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Piegols HJ, Abrams BE, Lapsley JM, Cray MT, Dornbusch JA, Murphy C, Wustefeld-Janssens BG, Souza CH, Traverson M, Amsellem P, Williams E, Skinner OT, Liptak JM, Stephens JA, Selmic LE. Risk factors influencing death prior to discharge in 302 dogs undergoing unilateral adrenalectomy for treatment of primary adrenal gland tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:673-684. [PMID: 37652746 PMCID: PMC10842000 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Adrenalectomies for canine adrenal tumours are associated with peri-operative morbidity and mortality. Objectives of this study included assessing the prognostic value of tumour- or surgery-related variables in predicting peri-operative mortality and overall survival in dogs undergoing adrenalectomies for primary adrenal tumours as well as pre-treatment with phenoxybenzamine on survival to discharge with pheochromocytomas specifically. A multi-institutional retrospective cohort study was performed across nine institutions. Electronic medical record searches identified 302 dogs which met the inclusion criteria. Data collected included dog-related, tumour-related, treatment-related, surgery-related, and outcome variables. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression and cox proportional hazards models were used to identify variables associated with death prior to discharge and tumour-related survival. Overall, 87% of dogs survived to discharge with a tumour-related survival time of 3.96 years. Post-operative complications were reported in 25%. Increased surgical time (p = 0.002) and pre-surgical medical treatment other than phenoxybenzamine (p = 0.024) were significantly associated with increased peri-operative mortality while ureteronephrectomy (p = 0.021), post-operative pancreatitis (p = 0.025), and post-operative aspiration pneumonia (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with decreased overall survival. Phenoxybenzamine pretreatment had no effect on peri-operative mortality. Thirty-seven of 45 (82%) dogs with pheochromocytomas not pretreated survived to discharge, and 50 of 59 (85%) dogs with pheochromocytomas pretreated with phenoxybenzamine survived to discharge (p = 0.730). This study provides information on risk factors for death prior to discharge and tumour-related survival that may help guide clinical management and owner expectations. In addition, the study findings challenge the previously reported benefit of phenoxybenzamine for pretreatment of dogs undergoing adrenalectomies for pheochromocytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter J Piegols
- The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brittany E Abrams
- The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Ryan Veterinary Hospital, Unviersity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Janis M Lapsley
- The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Megan T Cray
- The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Josephine A Dornbusch
- The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Carlos H Souza
- UF Small Animal Hospital, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marine Traverson
- NC State Veterinary Hospital, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pierre Amsellem
- The University of Minnesota Veterinary Medical Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elroy Williams
- University of Missouri Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Owen T Skinner
- University of Missouri Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Julius M Liptak
- VCA Canada Alta Vista Animal Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie A Stephens
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura E Selmic
- The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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van Bokhorst KL, Galac S, Kooistra HS, de Grauw JC, Teske E, Grinwis GCM, van Nimwegen SA. Laparoscopic vs. open adrenalectomy: perioperative data and survival analysis in 70 dogs with an adrenal tumor. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1156801. [PMID: 37662979 PMCID: PMC10468569 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1156801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenalectomy is the treatment of choice in case of functional adrenal tumors and malignant adrenal incidentalomas. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) in dogs has gained popularity in recent years, however, clinical studies on large patient populations are scarce. This retrospective study describes perioperative and recurrence data, survival, and prognostic factors in 70 dogs that underwent LA or open adrenalectomy (OA) in our hospital between 2008 and 2022. Diagnosis was based on history, clinical signs, endocrine function tests and advanced diagnostic imaging. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy was performed in 42 dogs (n = 27 naturally occurring hypercortisolism, n = 4 pheochromocytoma, n = 1 pheochromocytoma with concurrent hypercortisolism, n = 10 incidentaloma) and OA in 28 dogs (n = 22 hypercortisolism, n = 3 pheochromocytoma, n = 3 incidentaloma). Bilateral adrenalectomy was performed in 8/70 dogs. Surgical duration of LA and OA did not differ significantly in unilateral and bilateral procedures (P = 0.108 and P = 0.101, respectively). Systemic hypertension occurred in 7/41 and 1/28 dogs during LA and OA, respectively (P = 0.130). Hypotension occurred in 2/41 and 4/28 dogs during LA and OA, respectively (P = 0.214). A total of 40/42 dogs in the LA group and 27/28 in the OA group survived to discharge (P = 0.810). Mean hospital stay was significantly shorter (P = 0.006) after LA (1.5 days, range 1-3) than after OA (2.2 days, range 1-4). No significant differences were demonstrated between LA and OA groups in recurrence of adrenal-dependent endocrine disease (P = 0.332), disease-free period (P = 0.733) and survival time (P = 0.353). The disease-specific 1-, 2- and 3-year survival rates were 95, 89, and 89% after LA and 92, 88, and 81% after OA. Tumor size was significantly associated with the occurrence of a recurrence. In addition, tumor size had a negative effect on the disease-free period and survival time. This study shows a favorable outcome of both LA and OA in dogs. Based on low perioperative complication rate, short hospitalization time and long-term outcomes comparable to OA in selected cases, the less invasive laparoscopic approach is considered the preferred technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten L van Bokhorst
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- IVC Evidensia, Vleuten, Netherlands
| | - Sara Galac
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hans S Kooistra
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Janny C de Grauw
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Teske
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Guy C M Grinwis
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan A van Nimwegen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Moore VW, White J, Marchevsky AM. Association between divisional location and short-term outcome of liver mass resection in 124 dogs. Vet Surg 2023; 52:513-520. [PMID: 36781406 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between divisional location of liver masses on short-term outcomes after surgical excision. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS Client-owned dogs (n = 124). METHODS Records were reviewed for demographics, surgical findings, and outcomes. The associations between mass location and mortality, intraoperative complications, and postoperative complications were tested with multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS Liver masses (124) were more common in the left (72) division than the central (34) and right (18) divisions. Median follow up was 286 (range: 14 to 2043) days. Intraoperative complications occurred in 14/124 dogs (11.3%) and postoperative complications in 35/122 dogs (28.7%). No association was detected between mass location and mortality in 8/124 dogs (6.5%). Postoperative complications were more likely if the incision extended to the thorax (P < .001), which was more common during resection of right divisional masses (P = .020). Postoperative complications were less likely when surgery was performed with a thoracoabdominal (TA) stapler (P = .005), by a specialist surgeon (P = .033), and in heavier dogs (P = .027). The odds of intraoperative complications were 19 times higher when surgery was performed without a TA stapler (P = .006). Intraoperative complications were less commonly associated with left (P = .007), but not central (P = .0504) divisional masses than right divisional masses. CONCLUSION Right divisional masses were prone to intraoperative but not postoperative complications. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Clinicians should anticipate an increased risk of intraoperative complications when planning treatment of right divisional masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaughan W Moore
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joanna White
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Pey P, Specchi S, Rossi F, Diana A, Drudi I, Zwingenberger AL, Mayhew PD, Pisoni L, Mari D, Massari F, Dalpozzo B, Fracassi F, Nicoli S. Prediction of vascular invasion using a 7-point scale computed tomography grading system in adrenal tumors in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:713-725. [PMID: 35233853 PMCID: PMC8965227 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies evaluating the accuracy of computed tomography (CT) in detecting caudal vena cava (CVC) invasion by adrenal tumors (AT) used a binary system and did not evaluate for other vessels. OBJECTIVE Test a 7-point scale CT grading system for accuracy in predicting vascular invasion and for repeatability among radiologists. Build a decision tree based on CT criteria to predict tumor type. METHODS Retrospective observational cross-sectional case study. Abdominal CT studies were analyzed by 3 radiologists using a 7-point CT grading scale for vascular invasion and by 1 radiologist for CT features of AT. ANIMALS Dogs with AT that underwent adrenalectomy and had pre- and postcontrast CT. RESULTS Ninety-one dogs; 45 adrenocortical carcinomas (50%), 36 pheochromocytomas (40%), 9 adrenocortical adenomas (10%) and 1 unknown tumor. Carcinoma and pheochromocytoma differed in pre- and postcontrast attenuation, contralateral adrenal size, tumor thrombus short- and long-axis, and tumor and thrombus mineralization. A decision tree was built based on these differences. Adenoma and malignant tumors differed in contour irregularity. Probability of vascular invasion was dependent on CT grading scale, and a large equivocal zone existed between 3 and 6 scores, lowering CT accuracy to detect vascular invasion. Radiologists' agreement for detecting abnormalities (evaluated by chance-corrected weighted kappa statistics) was excellent for CVC and good to moderate for other vessels. The quality of postcontrast CT study had a negative impact on radiologists' performance and agreement. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Features of CT may help radiologists predict AT type and provide probabilistic information on vascular invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascaline Pey
- Department of Veterinary Medical ScienceAlma Mater Studiorum, University of BolognaOzzano Emilia (BO)Italy,Antech Imaging Services, IrvineCAUSA
| | - Swan Specchi
- Ospedale Veterinario i Portoni RossiBologna (BO)Italy
| | - Federica Rossi
- Clinica Veterinaria dell'OrologioSasso Marconi (BO)Italy
| | - Alessia Diana
- Department of Veterinary Medical ScienceAlma Mater Studiorum, University of BolognaOzzano Emilia (BO)Italy
| | - Ignazio Drudi
- Department of Statistical SciencesAlma Mater Studiorum, University of BolognaBologna (BO)Italy
| | - Allison L. Zwingenberger
- Department of Surgical & Radiological SciencesSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Philipp D. Mayhew
- Department of Surgical & Radiological SciencesSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Luciano Pisoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical ScienceAlma Mater Studiorum, University of BolognaOzzano Emilia (BO)Italy
| | | | | | - Boris Dalpozzo
- Clinica Veterinaria dell'OrologioSasso Marconi (BO)Italy
| | - Federico Fracassi
- Department of Veterinary Medical ScienceAlma Mater Studiorum, University of BolognaOzzano Emilia (BO)Italy
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Hayes G. Update on Adrenalectomy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2022; 52:473-487. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sasaki N, Ikenaka Y, Inoue Y, Ichise T, Nagata N, Ishizuka M, Nakayama SM, Nakamura K, Takiguchi M. Urinary free metanephrines measurement in dogs with adrenal gland diseases using a new simple liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:648-655. [PMID: 33678734 PMCID: PMC8111342 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurement of urinary metanephrines in spot samples is used for the diagnosis of canine
pheochromocytoma (PC). We describe a simple analytical method based on liquid
chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for measuring free metanephrine (MN)
and normetanephrine (NMN) in spot urine samples. Using the developed method, we evaluated
the stability of urinary free-MN and free-NMN at various storing conditions. In addition,
we assessed the feasibility of urinary free-MN and -NMN measurement for diagnosing PC.
Urine samples were mixed with stable isotope internal standards and thereafter purified by
ultrafiltration. The purified samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS in the multiple reaction
monitoring mode after separation on a multimode octa decyl silyl column. The coefficient
of variation of free-MN and -NMN measurement was 7.6% and 5.5%, respectively. The
linearity range was 0.5–10 µg/l for both analytes. Degradation was less than 10% for both
analytes under any of the storage conditions. The median free-NMN ratio to creatinine of 9
PC dogs (595, range 144–47,961) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than
that of 13 dogs with hypercortisolism (125, range 52–224) or 15 healthy dogs (85, range
50–117). The developed method is simple and may not require acidification of spot urine.
The results of this preliminary retrospective study suggest that the measurement of
urinary free metanephrines is a promising tool for diagnosing canine PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-jo Nishi 9-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-jo Nishi 9-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.,Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, North West, South Africa.,Present address: Translational Research Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospotal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yumiko Inoue
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-jo Nishi 9-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ichise
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-jo Nishi 9-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nagata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-jo Nishi 9-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-jo Nishi 9-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Syouta Mm Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-jo Nishi 9-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-jo Nishi 9-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Takiguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-jo Nishi 9-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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