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Sugimoto K, Nishikawa T, Sugiyama T. CD41 + extracellular vesicles produced by avian thrombocytes contain microRNAs. Genes Cells 2023; 28:915-928. [PMID: 37927115 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Avians have thrombocytes in their blood circulation rather than mammalian platelets. However, many details of thrombocyte characteristics have not been determined. Here, chicken thrombocytes were isolated, and extracellular vesicle (EV) production was investigated. The thrombocyte-specific markers cd41 and cd61 were expressed in the yolk sac at 24 h. According to the embryonic developmental stage, the cd41-expressing tissues changed from the yolk sac to the bone marrow and spleen. Accordingly, the bone marrow and spleen were the main tissues producing thrombocytes in adult chickens. Avian thrombocytes were separated from adult spleen cells through a combination of discontinuous density gradient centrifugation, phagocytic cell removal, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Isolated thrombocytes produced CD41+ EVs (CD41+ EVs), and the CD41+ EVs also expressed CD9. Microarray analysis revealed that CD41+ EVs contain many microRNAs. Macrophage lines (RAW264.7) phagocytosed CD41+ EVs, and their phagocytosis and migration activity were suppressed. Microarray analysis also revealed that EVs altered gene expression in macrophages. These data indicated that the CD41+ EV was a carrier of microRNAs produced from thrombocytes and affected the cell characteristics of the received cells. Therefore, the CD41+ EVs of avians worked as a communication tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenkichi Sugimoto
- Faculty of Graduate School of Science and Technology, Department of Cell Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takamasa Nishikawa
- Faculty of Graduate School of Science and Technology, Department of Cell Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshie Sugiyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agrobiology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Soliman SA, Abd-Elhafeez HH, Mohamed NE, Alrashdi BM, Alghamdi AAA, Elmansi A, Salah AS, El-Gendy SAA, Rutland CS, Massoud D. Morphological and cytochemical characteristics of Varanus niloticus (Squamata, Varanidae) blood cells. Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:600-613. [PMID: 36722417 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Varanus niloticus is a lizard residing within the Varanidae family. To date no studies detailing its blood morphology and characteristics have been conducted. This study used histologically stained blood and bone marrow samples to visualize the cells and their characteristics. The erythrocytes were nucleated, these nuclei were located in the middle of the elliptical cells. Hemoglobin filled the erythrocyte cytoplasm. Eosinophils were large cells with lobed nuclei and spherical acidophilic granules. Large granulocytes called heterophils were present and characterized by their fusiform/pleomorphic cytoplasmic granules. Small spherical granulocytes, known as basophils, presented with round, deeply stained metachromatic granules that gave the cytoplasm a dusty or cobblestoned appearance which was able to cover the nucleus, which in turn had an unusual shape. Thrombocytes ranged in shape from ellipsoidal to fusiform. They featured an elliptical, centrally located nucleus and a pale cytoplasm, with small vacuoles, and fine acidophilic granulation. The smallest variety of non-granular leukocytes was the lymphocytes. Their cytoplasm was sparse, finely granular, light blue, had tiny cytoplasmic projections, featuring a high nucleus: cytoplasm ratio. Larger and smaller sized populations of lymphocytes were distinguished, with the larger cells similar in size to azurophils. In general, the pleomorphic monocytes were the biggest mononuclear leucocytes, displaying cytoplasmic projections. Their nuclei were ovoid, kidney- or bean-shaped, with vacuolated and granular cytoplasms. Round cells were common among the monocytic azurophils, and they had a granular cytoplasm, and their nuclei were typically eccentric. The present research identifies the cell types and morphologies within the Varanus niloticus. HIGHLIGHTS: H&E, PAS, toluidine blue, methylene blue, and Safranin O stains provided morphological and morphometric descriptions of Varanus niloticus blood cells from blood smears and bone marrow. The Varanus niloticus had nucleated erythrocytes and white blood cells, mostly granulocytes (heterophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and mononuclear cells (azurophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes). Aquatic vertebrate Varanus niloticus had larger erythrocytes than terrestrial counterparts. Blood cell morphological and cytochemical features were similar to other reptilian species, with some species-specific differences, which likely accommodate differing environmental conditions. These results may help clinical researchers track the pathological conditions and support conservation of these wild animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha A Soliman
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Hanan H Abd-Elhafeez
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nor-Elhoda Mohamed
- Faculty of Science, Biomedicine Branch, University of Science & Technology in Zewail City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Barakat M Alrashdi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A A Alghamdi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Elmansi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abdallah S Salah
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.,Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Samir A A El-Gendy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Catrin S Rutland
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Diaa Massoud
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
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Dervas E, Michalopoulou E, Liesegang A, Novacco M, Schwarzenberger F, Hetzel U, Kipar A. Haematology, biochemistry and morphological features of peripheral blood cells in captive Boa constrictor. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad001. [PMID: 36726862 PMCID: PMC9885740 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The common boa (Boa constrictor) belongs to the family Boidae and represents one of the most popular traded and kept snake species in captivity. The early diagnosis, prevention and prophylaxis of diseases in this species, and in reptiles in general, still pose major challenges, also due to the lack of reliable reference values. This prompted us to conduct a study on clinically healthy captive B. constrictor to assess their basic health parameters in the blood (haematological and biochemical values, stress markers). Several parameters differed significantly between younger (<3 years) and older (≥3 years) boas; in the latter, the percentages of eosinophils, the haemoglobin and haematocrit levels, as well as the albumin and total protein levels, were higher. In male snakes, cholesterol levels were significantly higher than in females. Light and electron microscopy as well as immunohistochemistry served to identify and determine the morphological features of peripheral blood cells, that is, heterophils, basophils, eosinophils, azurophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, thrombocytes and erythrocytes. Leukocyte subpopulations, that is, T and B cells and monocytes, were also identified based on specific marker expression. The study provides data on haematological, biochemical and stress hormone levels, suitable as reference values, and on the blood cell morphology of B. constrictor which can serve as a guideline for further research on this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dervas
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E Michalopoulou
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Liesegang
- Institute for Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Novacco
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - F Schwarzenberger
- Unit of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - U Hetzel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Kipar
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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Melega M, Santos M, Caniatti M, Valenti P, Miniscalco B, Sulce M, Marcos R, Riondato F. Cell blocks in veterinary medicine: A comparison of two methods (cell tube and agar) in 52 effusions from dogs and cats. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:632-639. [PMID: 33336835 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell blocks are alternative preparations of fluid cytological specimens. They can be used for immunochemical studies as complementary tools or when other techniques (eg, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry) are not available. OBJECTIVES We aimed to provide comparative morphologic, immunohistochemical, and technical features of agar-based cell blocks (ACBs) and cell tube blocks (CTBs) from cavitary effusions. METHODS Agar-based cell blocks and CTBs were obtained from canine and feline effusions with neoplastic/atypical cells or with packed cell volumes ≥3%. Cellularity, RBC separation, and cellular features were evaluated on digitalized H&E slides with evaluators blinded to the method. The immunohistochemical intensity and nonspecific background were assessed on pan-cytokeratin and vimentin-stained slides. Overall yield was calculated, and morphologic and immunohistochemical features were compared among paired samples. Technical and cellular features were also described. RESULTS Agar-based cell blocks and CTBs yielded evaluable sections in 100% (52/52) and 98% (51/52) of the cases, respectively. Cellularity and RBC separation scores were significantly higher in CTBs. Similar staining intensities were observed, and background staining was more frequently seen in pan-cytokeratin-stained ACBs. Only basic materials and equipment were required for both methods. Agar-based cell block preparations were more operator dependent and difficult to standardize, whereas CTBs were easier to prepare, but laboratory processing was more demanding. CONCLUSIONS Both methods can be used to produce good sections for immunohistochemistry staining with no significant differences. Cell tube blocks are beneficial for RBC-rich samples, and little additional training is required to prepare the blocks. Both types of cell blocks are reliable, cost-effective methods that could be introduced in diagnostic laboratories to further characterize canine and feline effusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maverick Melega
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Marta Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, ICBAS - UP, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mario Caniatti
- DIMEVET Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Miniscalco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Majlind Sulce
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Ricardo Marcos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, ICBAS - UP, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fulvio Riondato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
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Light Microscopic and Ultrastructural Characteristics of Heterophil Toxicity and Left-shifting in Green Sea Turtles ( Chelonia mydas) from Taiwan. Zool Stud 2020; 59:e52. [PMID: 33456549 DOI: 10.6620/zs.2020.59-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Heterophil toxic change (TC) and left-shifting (LS) are widely used as indicators of accelerated granulopoiesis. However, the ultrastructure of heterophil TC and LS in sea turtles remain poorly understood. This study aimed to describe the ultrastructural characteristics of sea turtle TC and LS heterophils, compare the staining quality of accessible staining methods, and provide a better understanding of the clinical applications and limitations of heterophil TC and LS examinations. Blood samples were collected from 21 rescued sea turtles from January 2017 to September 2018. Morphologic (n = 22) and ultrastructural (n = 15) examination of TC and LS heterophils were performed, and the qualities of three staining methods (Wright-Giemsa stain, Diff-Quik stain and Liu's stain) were analyzed to diagnose TC and LS heterophils. In addition, the diagnostic values of TC and LS heterophils were examined. Diff-Quik stain was significantly inferior in the assessment of heterophil TC and/or LS comparing to the Wright-Giemsa stain and Liu's stain (Mann-Whitney test, P < 0.001). Microscopic examinations of heterophil TC and/or LS were comparable to transmission electron microscopy examinations (Cohen's kappa coefficient, κ = 1). The correlation between the presence of heterophil TC and/or LS and clinical inflammatory state was weak (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, rs = 0.171, p = 0.445). In conclusion, this is the first study to describe the ultrastructural characteristics of reptile TC and LS heterophils. Wright-Giemsa stain and Liu's stain were suitable staining methods for the microscopic observations of TC and LS heterophil in sea turtles. Given the poor correlation between TC and/or LS and clinical findings, TC and LS are not a suitable diagnostic indicator of green sea turtles' inflammation status.
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