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van Galen G, Divers TJ, Savage V, Schott HC, Siwinska N. ECEIM consensus statement on equine kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:2008-2025. [PMID: 38801172 PMCID: PMC11256176 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this consensus statement is to summarize and appraise scientific evidence and combine this with the clinical experience of a panel of experts to optimize recommendations on how to recognize and manage kidney disease in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby van Galen
- Goulburn Valley Equine HospitalCongupnaVictoriaAustralia
- Sydney School of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Thomas J. Divers
- College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Harold C. Schott
- College of Veterinary MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Natalia Siwinska
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineWroclaw University of Environmental and Life SciencesWroclawPoland
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2
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Hansen S, Otten ND, Spang-Hanssen L, Bendorff C, Jacobsen S. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a potential biomarker for equine asthma. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:44-50. [PMID: 36977608 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in people have found neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) concentrations are increased in asthma and can be used to distinguish between asthma subtypes. NGAL has not yet been investigated in equine asthma (EA). OBJECTIVES To investigate the ability of NGAL concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and serum to distinguish between control horses, horses with mild-moderate EA (MEA) and horses with severe EA (SEA). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS Details of endoscopic examination including tracheal mucus score (TMS, scale 0-5) and BAL cytology performed on 227 horses were extracted from records and NGAL concentrations were measured on stored serum and BAL fluid samples. The horses were divided into groups (control group n = 73, MEA n = 98, SEA n = 56) based on clinical signs and BAL cytology results. Differences between groups were evaluated with the Mann-Whitney test and correlation between BAL NGAL, serum NGAL, and BAL cytology were evaluated using Spearman's correlation. RESULTS BAL NGAL concentrations were higher in EA than in control horses (median: 25.6 and 13.3 μg/L, respectively, p < 0.001). Concentrations of NGAL in BAL differed between groups, with higher concentrations in MEA than in control horses (median: 18.5 and 13.3 μg/L, respectively, p < 0.001), and higher concentrations in SEA than in MEA horses (median: 54.1 and 18.5 μg/L, respectively, p < 0.001). BAL NGAL concentration differed between horses with TMS ≤2 an >2 (median 15.6 and 21.1 μg/L, respectively, p = 0.004). No differences were found in serum NGAL concentration between any of the groups. MAIN LIMITATION Only 66 of the 227 (29%) horses had haematology and serum NGAL measured. CONCLUSION BAL NGAL concentration differed between control and EA and reflected severity of disease. These results justify further research into the potential of NGAL as a biomarker of EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanni Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Nina D Otten
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Liv Spang-Hanssen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Christine Bendorff
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Stine Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taastrup, Denmark
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Costa LRR, Swiderski C, Palm C, Aleman M. Preliminary evaluation of hepatitis A virus cell receptor 1/kidney injury molecule 1 in healthy horses treated with phenylbutazone. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2023; 33:481-486. [PMID: 37436880 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate if hepatitis A virus cell receptor 1/kidney injury molecule 1 (HAVCR1/KIM1) in urine is detectable concurrently with increases in serum creatinine concentrations in horses receiving a recommended dose of phenylbutazone (PBZ) for 7 days. DESIGN Preliminary study. METHODS Ten clinically healthy horses with normal physical examination and laboratory work were randomly assigned to PBZ or placebo groups (5 each). The PBZ group received PBZ at 4.4 mg/kg mixed with corn syrup orally every 12 hours. The placebo group received corn syrup orally every 12 hours. Both groups were treated for 7 days. Kidney ultrasonography was performed, and venous blood and urine samples were collected prior to commencement and at the end of treatment. Samples from 1 additional healthy horse, 3 horses with acute kidney failure, and 1 horse with chronic kidney failure were also evaluated. RESULTS None of the 10 horses had detectable HAVCR1/KIM1 in urine at baseline. Serum creatinine concentrations in placebo group did not increase, and HAVCR1/KIM1 was undetectable in urine. At the end of treatment, 3 of 5 horses receiving PBZ developed increases in serum creatinine of >26.5 μmol/L (>0.3 mg/dL), and HAVCR1/KIM1 was detectable in urine, despite normal findings on kidney ultrasonography in all horses. CONCLUSIONS HAVCR1/KIM1 is detectable in urine and is associated with increases in serum creatinine concentrations of >26.5 μmol/L in horses following treatment with PBZ for 7 consecutive days. Thus, HAVCR1/KIM1 might aid in the early detection of acute kidney injury in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais R R Costa
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cyprianna Swiderski
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Carrie Palm
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Monica Aleman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Jacobsen S. Use of serum amyloid A in equine medicine and surgery. Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52 Suppl 1:8-18. [PMID: 36336845 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) has become an indispensable part of the management of equine patients in general practice and specialized hospital settings. Although several proteins possess acute phase properties in horses, the usefulness of SAA exceeds that of other acute phase proteins. This is due to the highly desirable kinetics of the equine SAA response. SAA concentrations exhibit a rapid and pronounced increase in response to inflammation and a rapid decline after the resolution of inflammation. This facilitates the detection of inflammatory disease and real-time monitoring of inflammatory activity. SAA may be used in all stages of patient management: (1) before diagnosis (to rule in/rule out inflammatory disease), (2) at the time of diagnosis (to assess the severity of inflammation and assist in prognostication), and (3) after diagnosis (to monitor changes in inflammatory activity in response to therapy, with relapse of disease, or with infectious/inflammatory complications). By assessing other acute phase reactants in addition to SAA, clinicians can succinctly stage inflammation. White blood cell counts and serum iron concentration change within hours of an inflammatory insult, SAA within a day, and fibrinogen within 2-3 days; the interrelationship of these markers thus indicates the duration and activity of the inflammatory condition. Much research on the equine SAA response and clinical use has been conducted in the last decade. This is the prerequisite for the evidence-based use of this analyte. However, still today, most published studies involve a fairly low number of horses. To obtain solid evidence for use of SAA, future studies should be designed with larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Section Medicine & Surgery, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Laurberg M, Saegerman C, Jacobsen S, Berg LC, Laursen SH, Hoeberg E, Sånge EA, van Galen G. Use of admission serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) concentrations as a marker of sepsis and outcome in neonatal foals. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285819. [PMID: 37200285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine neonatal sepsis can be challenging to diagnose and prognosticate. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a new marker of renal damage and inflammation, can potentially be helpful. OBJECTIVES To evaluate NGAL in neonatal foals with sepsis, and assess its relation to outcome. ANIMALS Foals ≤ 14 days, with admission blood analysis and stored serum. METHODS NGAL was measured on stored serum from 91 foals. Foals were scored for sepsis and survival and categorized according to sepsis status (septic, sick non-septic, healthy, and uncertain sepsis status) and outcome groups (survivors and non-survivors). The septic foals were further sub-categorized according to severity (normal sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock). A Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare serum NGAL concentrations in survivors and non-survivors, in the sepsis status groups, and in the sepsis severity groups. Optimal cut-off values for serum NGAL concentrations to diagnose sepsis and outcome were determined with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. NGAL was compared to creatinine and SAA. RESULTS Median serum NGAL concentrations were significantly higher in septic than non-septic foals. However, serum NGAL concentrations did not differ between sepsis severity subgroups. Serum NGAL concentrations were significantly lower in survivors than in non-survivors. Optimal cut-off values of serum NGAL concentrations were 455 μg/L (sensitivity 71.4%, specificity 100%) and 1104 μg/L (sensitivity 39.3%, specificity 95.2%) for predicting sepsis and non-survival, respectively. NGAL correlated to SAA, but not to creatinine. NGAL performed similarly to SAA to diagnose sepsis. CONCLUSION Serum NGAL concentrations may be useful for diagnosing sepsis and predicting outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Laurberg
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Medicine and Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Stine Jacobsen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Lise C Berg
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Sigrid Hyldahl Laursen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Emma Hoeberg
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Elaine Alexandra Sånge
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Gaby van Galen
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in Synovial Fluid from Horses with and without Septic Arthritis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010029. [PMID: 36611638 PMCID: PMC9817893 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has been suggested to be a highly sensitive and specific marker of joint infection in humans. The aim of the study was to investigate NGAL concentrations in synovial fluid (SF) from horses with septic synovitis, horses without septic synovitis, and horses with uncertain status. NGAL was measured in 177 admission samples obtained from 152 horses. From a subset of horses (n = 35), additional samples obtained sequentially over the course of treatment were available. Concentrations of NGAL were significantly higher in septic synovitis (n = 47 samples) than in samples classified as non-septic (n = 103) or samples with uncertain status (n = 27), with median NGAL concentrations in the three groups being 1236, 16.8, and 266.4 µg/L, respectively. NGAL discriminated nearly perfectly between septic and non-septic (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.98, 95% confidence interval 0.95-1.00). The optimal cut-off value for maximal sensitivity (87.2%) and specificity (75.0%) to discriminate septic samples from those with uncertain status was 444.6 µg/L, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.85 (95% confidence interval 0.74-0.93). Concentrations declined over time in horses undergoing treatment. NGAL is a novel biomarker that seems to have great potential for identifying septic synovitis and for monitoring the response to treatment of synovial infection in horses.
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Nanoparticle-antibody conjugate-based immunoassays for detection of CKD-associated biomarkers. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Galen GV, Olsen E, Siwinska N. Biomarkers of Kidney Disease in Horses: A Review of the Current Literature. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192678. [PMID: 36230418 PMCID: PMC9559299 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatinine only allows detection of kidney disease when 60 to 75% of the glomerular function is lost and is therefore not an ideal marker of disease. Additional biomarkers could be beneficial to assess kidney function and disease. The objectives are to describe new equine kidney biomarkers. This systematic review assesses the available literature, including the validation process and reference values, following which the authors suggest recommendations for clinical use. SDMA may have some potential as equine kidney biomarker, but there is currently a lack of evidence that SDMA offers any advantage compared to creatinine in detecting Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Cystatin C and podocin show potential as biomarkers for kidney disease (including detecting AKI earlier than creatinine) and should be studied further. NGAL has potential as a biomarker of kidney disease (including detecting AKI earlier than creatinine), and potential as an inflammatory marker. Literature on MMP-9 does not allow for conclusive statements about its potential as a biomarker for kidney disease. The future may show that NAG has potential. For all biomarkers, at this stage, available scientific information is limited or too scarce to support clinical use, and only SDMA can be measured for clinical purposes. In conclusion, there are multiple new biomarkers with the potential to diagnose kidney problems. However, there are only a few studies available and more data is needed before these biomarkers can be applied and recommended in our daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby van Galen
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Goulburn Valley Equine Hospital, Congupna, VIC 3633, Australia
| | - Emil Olsen
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Universitetsdjursjukhuset, UDS), Swedish Veterinary Agricultural University (SLU), 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Natalia Siwinska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wroclaw, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
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Winther MF, Haugaard SL, Pihl TH, Jacobsen S. Concentrations of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin are increased in serum and peritoneal fluid from horses with inflammatory abdominal disease and non-strangulating intestinal infarctions. Equine Vet J 2022; 55:426-434. [PMID: 35642326 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is produced in response to inflammation in horses, but it has not yet been investigated as a biomarker in horses with abdominal disease. OBJECTIVES To investigate NGAL in serum and peritoneal fluid in horses with abdominal disease. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective clinical study. METHODS Data from medical records of 270 horses admitted with acute abdominal disease (simple obstructions [n=43], strangulating obstructions [n=104], inflammatory abdominal disease [n=99], non-strangulating intestinal infarction [NSII, n=24]) and 9 healthy control horses were reviewed, and serum and peritoneal fluid samples were retrieved from a biobank. NGAL was measured in serum and peritoneal fluid by ELISA. Differences in NGAL concentrations between groups were assessed. RESULTS Healthy horses had low serum and peritoneal fluid concentrations of NGAL (median = 21.0 and 9.5 μg/L, respectively). Neither serum nor peritoneal fluid NGAL concentrations (median serum, peritoneal fluid) differed between healthy horses and horses with simple (28.1 μg/L, 13.0 μg/L) and strangulating intestinal obstructions (34.7 μg/L, 38.4 μg/L). Horses with NSII (308.0 μg/L, 2163.0 μg/L) and inflammatory abdominal disease (171.1 μg/L, 314.1 μg/L) had higher serum and peritoneal fluid concentrations of NGAL than the other groups (P<0.001). Peritoneal fluid NGAL concentrations in horses with NSII were higher than in horses with inflammatory abdominal disease (P=0.03). MAIN LIMITATIONS Retrospective study design; small group of control horses. CONCLUSIONS NGAL is a marker of inflammation in horses with abdominal disease. The high peritoneal fluid concentration of NGAL in horses with NSII compared to all other groups may render NGAL useful for identifying this condition, which is otherwise difficult to differentiate from other types of peritonitis. Thereby, NGAL may potentially facilitate timely surgical intervention in this group of patients. The results of this study must be evaluated in larger, and preferably prospective, studies to obtain a more comprehensive evaluation of the diagnostic utility of NGAL. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malou F Winther
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon L Haugaard
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina H Pihl
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Jacobsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wang WJ, Chou MC, Lee YJ, Hsu WL, Wang GJ. A simple electrochemical immunosensor based on a gold nanoparticle monolayer electrode for neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin detection. Talanta 2022; 246:123530. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Olsen E, van Galen G. Chronic Renal Failure-Causes, Clinical Findings, Treatments and Prognosis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2022; 38:25-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Minamijima Y, Tozaki T, Kuroda T, Urayama S, Nomura M, Yamamoto K. A comprehensive and comparative proteomic analysis of horse serum proteins in colitis. Equine Vet J 2022; 54:1039-1046. [PMID: 35000251 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine colitis is a diarrhoeal disease caused by inflammation of the large bowel and can potentially be life-threatening due to its rapid progression. Pathogenesis is multifactorial and pathophysiology is highly complicated, therefore, reliable diagnostic biomarkers are needed in the veterinary field. OBJECTIVE Serum is one of the most commonly used diagnostic tools in equine clinical investigation. To discover diagnostic or prognostic protein markers for colitis in horse serum, comprehensive and comparative proteomic analysis was conducted using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). STUDY DESIGN Case-control study. METHODS Serum samples were collected from 36 healthy Thoroughbreds and 12 Thoroughbreds with colitis. Serum from each horse suffering from colitis was collected daily until death or recovery. Collected sera were digested with trypsin. Peptides obtained from serum proteins were measured by Q-Exactive HF Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The identification and quantification of peptides were performed using Proteome Discoverer version 2.2. RESULTS On day 1 of treatment, eight proteins in the colitis group were upregulated (P < .05, more than a twofold change) compared with the healthy group. Among the eight proteins, biliverdin reductase B was significantly upregulated (P < .05) in the non-survivor group (n = 5) compared with the survivor group (n = 7). On the last day of the treatment, haemoglobin subunit alpha, clusterin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, and biliverdin reductase B showed significant increases (P < .05) in the non-survivor group. MAIN LIMITATIONS The number of the identified proteins is limited due to the existence of abundant proteins. CONCLUSIONS Measuring the changes of these proteins together may enable a potential prognosis or early diagnosis of horses suffering from colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Minamijima
- Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Japan.,Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | | | - Taisuke Kuroda
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Urayama
- Racehorse Hospital, Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Inashiki, Japan
| | - Motoi Nomura
- Equine Hospital, Horseracing School, Japan Racing Association, Shiroi, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamamoto
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
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Flick M, Vinther AML, Jacobsen S, Berg LC, Gimeno M, Verwilghen D, Howden W, Averay K, van Galen G. Effect of exercise on serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin concentration in racehorses. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50:551-554. [PMID: 34779025 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (sNGAL) is a marker of renal injury, and its concentrations are affected by inflammation. Therefore, it could serve as a useful biomarker of disease or fitness in high-level competition. However, it has not yet been determined if sNGAL concentrations are affected by exercise. The aim of this study was to determine whether concentrations of equine sNGAL were affected by 1000 m galloping as the form of exercise used in the study. Pre- and post-gallop sNGAL, serum amyloid A, and creatinine concentrations were evaluated in 14 healthy Thoroughbred racehorses. The results showed that short, high-intensity exercise did not significantly affect sNGAL concentrations in healthy horses (P = .42), and no significant difference was found in either creatinine or serum amyloid A before and after galloping (P > .05). Therefore, it was determined that sNGAL was not influenced by the type of exercise used in the study and could have the potential to be used as a routine laboratory screening tool in horses even after strenuous exercise. Future research should clarify its use in a larger population and a broader range of equine sport disciplines, including endurance-related exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnie Flick
- Camden Equine Centre, University Teaching Hospital Camden, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Stine Jacobsen
- Medicine and Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Lise C Berg
- Medicine and Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Marina Gimeno
- Camden Equine Centre, University Teaching Hospital Camden, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Denis Verwilghen
- Camden Equine Centre, University Teaching Hospital Camden, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wade Howden
- Camden Equine Centre, University Teaching Hospital Camden, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kate Averay
- Camden Equine Centre, University Teaching Hospital Camden, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gaby van Galen
- Camden Equine Centre, University Teaching Hospital Camden, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Gratwick Z. An updated review: Laboratory investigation of equine renal disease. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Gratwick
- Axiom Veterinary Laboratories Ltd Newton Abbot, Devon UK
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Evaluation of Serum and Urine Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin and Cystatin C as Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury in Horses. J Vet Res 2021; 65:245-252. [PMID: 34250311 PMCID: PMC8256477 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in horses is difficult at the subclinical stage, due to nonspecific clinical signs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of selected serum and urinary biomarkers in healthy horses, horses at risk of AKI, and those with clinical AKI. Material and Methods Thirty healthy horses, 30 horses at risk of AKI and 11 horses with clinical AKI and azotaemia were included in the study. Serum and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and cystatin C were measured using commercially available enzyme immunoassay tests. Results The median and (in parentheses) first and third quartile concentrations of selected biomarkers in healthy horses, horses at risk of AKI and horses with AKI were respectively as follows: serum cystatin C – 0.25 (0.19–0.37), 0.23 (0.15–0.37) and 0.61 (0.37–1.13) mg/L; serum NGAL – 50.5 (38.8–58.8), 51.1 (40.4–66.9) and 98.1 (59.4–128.2) ng/mL; urinary NGAL – 20.7 (17.9–24.5), 32.3 (32.7–55.8) and 36.6 (26.8–89.9) ng/mL; and urinary cystatin C – 0.1 (0.07–0.13), 0.13 (0.1–0.2) and 0.34 (0.22–0.37) mg/L. There were significant differences in the concentration of all biomarkers between the healthy and AKI-affected horses. Conclusion Horses with AKI all had biomarker concentrations higher than the healthy horses. None of the biomarkers made azotaemia recognisable in all affected horses. The obtained results indicate the need to create a serum and urinary biomarker panel to detect AKI.
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Frydendal C, Nielsen KB, Berg LC, van Galen G, Adler DMT, Andreassen SM, Jacobsen S. Influence of clinical and experimental intra-articular inflammation on neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin concentrations in horses. Vet Surg 2021; 50:641-649. [PMID: 33522003 PMCID: PMC8048826 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Objective To investigate neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) concentrations in serum and synovial fluid (SF) from horses with joint inflammation. Study design Experimental studies and retrospective clinical study. Sample population Serum and SF samples were available from healthy horses (n = 19), clinical cases, and horses with experimental joint inflammation. Clinical cases included horses with (n = 10) or without (n = 10) septic arthritis. Experimental intra‐articular inflammation was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS; n = 7, severe inflammation), lidocaine (n = 6, moderate inflammation), or mepivacaine (n = 6, mild inflammation). Methods Availability of samples was based on approval from the local ethical committee and from the Danish Animal Experiments Inspectorate. Neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin was measured with a previously validated enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Repeated‐measurements one‐ and two‐way analysis of variance and correlation analysis were used to analyze NGAL concentrations and white blood cell counts (WBC). Results After injection of LPS or lidocaine, SF NGAL concentrations increased 343‐ (P = .0035) and 60‐fold (P = .0038) relative to baseline, respectively. Serum NGAL also increased in both groups (P < .05) but to lower concentrations than in SF. Concentrations were higher after injection of lidocaine SF NGAL than after injection of mepivacaine (P < .05) at 6 and 12 hours. Synovial fluid concentrations of NGAL were higher in horses with septic arthritis than in the nonseptic group (P = .0070) and in healthy controls (P = .0071). Concentrations of NGAL correlated with WBC in SF (P < .0001, R2 = 0.49) and in blood (P = .0051, R2 = 0.27). Conclusion Neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin concentrations increased in SF in response to experimentally induced and naturally occurring joint inflammation. Synovial fluid NGAL concentration correlated with WBC and, thus, seems to reflect intensity of joint inflammation. Clinical significance Neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin may prove to be a useful biomarker of joint inflammation and infection in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catina Frydendal
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine B Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise C Berg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gaby van Galen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ditte M T Adler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine M Andreassen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Siwinska N, Zak A, Paslawska U. Detecting acute kidney injury in horses by measuring the concentration of symmetric dimethylarginine in serum. Acta Vet Scand 2021; 63:3. [PMID: 33446216 PMCID: PMC7809759 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-021-00568-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) in horses may develop as a complication of a primary disease or following the administration of nephrotoxic drugs, and may pose a diagnostic challenge. Hence, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the concentrations and diagnostic significance of serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and conventional renal dysfunction biomarkers in healthy horses, horses at risk of developing AKI, and horses with clinically evident AKI. A second aim was to assess how gastrointestinal disease and exposure to potentially nephrotoxic drugs affected SDMA levels. Thirty healthy horses, 30 horses with gastrointestinal disease and/or receiving phenylbutazone or gentamicin (risk group) and 11 horses with AKI were included in the study. Serum SDMA levels were measured using commercially available enzyme immunoassay tests. RESULTS SDMA levels in healthy horses, horses at risk of AKI and horses with AKI were 12 µg/dL (11-14), 12 µg/dL (11-13) and 20 µg/dL (20-37), respectively (all results presented as a median (quartile 1-quartile 3)). There was a significant difference in SDMA concentration between the healthy horses and those with AKI, whereas the SDMA levels in healthy horses and those at risk of AKI were comparable. A SDMA cut-off value of 19 µg/dL was established. Horses from the risk group had higher urine protein concentration and urine protein to creatinine ratio compared with healthy horses. Furthermore, horses with colic from the risk group presented with elevated urine γ-glutamyl transpeptidase to creatinine ratio. CONCLUSION The SDMA cut-off value established in healthy horses was higher than previously reported. The SDMA level correlated with the azotaemia levels. Horses from the AKI risk group had normal SDMA levels but single urine parameters was abnormal indicating their higher sensitivity in assessing subclinical kidney dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Siwinska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Paslawska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
- Veterinary Institute, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun ul. Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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18
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Siwinska N, Zak A, Slowikowska M, Niedzwiedz A, Paslawska U. Serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration in healthy horses and horses with acute kidney injury. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:396. [PMID: 33081772 PMCID: PMC7576750 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited options to diagnose acute kidney injury (AKI) in horses. Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is routinely used in human and small animal medicine. The aim of this study was to assess serum SDMA concentrations in healthy horses and horses with AKI. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of: 1) age, 2) sex, 3) body weight and 4) serum creatinine and urea levels on serum SDMA concentrations. Fifty-three healthy horses, including 17 foals (2-6 months of age) and 36 adult horses (3-29 years of age), and 23 horses with AKI were included in the study based on history, physical examination, blood analysis, urinalysis and an ultrasonographic examination of the urinary tract. Serum SDMA concentrations were measured using a non-species specific commercial ELISA test. RESULTS In healthy adult horses, the value of SDMA was 0.53 ± 0.14 μmol/L. The value was higher in foals (1.5 ± 0.4 μmol/L, P < 0.001). Horses with AKI had significantly higher concentrations of SDMA compared to healthy horses (1.76 ± 1.05 μmol/L, P < 0.001). In the healthy adult horses, there was no association of sex, age or body weight on SDMA. However, a significant positive relationship was found between serum creatinine and SDMA concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Healthy adult horses had SDMA values similar to those of other species. Foals had higher SDMA values. Therefore, different reference values should be created for them. The study confirmed an increased SDMA in horses with AKI. This, as well as the low influence of extrarenal factors on the SDMA values, may confirm its usefulness in the diagnosis of kidney dysfunction. Higher SDMA values may also indicate a more advanced degree of kidney dysfunction. Further research is required to determine whether SDMA could be used to detect kidney dysfunction in the asymptomatic stage of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Siwinska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Malwina Slowikowska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Artur Niedzwiedz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Paslawska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
- Veterinary Institute, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University Torun ul, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Torun, Poland
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Schott HC, Esser MM. The Sick Adult Horse: Renal Clinical Pathologic Testing and Urinalysis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020; 36:121-134. [PMID: 32037140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinicopathologic evaluation of renal function and renal disease in sick adult horses remains grounded in detection of azotemia, assessment of serum and urine electrolyte concentrations, and evaluation of urinalysis findings, including specific gravity, reagent strip analysis, and sediment examination. Because increases in serum or plasma urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations are insensitive indicators of a decreased glomerular filtration rate, there is considerable interest in identifying novel biomarkers of renal function or injury in blood and urine, with serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration being the most recent addition to the commercial market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold C Schott
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Room D-202, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Melissa M Esser
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Room D-202, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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