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Žagar Ž, Schmidt JM. A Scoping Review on Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Cats: Current Evidence and Future Directions. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3059. [PMID: 37835664 PMCID: PMC10572079 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have become invaluable in the treatment of human and canine malignancies, but their role in feline oncology is less defined. While toceranib phosphate and masitinib mesylate are licensed for use in dogs, no TKI is yet approved for cats. This review systematically maps the research conducted on the expression of tyrosine kinases in neoplastic and non-neoplastic domestic feline tissues, as well as the in vitro/in vivo use of TKIs in domestic cats. We identify and discuss knowledge gaps and speculate on the further research and potential indications for TKI use in cats. A comprehensive search of three electronic databases and relevant paper reference lists identified 139 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. The most commonly identified tumors were mast cell tumors (MCTs), mammary and squamous cell carcinomas and injection-site sarcomas. Based on the current literature, toceranib phosphate appears to be the most efficacious TKI in cats, especially against MCTs. Exploring the clinical use of TKIs in mammary carcinomas holds promise. Despite the progress, currently, the evidence falls short, underscoring the need for further research to discover new indications in feline oncology and to bridge the knowledge gaps between human and feline medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Žagar
- IVC Evidensia Small Animal Clinic Hofheim, 65719 Hofheim am Taunus, Germany
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Osada H, Okazawa T, Kushida K, Kishimoto M, Ikeda M, Kondo H, Kimura J, Ohmori K. Toceranib phosphate and firocoxib-mediated partial response in a dog with advanced intranasal sarcoma. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:1004-1009. [PMID: 37532540 PMCID: PMC10539811 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A nine-year-old, castrated male mixed-breed dog presented with a three-month history of sneezing and stertorous breathing. Computed tomography revealed a soft tissue mass in the left nasal cavity with lysis of the cribriform plate. The mass was diagnosed as intranasal sarcoma based on histopathological analysis. The tumor cells were immunohistochemically positive for KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor α/β and negative for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and cyclooxygenase-2. Treatment with toceranib phosphate (TOC) and firocoxib reduced the tumor size, which was defined as partial response (PR). After PR induction, TOC alone mediated survival for 205 days. This case report suggests that the combination of TOC and possibly firocoxib may be a therapeutic option for canine intranasal sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironari Osada
- Animal Medical Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiga Okazawa
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kushida
- Animal Medical Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miori Kishimoto
- Animal Medical Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ikeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kondo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Junpei Kimura
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keitaro Ohmori
- Animal Medical Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Gedon J, Kessler M, Schmidt JM. Frontal sinus carcinoma in forty-one dogs (2001-2022). Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:231-239. [PMID: 36745079 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reports on canine frontal sinus carcinomas (FSCs) are scarce. This retrospective review of 41 dogs with FSC (2001-2022) describes demographic and clinical characteristics of canine FSC and reports the clinical experience and overall survival following treatment with toceranib phosphate (TOC) and meloxicam in 10 cases. Median age at diagnosis was 10.6 years (range: 6.5-15.4 years). There was a male-to-female-ratio of 2.4:1. The most common breeds were Jack Russell Terriers (JRT) (n = 7; 17.1%) and Rottweilers (n = 3, 7.3%). Mesocephalic breeds (70.6%) were most commonly affected, brachycephalics accounted for 8.8%. The most frequent clinical signs included skull deformation dorsomedial to the eye (87.5%), pain/head-shyness (40.0%), ocular (22.5%)/nasal (17.5%) discharge, and exophthalmos (17.5%). Duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis varied from a few days to 9 months. There were no neurological signs at initial presentation despite imaging evidence of osteolysis of the lamina interna of the frontal bone in most dogs (69.4%). In 11.5%, pulmonary changes suggestive of metastasis or concurrent primary pulmonary neoplasia were present. Tumour types included squamous cell carcinoma (58.5%), unspecified carcinoma (29.3%), and adenocarcinoma (9.8%). Ten dogs were treated with TOC (median 2.8 mg/kg EOD or three times per week) and meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg, EOD) (TOC-M), resulting in subjective regression of skull deformity in 8/10 (80.0%) patients. Overall median survival time with TOC-M was 183.5 days (range: 120-434 days). FSCs typically present with skull deformation, but no overt neurological signs. Male dogs and JRT may be overrepresented. The use of TOC-M in FSC appears promising and warrants further prospective evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gedon
- Division of Oncology, Small Animal Clinic Hofheim, Hofheim, Germany
| | - Martin Kessler
- Division of Oncology, Small Animal Clinic Hofheim, Hofheim, Germany
| | - Jarno M Schmidt
- Division of Oncology, Small Animal Clinic Hofheim, Hofheim, Germany
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Aluai-Cunha C, Matos A, Amorim I, Carvalho F, Rêma A, Santos A. Immunohistochemical Expression of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor β (PDGFR-β) in Canine Cutaneous Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors: A Preliminary Study. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9070345. [PMID: 35878362 PMCID: PMC9319676 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9070345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The peripheral nerve sheath tumors are relatively common neoplasms, belong to the soft tissue sarcomas group, and are poorly investigated in veterinary medicine; the diagnosis is complex, and therapeutic options are limited. The platelet-derived growth factor receptors, namely the β subunit, are an important class of tyrosine kinase receptors that can be activated by genetic alterations and contribute to the process of carcinogenesis, so the inhibition of this receptor is an important therapeutic target. Using the immunohistochemical technique, this study aims to evaluate the expression of this receptor in 19 samples, 10 malignant and 9 benign tumors. The results showed that the majority of benign tumors, about 67% of cases, expressed the receptor in less than 25% of neoplastic cells and, in 80% cases of malignant tumors, the receptor was expressed in more than 25% of neoplastic cells. It was also found that, in the larger tumors, the expression of this receptor was significantly higher. With these findings it seems reasonable to speculate that the drugs able to inhibit this receptor, such as toceranib, may be considered in the therapeutic approach of these tumors. Abstract As in humans, the prevalence of tumors in companion animals is increasing dramatically and there is a strong need for research on new pharmacological agents particularly for the treatment of those tumors that are resistant to conventional chemotherapy agents such as soft tissue sarcomas (STS). Because malignant (MPNST) and benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors (BPNST) are relatively common STS in dogs, the aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of PDGFR-β, contributing to its characterization as a potential target for their treatment. A total of 19 samples were included, 9 histologically classified as benign and the other 10 as malignant. The results showed diffuse immunoexpression in the cytoplasm of neoplastic cells. Six (66.7%) BPNST expressed the receptor in less than 25% of neoplastic cells and only three (33.3%) exhibited labelling in more than 25% of neoplastic cells. In contrast, all MPNST expressed PDGFR-β, and in 8 (80%) of these samples, the receptor was expressed in more than 25% of neoplastic cells, and only 2 (20%) cases expressed the receptor in less than 25% of neoplastic cells. PDGFR-β expression was significantly higher in MPNST and larger tumors, suggesting that drugs able to inhibit the activity of this tyrosine kinase receptor, such as toceranib, may be considered in the approach of unresectable tumors and/or in the context of adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Aluai-Cunha
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.-C.); (A.M.)
| | - Augusto Matos
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.-C.); (A.M.)
- Animal Science and Study Centre (CECA), Food and Agrarian Sciences and Technologies Institute (ICETA), P. Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Irina Amorim
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (I.A.); (F.C.); (A.R.)
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, R. Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (I3S), University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Carvalho
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (I.A.); (F.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Alexandra Rêma
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (I.A.); (F.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Andreia Santos
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.-C.); (A.M.)
- Animal Science and Study Centre (CECA), Food and Agrarian Sciences and Technologies Institute (ICETA), P. Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Frezoulis P, Harper A. The role of toceranib phosphate in dogs with non-mast cell neoplasia: A systematic review. Vet Comp Oncol 2022; 20:362-371. [PMID: 34981886 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) has gained significant importance in veterinary cancer patients over the last decade. Toceranib phosphate has been licensed for the treatment of dogs with mast cell tumours. Its molecular similarity to sunitinib, a TKI used in human medicine, has led many veterinary oncologists to use this agent for multiple neoplastic diseases. The aim of the current study was to perform a systematic review of the evidence for the use of toceranib in dogs with non-mast cell neoplasia. Two electronic databases were searched. Publications were included if toceranib was used as a treatment option in canine patients. Studies and case reports were excluded if toceranib was used as part of a multi-modal treatment plan and response or outcome data related to toceranib therapy were not described. A total of 28 studies were included from 122 references. The most common types of neoplasias identified were neuroendocrine tumours, anal gland sac adenocarcinoma, and osteosarcoma. Multiple other neoplasias had one or two studies identified to describe the use of toceranib. Results of the study support that toceranib phosphate may have efficacy against certain types of neoplasia under certain conditions, such as neuroendocrine tumours, gastrointestinal stromal tumours and anal sac adenocarcinomas, while it is probably not effective for the management of metastatic osteosarcoma based on the findings of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron Harper
- Wear Veterinary Referrals, Stockton-on-Tees, Durham, UK
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Mortier JR, Blackwood L. Treatment of nasal tumours in dogs: a review. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:404-415. [PMID: 32715503 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nasal tumours are common neoplasms in dogs and often represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge due to their confined location within the nasal cavities. The main goal of this review is to extract the most relevant information from a wide and often confusing evidence-based medicine on the treatment of canine nasal tumours and conclude with current recommendations. This report highlights the different therapeutic modalities available and describes their technical aspects, interests and limitations. Megavoltage radiotherapy, as the most recent treatment and standard of care, is particularly examined, especially the different types of radiotherapy units, the main protocols used and their advantages and limits. Newer and non-conventional treatments are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Mortier
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston, CH647TE, UK
| | - L Blackwood
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston, CH647TE, UK
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