procedures, heart rate, respiratory rate, and percentage expired anesthetic gas were recorded. RESULTS No snakes died during the study. Sevoflurane anesthesia resulted in anesthetic gas avoidance behavior in snakes during induction and had the significantly longest recovery time to extubation and time to return of pressure response, compared with the other inhalant anesthetics. Anesthesia with isoflurane resulted in a significantly longer time to return of righting reflex, compared with sevoflurane or desflurane. No significant difference was noted in time to loss of pressure response among the 3 anesthetic gases. Desflurane anesthesia resulted in the significantly quickest loss of righting reflex among the anesthetic protocols; despite this, 4 of 12 desflurane anesthetized snakes did not achieve an anesthetic plane deep enough for intubation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Isoflurane and sevoflurane, but not desflurane, inhalation anesthesia resulted in consistent and predictable loss of righting reflex and induction of anesthesia deep enough to allow intubation in snakes.
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Yamamura Y, Takeda K, Kawai YK, Ikenaka Y, Kitayama C, Kondo S, Kezuka C, Taniguchi M, Ishizuka M, Nakayama SMM. Sensitivity of turtles to anticoagulant rodenticides: Risk assessment for green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the Ogasawara Islands and comparison of warfarin sensitivity among turtle species. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 233:105792. [PMID: 33662877 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are effectively used for the control of invasive rodents, nontarget species are also frequently exposed to ARs and secondary poisonings occur widely. However, little data is available on the effects of ARs, especially on marine organisms. To evaluate the effects of ARs on marine wildlife, we chose green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas), which are one of the most common marine organisms around the Ogasawara islands, as our primary study species. The sensitivity of these turtles to ARs was assessed using both in vivo and in vitro approaches. We administered 4 mg/kg of warfarin sodium either orally or intravenously to juvenile green sea turtles. The turtles exhibited slow pharmacokinetics, and prolongation of prothrombin time (PT) was observed only with intravenous warfarin administration. We also conducted an in vitro investigation using liver microsomes from green sea turtles, and two other turtle species (softshell turtle and red-eared slider) and rats. The cytochrome P450 metabolic activity in the liver of green sea turtles was lower than in rats. Additionally, vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR), which is the target enzyme of ARs, was inhibited by warfarin in the turtles at lower concentration levels than in rats. These data indicate that turtles may be more sensitive to ARs than rats. We expect that these findings will be helpful for sea turtle conservation following accidental AR-broadcast incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiya Yamamura
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kazuki Takeda
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yusuke K Kawai
- Laboratory of Toxicology, the Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi-2, 11-banchi, Obihiro, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Chiyo Kitayama
- Everlasting Nature of Asia (ELNA), Ogasawara Marine Center, Ogasawara, Tokyo, 100-2101, Japan
| | - Satomi Kondo
- Everlasting Nature of Asia (ELNA), Ogasawara Marine Center, Ogasawara, Tokyo, 100-2101, Japan
| | - Chiho Kezuka
- Kobe Municipal Suma Aqualife Park, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0049, Japan
| | - Mari Taniguchi
- Kobe Municipal Suma Aqualife Park, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0049, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
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Bertelsen MF, Buchanan R, Jensen HM, Leite CAC, Abe AS, Wang T. Pharmacodynamics of propofol and alfaxalone in rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 256:110935. [PMID: 33711440 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To characterise the effect of two common induction agents, propofol and alfaxalone, on mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR), we equipped 19 adult South American rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus) with an indwelling arterial catheter approximately 24 h prior to recording of baseline resting values. Then, seven snakes received alfaxalone (15 mg kg-1) intravascularly (IV) through the catheter, while groups two and three (both n = 6) received propofol (15 mg kg-1 IV). The first two groups were not handled, while the group 3 was manually restrained for 2 min for a mock injection of 0.2 ml saline into the ventral tail vein. Baseline HR was similar in all groups and handling caused a significant tachycardia (p = 0.031) in group three. When given IV to undisturbed animals, both propofol and alfaxalone induced a significant increase in HR (p = 0.0022 and p = 0.0045, respectively) lasting approximately 30 min, but with values only significantly exceeding baseline for the first 5 min for propofol and the first 10 min with alfaxalone. Handling caused a significant increase in MAP (p = 0.0313). Propofol did not affect MAP (p = 0.1064), while alfaxalone caused a marked hypertension (although only significant at 2 min; p = 0.031). Manual restraint significantly increases both HR and MAP, which may lead to a masking of true cardiovascular effects of anaesthetic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads F Bertelsen
- Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Aquicultura, UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Rasmus Buchanan
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, University of Aarhus, Denmark; Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Aquicultura, UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heidi M Jensen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, University of Aarhus, Denmark; Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Aquicultura, UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleo A C Leite
- Department of Physiological Sciences, UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Aquicultura, UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Augusto S Abe
- Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tobias Wang
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, University of Aarhus, Denmark; Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Aquicultura, UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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Williams CJA, Malte CL, Malte H, Bertelsen MF, Wang T. Ectothermy and cardiac shunts profoundly slow the equilibration of inhaled anaesthetics in a multi-compartment model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17157. [PMID: 33051496 PMCID: PMC7555730 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of inhalational anaesthesia is ubiquitous in terrestrial vertebrates. Given the dependence of these agents on delivery by the cardiorespiratory system, we developed a new computational model predicting equilibration of inhaled anaesthetics in mammalian and ectotherm conditions including the ability of reptiles to maintain vascular shunts. A multi-compartment model was constructed from simultaneously-solved equations, verified by comparison to the literature for endo and ectotherm physiology. The time to 90% equilibration of anaesthetic in arterial blood (t90) is predicted and used to compare anaesthetics and physiologies. The five to tenfold lower cardiac output and minute ventilation of ectothermic vertebrates is predicted to slow equilibration times by five to ten times leading to 90% equilibration in ectotherm arterial blood of over 200 min, compounded by reduction in body temperature, and the extent of right-to-left vascular shunts. The impact of these findings is also influenced by the solubility coefficient of the anaesthetic, such that at net right-to-left shunt fractions of over 0.8, sevoflurane loses the advantage of faster equilibration, in comparison with isoflurane. We explore clinical strategies to regulate anaesthetic uptake in ectotherms by managing convectional flow especially by supportive ventilation and reduction of the right-to-left shunt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J A Williams
- Section of Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark. .,Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Roskildevej 38, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark. .,Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Christian Lind Malte
- Section of Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Hans Malte
- Section of Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mads F Bertelsen
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Roskildevej 38, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tobias Wang
- Section of Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Sciences, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Venous hematology, biochemistry, and blood gas analysis of free-ranging Eastern Copperheads (Agkistrodon contortrix) and Eastern Ratsnakes (Pantherophis alleghaniensis). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229102. [PMID: 32059022 PMCID: PMC7021292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematology, plasma biochemistry, and blood gas analysis were performed on venous samples obtained from free-ranging Eastern Copperheads (Agkistrodon contortrix) and Eastern Ratsnakes (Pantherophis alleghaniensis) in central North Carolina during a mark-recapture study conducted from April to October 2015 at the North Carolina Zoo. Blood samples were collected from 31 (15 male and 16 female) free-ranging copperheads and 34 (20 male and 14 female) free-ranging ratsnakes at the beginning and end of restraint. Restraint was performed for morphometric measurements, sex determination, and identification via placement of intracelomic passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags and marking of ventral scutes with a handheld electrocautery unit. Blood gas analytes were measured at the beginning of restraint and compared to analytes measured at the end to evaluate for changes secondary to handling. Total restraint time prior to the first blood sampling was 1.4 ± 0.4 mins (mean ± SD) and 1.0 ± 0.2 mins (mean ± SD) and restraint time prior to second blood sampling was 12.5 ± 2.4 mins (mean ± SD) and 13.5 ± 3.4 mins (mean ± SD) for copperheads and ratsnakes, respectively. Blood lactate concentrations at the beginning of restraint were similar for both species. Lactate concentrations increased significantly and pH decreased significantly for both species at the end of restraint when compared to the beginning of restraint. Furthermore, lactate concentrations at the end of restraint were significantly elevated in ratsnakes compared to copperheads. This study provides guidelines for interpretation of venous hematology, plasma biochemistry, and blood gas values for free-ranging copperheads and ratsnakes in central North Carolina and demonstrates the physiological response to venous blood gas analytes secondary to capture and restraint.
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TRANSCUTANEOUS OXYGEN MONITORING IN LOUISIANA PINE SNAKES ( PITUOPHIS RUTHVENI). J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 50:874-878. [PMID: 31926518 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic physiological states may occur during anesthetic events of snakes but accurate monitoring of oxygenation is challenging. Oxygenation levels of nine Louisiana pine snakes (Pituophis ruthveni) were assessed using transcutaneous regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) at the level of the liver (rSO2Liver) and at the halfway point of the body (rSO2Half ). Reflectance pulse oximetry measured SpO2, with a sensor overlying the heart. Values were compared with the venous partial pressure of oxygen (PvO2). Measurements were taken during four phases, simulating an anesthetic event: phase 1, breathing room air; phase 2, while supplied with supplemental oxygen via face mask; phase 3, during ketamine and dexmedetomidine sedation; and phase 4, after receiving atipamezole. There were no significant changes in any oxygenation parameters between concurrent phases, but respiratory rate significantly decreased (P = 0.02) between phases 1 and 2. Strong positive associations were found between both rSO2Liver and rSO2Half when compared with PvO2 irrespective of phase (r = 0.72, r = 0.63 respectively), but not with SpO2 (r = 0.3). Strength of correlation varied with each phase but was uniformly strongest for rSO2Liver. The measurement of rSO2 appears superior compared with traditional pulse oximetry for assessing oxygenation levels of snakes.
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Abstract
Even when performed by skilled operators, locating the nerves can be challenging in small exotic pets; in such cases, the use of an electrical nerve stimulator may be useful to confirm the correct identification of the target nerve. Exotic animal anesthesia and analgesia have dramatically progressed over the past decade and continue to do so as more research and technologies develop. Technological advancements such as airway devices, endoscopic intubation techniques, positive intermittent pressure ventilators, and invasive and noninvasive blood pressure monitors have played a significant role in improving patient safety and the anesthetic outcomes of exotic animals.
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Spielvogel CF, King L, Cavin JM, Tlusty M, Silverstein DC, Ceresia ML, Innis CJ. Use of Positive Pressure Ventilation in Cold-Stunned Sea Turtles: 29 Cases (2008–2014). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5818/1529-9651-27.1-2.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carl F. Spielvogel
- 1. School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lesley King
- 1. School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julie M. Cavin
- 2. New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, MA 02110, USA
| | - Michael Tlusty
- 2. New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, MA 02110, USA
| | - Deborah C. Silverstein
- 1. School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michelle L. Ceresia
- 4. School of Pharmacy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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