1
|
Song E, Lawrence J, Greene E, Christie A, Goldschmidt S. Risk stratification scheme based on the TNM staging system for dogs with oral malignant melanoma centered on clinicopathologic presentation. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1472748. [PMID: 39386252 PMCID: PMC11463030 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1472748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral malignant melanoma (OMM) is the most common malignant oral neoplasm in dogs. Tumor recurrence, progression, and regional and distant metastasis remain major obstacles despite advanced therapy. Tumor size has been a consistent, key independent prognostic factor; however, other clinical and histopathologic features impact prognosis and likely influence optimal treatment strategies. Adoption of a risk stratification scheme for canine OMM that stratifies groups of dogs on defined clinicopathologic features may improve reproducible and comparable studies by improving homogeneity within groups of dogs. Moreover, it would aid in the generation of multidisciplinary prospective studies that seek to define optimal treatment paradigms based on defined clinicopathologic features. Methods To build a platform upon which to develop a risk stratification scheme, we performed a systematic review of clinicopathologic features of OMM, with particular attention to levels of evidence of published research and the quantitative prognostic effect of clinicopathologic features. Results Tumor size and presence of bone lysis were repeatable features with the highest level of evidence for prognostic effects on survival. Overall, with strict inclusion criteria for paper review, the levels of evidence in support of other, previously proposed risk factors were low. Factors contributing to the challenge of defining clear prognostic features including inconsistencies in staging and reporting of prognostic variables, incomplete clinical outcome data, inhomogeneous treatment, and absence of randomized controlled studies. Discussion To overcome this in the future, we propose a risk stratification scheme that expands the TNM system to incorporate specific designations that highlight possible prognostic variables. The ability to capture key data simply from an expanded TNM description will aid in future efforts to form strong conclusions regarding prognostic variables and their influence (or lack thereof) on therapeutic decision-making and outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Song
- Apex Veterinary Specialists, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Jessica Lawrence
- Department of Surgical and Radiologic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Erica Greene
- RedBank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ, United States
| | - Anneka Christie
- RedBank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ, United States
| | - Stephanie Goldschmidt
- Department of Surgical and Radiologic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Smedley RC, Bongiovanni L, Bacmeister C, Clifford CA, Christensen N, Dreyfus JM, Gary JM, Pavuk A, Rowland PH, Swanson C, Tripp C, Woods JP, Bergman PJ. Diagnosis and histopathologic prognostication of canine melanocytic neoplasms: A consensus of the Oncology-Pathology Working Group. Vet Comp Oncol 2022; 20:739-751. [PMID: 35522017 PMCID: PMC9796073 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the primary objectives of the Oncology Pathology Working Group (OPWG) is for oncologists and pathologists to collaboratively generate consensus documents to standardize aspects of and provide guidelines for veterinary oncologic pathology. Consensus is established through review of relevant peer-reviewed literature relative to a subgroup's particular focus. In this article, the authors provide a critical review of the current literature for the diagnosis of, and histopathologic prognostication for, canine cutaneous and oral/lip melanocytic neoplasms, suggest guidelines for reporting, provide recommendations for clinical interpretation, and discuss future directions. This document represents the opinions of the working group and the authors and does not constitute a formal endorsement by the American College of Veterinary Pathologists, American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine or the Veterinary Cancer Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C. Smedley
- Veterinary Diagnostic LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityLansingMichiganUSA
| | - Laura Bongiovanni
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TeramoTeramoItaly,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomolecular SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Craig A. Clifford
- Oncology ServiceHope Veterinary Specialists/BluePearlMalvernPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Neil Christensen
- Oncology ServiceVeterinary Specialty Hospital Hong KongWan ChaiHong Kong,Veterinary Medical Teaching HospitalUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Jennifer M. Dreyfus
- Anatomic PathologyDreyfus Veterinary Pathology ConsultingMadisonWisconsinUSA,School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Joy M. Gary
- NeuropathologyStageBioFrederickMarylandUSA,Comparative Biomedical Training Program, Molecular Pathology UnitNCI, NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Alana Pavuk
- Anatomic PathologyAntech DiagnosticsDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Christine Swanson
- Oncology ServiceBluePearl Specialty and Emergency Pet HospitalGrand RapidsMichiganUSA
| | - Chelsea Tripp
- Oncology ServiceBridge Animal Referral CenterEdmondsWashingtonUSA
| | - J. Paul Woods
- Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Diagnosis and Prognosis of Canine Melanocytic Neoplasms. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9040175. [PMID: 35448673 PMCID: PMC9030435 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9040175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine melanocytic neoplasms have a highly variable biological behavior ranging from benign cutaneous melanocytomas to malignant oral melanomas that readily metastasize to lymph nodes and internal organs. This review focuses on the diagnosis and prognosis of canine melanocytic neoplasms. While pigmented melanocytic neoplasms can be diagnosed with fine-needle aspirates, an accurate prognosis requires surgical biopsy. However, differentiating amelanotic spindloid melanomas from soft tissue sarcomas is challenging and often requires immunohistochemical labeling with a diagnostic cocktail that contains antibodies against Melan-A, PNL-2, TRP-1, and TRP-2 as the current gold standard. For questionable cases, RNA expression analysis for TYR, CD34, and CALD can further differentiate these two entities. The diagnosis of amelanotic melanomas will be aided by submitting overlying and/or lateral flanking epithelium to identify junctional activity. Wide excision of lateral flanking epithelium is essential, as lentiginous spread is common for malignant mucosal melanomas. Combining histologic features (nuclear atypia, mitotic count, degree of pigmentation, level of infiltration, vascular invasion; tumor thickness and ulceration) with the Ki67 index provides the most detailed prognostic assessment. Sentinel lymph nodes should be evaluated in cases of suspected malignant melanomas using serial sectioning of the node combined with immunohistochemical labeling for Melan-A and PNL-2.
Collapse
|
4
|
Characterization of Primary Cultures of Normal and Neoplastic Canine Melanocytes. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030768. [PMID: 33802040 PMCID: PMC7998744 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Melanoma is one of the most aggressive cancers in humans, with high rates of metastasis and a poor prognosis. Because of its environmental, biological and genetic features, numerous studies indicate the dog as a good comparative model for human melanoma. Primary cell cultures of healthy and neoplastic melanocytes derived from skin and oral mucosa of dogs with spontaneous tumors are established in this study. This model could represent a suitable tool to compare biological and molecular features of normal and neoplastic melanocytes from the same patient, to investigate the pathways underlying the oncogenic transformation, and to apply a more personalized therapeutic strategy. The cell cultures also meet international guidelines that encourage the use of alternative models to animal ones for the study of oncological diseases. Abstract Although numerous animal models, especially mouse models, have been established for the study of melanoma, they often fail to accurately describe the mechanisms of human disease because of their anatomic, physiological, and immune differences. The dog, as a spontaneous model of melanoma, is nowadays considered one of the most valid alternatives due to the heterogeneity of clinical presentations and of histological and genetic similarities of canine melanoma with the human counterpart. The aim of the study was to optimize a protocol for the isolation and cultivation of healthy and neoplastic canine melanocytes derived from the same animal and obtained from cutaneous and mucosal (oral) sites. We obtained five primary tumor cell cultures (from 2 cutaneous melanoma, 2 mucosal melanoma and 1 lymph node metastasis) and primary normal melanocyte cell cultures (from normal skin and mucosa) from the same dogs. Immunocytochemical characterization with Melan A, PNL2 and S100 antibodies confirmed the melanocytic origin of the cells. This work contributes to expanding the case record of studies on canine melanoma cell cultures as suitable model to study human and canine melanoma. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of isolation of normal skin and mucosal canine melanocytes.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sawa M, Yabuki A, Kohyama M, Miyoshi N, Yamato O. Rapid multiple immunofluorescent staining for the simultaneous detection of cytokeratin and vimentin in the cytology of canine tumors. Vet Clin Pathol 2018. [PMID: 29522252 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunocytochemistry (ICC) is utilized as an advanced technique in veterinary cytology. In tumor diagnosis, cytokeratin and vimentin are markers used to distinguish the origin of tumor cells. Standard enzyme-based ICC has limitations in clinical use; and therefore, more convenient and reliable methods are needed. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to develop a rapid multiple immunofluorescent (RMIF) detection method for dual cytokeratin and vimentin staining on cytology slides in dogs. METHODS Air-dried smear samples from solid tumors and sediments of pleural effusions were prepared from dogs (n = 14) that were admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Kagoshima University, Japan. Mouse monoclonal anti-human cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) and rabbit monoclonal anti-human vimentin (SP20) antibodies were used as primary antibodies, followed by staining with Alexa Fluor-conjugated secondary antibodies. Staining using the RMIF method was compared with enzyme-based ICC staining. RESULTS Rapid multiple immunofluorescent immunostaining was clear and specific in the evaluated smears, whereas the enzyme-based ICC showed nonspecific signals. By using the RMIF staining method, epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells, and mesothelial cells could be classified on a single smear of a pleural effusion. In smears of lymph nodes with epithelial tumor metastases, the RMIF method successfully detected metastatic epithelial tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS The RMIF method might be a useful tool for diagnostic cytology in veterinary medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Sawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akira Yabuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Moeko Kohyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Noriaki Miyoshi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Grimes JA, Matz BM, Christopherson PW, Koehler JW, Cappelle KK, Hlusko KC, Smith A. Agreement Between Cytology and Histopathology for Regional Lymph Node Metastasis in Dogs With Melanocytic Neoplasms. Vet Pathol 2017; 54:579-587. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985817698209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Melanocytic neoplasms are common in dogs and frequently occur within the oral cavity or in haired skin. The behavior of melanocytic neoplasms is variable and depends on tumor location, size, and histopathologic features. This study compared cytopathology and histopathology of 32 lymph nodes from 27 dogs diagnosed with melanocytic neoplasms. Agreement between the original cytology report, cytology slide review, original histopathology report, and histopathology slide review was determined for each lymph node. A subset of lymph nodes was subjected to immunohistochemistry (Melan-A) and additional histochemical stains/techniques (Prussian blue, bleach) to assist in differentiation of melanocytes and melanophages. Agreement ranged from slight to fair for each of the variables evaluated with weighted kappa (κw) or kappa (κ) analysis (original cytology vs cytology review κw = 0.24; original cytology vs original histopathology κw = 0.007; original cytology vs histopathology review κw = 0.23; cytology review vs original histopathology κw = 0.008; cytology review vs histopathology review κw = 0.006; and original histopathology vs histopathology review κ = 0.18). The diagnoses (metastatic, equivocal, or negative for metastasis) of the original report and slide review for both cytology and histopathology were not significantly correlated with survival in this population of patients. Overall, agreement between cytology and histopathology was poor even with a single clinical or anatomic pathologist performing slide review. Consensus between routine cytology and histopathology for staging of lymph nodes in patients with melanocytic neoplasms is poor and does not correlate with survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet A. Grimes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Brad M. Matz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Pete W. Christopherson
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jey W. Koehler
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Kelsey K. Cappelle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Katelyn C. Hlusko
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Annette Smith
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sapierzyński R, Czopowicz M, Ostrzeszewicz M. Factors affecting the diagnostic utility of canine and feline cytological samples. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 58:73-78. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Sapierzyński
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW); Warsaw 02-766 Poland
| | - M. Czopowicz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW); Warsaw 02-766 Poland
| | - M. Ostrzeszewicz
- Department of Small Animal Diseases With Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW); Warsaw 02-766 Poland
| |
Collapse
|