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Hughes K, Conaway E, Blackwell E, Rout E, Yoshimoto J, Burnett R, Avery A. Canine T zone lymphoma is a tumor of mature, previously activated αβ T cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 269:110725. [PMID: 38359755 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
T cell lymphomas are a diverse group of tumors found in both dogs and humans, originating from various normal T cell types. Identifying the origin of neoplastic lymphocytes can offer valuable insights into the pathogenesis and clinical behavior of these tumors. T zone lymphoma (TZL) in dogs is characterized by the absence of CD45 expression, a strong breed predilection, and its association with adult-onset demodicosis-a condition believed to be linked to immunosuppression. In this study, our aim was to employ transcriptomic and functional data to determine the normal counterpart of TZL. Identifying the normal counterpart may help us understand both how these tumors arise and explain their clinical behavior. Gene expression profiling using NanoString and RNA seq was used to compare the transcriptome between neoplastic T zone cells, normal canine T cells and publicly available gene sets using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Mitogen, anti-CD3 stimulation and PMA/ionomycin stimulation were used to assess T cell proliferation in vitro, and intracellular cytokine production was measured by flow cytometry. Gene expression profiling revealed that TZL is most likely derived from an activated or memory alpha-beta T cell but the cells do not fall cleanly into an effector subtype. TZL cells express CD4-specific transcription factors GATA3 and THPOK, even though TZL cells more commonly express CD8, or neither CD4 nor CD8. TZL cells produce high levels of interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha when stimulated, further supporting the hypothesis that they are derived from an antigen experienced T cell. TZL cells do not proliferate when stimulated through the T cell receptor but will divide when the T cell receptor is bypassed with PMA and ionomycin. The observation that these cells are derived from a mature, previously activated T cell is the first step in understanding the genesis of this unique T cell tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Hughes
- Clinical Hematopathology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Evan Conaway
- Clinical Hematopathology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Emily Blackwell
- Clinical Hematopathology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Emily Rout
- Clinical Hematopathology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Janna Yoshimoto
- Clinical Hematopathology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Robert Burnett
- Clinical Hematopathology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Anne Avery
- Clinical Hematopathology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States.
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Rigas K, Monti P, Di Palma S, Verganti S. Sézary syndrome with CD3
+
CD4
+
CD8
−
immunophenotype in a Bichon Frise. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Monti
- Clinical pathology Dick White Referrals Six Mile Bottom UK
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Stilwell CA, Florey J. Peripheral eosinophilia and eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy in a dog with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Long ME, Evans B, Avery AC, Wellman ML. Lymphocytosis and lymphadenopathy in a dog arising from two distinct lymphoid neoplasms. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:307-311. [PMID: 32347563 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A 10-year-old intact male Golden Retriever was presented to The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center for acute, non-painful facial swelling of the right mandibular region. On physical examination, the right mandibular swelling was found to represent marked lymphadenopathy of the submandibular lymph node. At this time, marked lymphadenopathy of the prescapular and popliteal lymph nodes was also appreciated. The CBC showed a moderate leukocytosis (38.4 × 109 cells/L, reference interval [RI] 4.8-13.9 × 109 cells/L) characterized by a moderate lymphocytosis (28.4 × 109 cells/L, RI 1.0-4.6 × 109 cells/L). Evaluation of peripheral blood and enlarged prescapular and popliteal lymph nodes revealed two morphologically different populations of homogeneous lymphocytes, with the lymphocyte population in the lymph nodes being distinct from that in the blood smear. Flow cytometry of peripheral blood revealed CD45-, CD5+, CD4-, CD8-, variably CD21+ neoplastic lymphocytes compatible with T-zone lymphocytes due to the absence of CD45 expression. Flow cytometry of the lymph node aspirate indicated a distinct population of CD21+ lymphocytes consistent with a B-cell phenotype along with a smaller proportion of the T-zone lymphocytes observed in the blood confirming the presence of two distinct populations of neoplastic lymphocytes, one involving T cells, and the other involving B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie E Long
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brittany Evans
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anne C Avery
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Maxey L Wellman
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Dobromylskyj MJ, Martinez F, Lovell A. Spindle cell sarcomas, suggestive of peripheral nerve sheath tumours, arising in the tongues of two cats. JFMS Open Rep 2019; 5:2055116919875259. [PMID: 31555462 PMCID: PMC6753517 DOI: 10.1177/2055116919875259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary Two domestic shorthair cats, one an 11-year-old female neutered cat and the
other a 13-year-old male neutered cat, presented with partly raised,
well-demarcated masses at the rostral tip of the tongue. Histological
examination and immunohistochemical staining were consistent with sarcomas,
and were most suggestive of peripheral nerve sheath tumours. One tumour had
histological features consistent with a malignant peripheral nerve sheath
tumour (PNST). Relevance and novel information Feline PNSTs arising on the tongue are rarely described in the published
literature, and, to our knowledge, a case of malignant PNST originating at
this site has not been described to date. Therefore, this represents a new
differential diagnosis for cats presenting with a lingual mass. Regardless
of histological malignancy, in cats these tumours have the potential for
local recurrence but appear very unlikely to metastasise.
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Parachini-Winter C, Curran K, Russel D, Gorman E. Response. Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48:7-8. [PMID: 30924547 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Comazzi S, Martini V, Aresu L, Marconato L. Parachini-Winter et al "A case of canine high-grade T-cell lymphoma immunophenotypically consistent with T-zone lymphoma". Vet Clin Pathol 2019. [PMID: 30856676 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Comazzi S, Martini V, Aresu L, Marconato L. Parachini-Winter et al "A case of canine high-grade T-cell lymphoma immunophenotypically consistent with T-zone lymphoma". Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48:5-6. [PMID: 30811611 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Martini V, Melega M, Riondato F, Marconato L, Cozzi M, Bernardi S, Comazzi S, Aresu L. A retrospective study of flow cytometric characterization of suspected extranodal lymphomas in dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:830-836. [PMID: 30264662 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718804301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FC) is widely applied to characterize and stage nodal lymphomas in dogs because it has a short turnaround time, requires minimally invasive sampling, and allows contemporary evaluation of neoplastic cells in the primary lesion and of blood and marrow involvement. We investigated advantages and limitations of FC in suspected extranodal lymphomas in dogs. The likelihood of obtaining a suitable FC sample was significantly lower for aspirates of extranodal lesions than for lymph node aspirates. However, we noted no differences among different extranodal lesion sites. We also describe FC results for 39 samples compatible with extranodal lymphoma. A dominant population of large cells was easily identified on morphologic FC scattergrams in many cases. Phenotypic aberrancies were frequently present, mainly in T-cell lymphomas. Lymphoma cells were distinguishable from normal residual lymphocytes in >85% of cases, facilitating the quantification of putative blood and marrow involvement by FC. Despite the high percentage of non-diagnostic samples (32 of 73, >40%), we support the inclusion of FC in the diagnostic workup of suspected extranodal lymphomas in dogs, in conjunction with histopathology. Histopathology is the gold standard for diagnosing lymphoma, provides relevant information, including tissue invasion and epitheliotropism, but has a longer turnaround time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Martini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Martini, Cozzi, Bernardi, Comazzi).,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Melega, Riondato, Aresu).,Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy (Marconato)
| | - Maverick Melega
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Martini, Cozzi, Bernardi, Comazzi).,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Melega, Riondato, Aresu).,Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy (Marconato)
| | - Fulvio Riondato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Martini, Cozzi, Bernardi, Comazzi).,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Melega, Riondato, Aresu).,Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy (Marconato)
| | - Laura Marconato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Martini, Cozzi, Bernardi, Comazzi).,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Melega, Riondato, Aresu).,Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy (Marconato)
| | - Marzia Cozzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Martini, Cozzi, Bernardi, Comazzi).,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Melega, Riondato, Aresu).,Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy (Marconato)
| | - Serena Bernardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Martini, Cozzi, Bernardi, Comazzi).,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Melega, Riondato, Aresu).,Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy (Marconato)
| | - Stefano Comazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Martini, Cozzi, Bernardi, Comazzi).,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Melega, Riondato, Aresu).,Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy (Marconato)
| | - Luca Aresu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Martini, Cozzi, Bernardi, Comazzi).,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Melega, Riondato, Aresu).,Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy (Marconato)
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Parachini-Winter C, Curran KM, Russell DS, Gorman E. A case of canine high-grade T-cell lymphoma immunophenotypically consistent with T-zone lymphoma. Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:643-648. [PMID: 30229963 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A 9-year-old spayed female Curly Coated Retriever was referred for evaluation of generalized peripheral lymphadenomegaly. The dog was clinically healthy on presentation with no anomalies detected on complete blood count, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, or three-view thoracic radiographs. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and cytology of the peripheral lymph nodes were consistent with lymphoma with an intermediate-sized lymphoid population. Flow cytometry of peripheral lymph nodes was consistent with a homogeneous population of CD4+ T cells that had lost expression of the pan-leukocyte antigen CD45. Variable expression of CD21, CD25, and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) were also noted. This was considered consistent with T-zone lymphoma (TZL), although the T cells were noted to be larger than usual based on flow cytometry. Due to the suspected indolent nature of this patient's disease and clinical progression, a careful monitoring approach was initially discussed with the owner. However, additional diagnostic testing was performed to confirm the diagnosis. Bone marrow cytology did not show any significant anomalies. The largest lymph node (left mandibular) was extirpated and submitted for histopathology. Based on the lymph node architecture, cellular features, and high mitotic activity, an unexpected diagnosis of peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS) was made. The dog was started on CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) chemotherapy. This case illustrates the limitations of using flow cytometry as the sole means of diagnosing TZL and highlights the importance of using complementary tests when subtyping canine lymphoma, which is significant when considering a patient's treatment plan and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Parachini-Winter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Kaitlin M Curran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Duncan S Russell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Elena Gorman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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