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Vasilatis DM, Walker NJ, Borjesson DL. Amikacin disaggregates platelet clumps in EDTA blood samples from cats and dogs when added postcollection. Vet Clin Pathol 2023. [PMID: 36849708 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudothrombocytopenia may lead to the erroneous diagnosis of thrombocytopenia, resulting in unnecessary testing and treatment. The addition of exogenous substances to blood samples prior to collection has been shown to mitigate platelet (PLT) clumps in blood samples. Postcollection additives aiming to disaggregate PLT clumps have been largely unexplored. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine if the addition of amikacin to blood samples postcollection aids in the disaggregation of PLT clumps in cats and dogs. METHODS For this prospective study, EDTA-collected blood samples from 28 cats and 17 dogs were obtained from a hospital population at UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital. Samples had PLT clumps detected on blood smears and thrombocytopenia per analyzer count. Amikacin was added to samples postcollection, and an additional CBC was performed. Flow cytometry was performed to assess PLT-fibrinogen binding in amikacin-treated aliquots. RESULTS PLT-clumped samples treated with amikacin significantly increased PLT numbers by 134% and decreased mean platelet volume (MPV) values by 14% (P ≤ 0.0001) in cats, and increased PLT numbers by 32% (P = 0.04) and increased MPV values by 9% (P = 0.02) in dogs. Mean cell volume (MCV) slightly increased (<4%) for both species. No other CBC parameters were substantially affected by the addition of amikacin. Flow cytometry showed decreased PLT-fibrinogen binding in the majority of cats but was not significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Adding amikacin to PLT-clumped blood samples postcollection may be a convenient solution for pseudothrombocytopenia in cats and dogs. Future studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of amikacin and its effectiveness under different storage conditions. This is the first reported use of amikacin postcollection to disaggregate PLT clumps in blood samples from animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demitria M Vasilatis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Naomi J Walker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Dori L Borjesson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Chiejina CO, Anih L, Okoye C, Aguzie IO, Ali D, Kumar G, Nwani CD. Haloperidol alters the behavioral, hematological and biochemical parameters of freshwater African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 254:109292. [PMID: 35114394 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The presence of drugs and their metabolites in surface waters and municipal effluents has been reported in several studies, but their impacts on aquatic organisms are not yet well studied. The present study investigated the effects of exposure to the antipsychotic drug, haloperidol on the behavioral, hematological and biochemical parameters in juvenile Clarias gariepinus. The fishes were exposed to 0.12, 0.24 and 0.48 mg/L haloperidol for 15 days and later withdrawn from the toxicant and allowed to recover for 5 days. Blood was sampled on days 1, 5, 10, 15, and after the 5-day recovery for hematological and biochemical analysis. The pack cell volume (PCV), red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), reticulocytes and lymphocyte counts were significantly reduced in the exposed fish. The neutrophil counts were increased while that of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils were not affected by the drug. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were not different from the control on exposure to the drug. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and acid phosphatase (ACP); and serum creatinine, bile acid and bilirubin were increased on 15-day exposure to the drug. The activity of the clotting factor fibrinogen was reduced compared to the control after exposure to the drug. Haloperidol at concentrations used on 15-day exposure were toxic to fish, but the effect appeared short-lived, as it dissipated on 5-day withdrawal from the drug. While further studies are needed to ascertain the impact of prolonged exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations, caution is advised to avoid eco-toxicological damage to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chike Obinna Chiejina
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Lucy Anih
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Charles Okoye
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Ifeanyi Oscar Aguzie
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Daoud Ali
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gokhlesh Kumar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Engelmann AM, Veleda PA, Mello CBE, Dutra LS, Mann TR, Bueno A, Krause A, de Andrade CM. Amikacin prevents platelet aggregation in feline venous blood samples. Vet Clin Pathol 2022; 51:51-56. [PMID: 35141933 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physiologically, feline platelets are more reactive and prone to aggregation, which interferes with platelet counts using automated counters and manual methods. The use of aminoglycoside amikacin in association with EDTA has proven to be efficient in preventing platelet aggregates in cases of pseudo thrombocytopenia (PTP) in people. OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the efficacy of amikacin in preventing platelet aggregation in EDTA-containing feline blood samples and investigated the possible effects on hematologic measurands. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples (1.0 mL) collected from 100 healthy cats were stored in two EDTA tubes: 0.5 mL in a microtube containing 10 μL of 250 mg/mL amikacin (EDTA-AMK group) and 0.5 mL in a microtube containing only K2 EDTA 10% (EDTA group). A CBC was executed with an automated impedance blood analyzer, and a microscopic examination of the blood smears was performed. RESULTS Platelet clumps were observed in 56% of samples from the EDTA group and 5% of samples from the EDTA-AMK group. Platelet counts (PLT), plateletcrit (PCT), and WBC counts were significantly higher (P < .001) in the EDTA-AMK group compared withi the EDTA group. CONCLUSIONS Amikacin prevents platelet aggregation in feline venous blood samples and does not cause clinically relevant changes in other hematologic measurands. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing the use of amikacin in preventing platelet aggregation in feline blood samples. Based on this study, amikacin could be added to EDTA collection tubes for complete blood counts in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Engelmann
- Department of Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Patrícia A Veleda
- Department of Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Camila B E Mello
- Department of Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Lara S Dutra
- Department of Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Thaís R Mann
- Department of Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Andressa Bueno
- Department of Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Krause
- Department of Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Cinthia M de Andrade
- Department of Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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Abstract
The dynamic physiologic changes and unique diet during the neonatal period contribute to key differences in clinicopathologic test results of healthy foals relative to healthy adult horses. When reporting results, most diagnostic laboratories only provide reference intervals for mature horses. Thus, failure to recognize the unique differences that occur in foals relative to adult horses can lead to erroneous interpretation of neonatal clinical pathologic values. Thus, the main objective of this article was to review distinct features of common clinicopathologic tests in foals, relative to mature horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Henry Barton
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kelsey A Hart
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Bao Y, Wang J, Wang A, Bian J, Jin Y. Correction of spurious low platelet counts by optical fluorescence platelet counting of BC-6800 hematology analyzer in EDTA-dependent pseudo thrombocytopenia patients. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:166-172. [PMID: 35117170 PMCID: PMC8798320 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2019.12.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background To evaluate the dissociation effect of optical fluorescence platelet counting of BC-6800 hematology analyzer on ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid-dependent pseudo thrombocytopenia (EDTA-PTCP) samples. Methods Twenty-three finally identified EDTA-PTCP samples were recruited in this study using criteria as follow: (I) impedance platelet counts lower than 100×109/L with instrument “platelet aggregation” flag; (II) existence of platelet clumps in the blood smear; (III) obviously higher platelet counts without “platelet aggregation” flag and no platelet clumps in blood smear after repeating phlebotomy using citrate anticoagulated tubes. The BC-6800 hematology analyzer and the XE-2100 hematology analyzer were used to test 23 EDTA-PTCP samples and 30 controls on both the impedance channel and the reticulocyte channel. The dissociation rate was defined as optical fluorescence platelet counts in the EDTA tubes/impedance platelet counts in citrate tubes ×100%. Results BC-6800 analyzer’s optical fluorescence platelet counts of EDTA-PTCP samples were significantly higher than impedance platelet counts (t=4.33, P=0.00) and comparable with the platelet counts of re-collected samples in tubes containing citrate anticoagulant. On BC-6800 hematology analyzer, 22 of 23 EDTA-PTCP samples showed a dissociation rate greater than 80%, and the average dissociation rate was 93%. On the XE-2100 hematology analyzer, 1 of the 17 EDTA-PTCP samples showed a dissociation rate greater than 80%, and the average dissociation rate was 56%. Conclusions Optical fluorescence platelet counting of BC-6800 Hematology Analyzer is effective for the correction of spurious low platelet counts in EDTA-PTCP patients, and its dissociation effect on EDTA-PTCP samples was independent of fluorescent dye staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejiang Bao
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China.,Department of Clinical laboratory, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China.,Department of Clinical laboratory, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China.,Department of Clinical laboratory, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China.,Department of Clinical laboratory, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Anjun Wang
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China.,Department of Clinical laboratory, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China.,Department of Clinical laboratory, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Jia Bian
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China.,Department of Clinical laboratory, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China.,Department of Clinical laboratory, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Yuan Jin
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China.,Department of Clinical laboratory, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China.,Department of Clinical laboratory, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
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Paltrinieri S, Paciletti V, Zambarbieri J. Analytical variability of estimated platelet counts on canine blood smears. Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:197-204. [PMID: 29864194 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analytical variability of estimated platelet counts in dogs has not been reported. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess the magnitude of analytical imprecision of platelet estimates and the possible impact of this imprecision on clinical decisions. METHODS Three independent observers counted the number of platelets in 3 different areas (LE = lateral edge; CM = central monolayer; FE = feathered edge) of 30 canine blood smears with different instrumental platelet counts. The coefficient of variation (CV) for each observer was calculated in different areas of each smear (intra-observer variability), among different regions of each smear (inter-area variability), and among different observers in each area (inter-observer variability). The influence of these variabilities on the classification of platelet estimates as adequate, increased, or decreased was also assessed. RESULTS The CVs recorded in the different areas by each observer ranged from 8% to 88% and were negatively correlated (P < .001, r = -.65) with the mean number of platelets per field. The mean platelet number was significantly lower in the FE and significantly higher in the CM compared with the LE, but the magnitude of this difference varied with the operators. The concordance among operators regarding platelet estimates was fair (k = 0.36) to substantial (k = 0.71) depending on the area. The overall inter-area concordance was moderate (k = 0.59). CONCLUSIONS Platelet estimates suffer from high variability that could lead to patient misclassification. Therefore, guidelines to standardize the platelet estimate are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Jari Zambarbieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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