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Russo TP, Borrelli L, Minichino A, Fioretti A, Dipineto L. Occurrence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Healthy Pet Rabbits. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2024; 24:135-140. [PMID: 37844071 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a ubiquitous microorganism and an opportunistic pathogen responsible for numerous diseases in humans and animals, characterized by different clinical pictures with acute or subacute course. S. aureus, due to its great adaptability and versatility in terms of infections and hosts, can be considered a relevant pathogen because of the harmful effects on animal health and its potential for transmission from animals to humans and vice versa. In recent years, a marked increase in multidrug-resistant S. aureus has been reported, posing a serious threat for disease management, food safety, and animal and human health as they limit available therapeutic options. In light of a growing interest of the scientific community for this micro- organism and considering the limited data availability on the prevalence of this pathogen in pet rabbits, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the presence of S. aureus in pet rabbits. Materials and Methods: From November 2021 to December 2022, nasal swabs were collected from 50 pet rabbits from private households in the Campania Region, southern Italy, and underwent analysis for S. aureus detection. Samples were enriched in broth, then inoculated onto nutrient and selective media, including Blood agar base supplemented with 7% sheep blood and Baird-Parker Agar Base, following standard laboratory protocols. Incubations in aerobic conditions at 37°C were performed for 24/48h for colony identification. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for all S. aureus isolates was conducted using the disc diffusion method. Results: Our results reported the presence of S. aureus in 16/50 (32%) rabbits examined, showing high levels of phenotypic resistance to different antibiotics, in particular penicillin 10U (81.2%) and erythromycin 15 μg (62.5%). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that pet rabbits represent a significant reservoir of S. aureus and contributes to the knowledge on the phenotypic antimicrobial resistance of these bacteria in rabbits raised in a domestic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Pasqualina Russo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Borrelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Adriano Minichino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ludovico Dipineto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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2
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Romero B, Susperregui J, Sahagún AM, Fernández N, López C, de la Puente R, Altónaga JR, Díez R. Drug prescription pattern in exotic pet and wildlife animal practice: a retrospective study in a Spanish veterinary teaching hospital from 2018 to 2022. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1328698. [PMID: 38260200 PMCID: PMC10800385 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1328698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Exotic companion animals have had an important role in our society since ancient times. Preserving animal health is necessary to do a responsible use of veterinary medicines. This study aimed to describe the prescription patterns of drugs in exotic pets and wildlife animals attending the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of León (HVULE). A retrospective study was carried out between 2018 and 2022. Birds were the largest group of exotic animals attending the HVULE. Visits were related to emergency reasons and for musculoskeletal disorders. One-third of the animals were eventually euthanised. Regarding pharmacological treatments, the most frequently active ingredients used were pentobarbital, isoflurane, meloxicam, and within antibiotics, marbofloxacin (category B in the classification of European Medicines Agency).
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Romero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Julen Susperregui
- Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Ana M. Sahagún
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Nélida Fernández
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Cristina López
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Raúl de la Puente
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - José R. Altónaga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, Director of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of León (HVULE), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Raquel Díez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
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Dario d'Ovidio, Domenico Santoro. Zoonotic Dermatoses of Exotic Companion Mammals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:511-523. [PMID: 36965883 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Integumentary disorders caused by zoonotic agents are very common in exotic companion mammals. This article provides an understanding of the main zoonotic dermatoses including parasitic, fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases to provide the most updated information on their epidemiology, diagnosis, reported clinical signs, and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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4
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Caneschi A, Bardhi A, Barbarossa A, Zaghini A. The Use of Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance in Veterinary Medicine, a Complex Phenomenon: A Narrative Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030487. [PMID: 36978354 PMCID: PMC10044628 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As warned by Sir Alexander Fleming in his Nobel Prize address: “the use of antimicrobials can, and will, lead to resistance”. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has recently increased due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, and their use in animals (food-producing and companion) has also resulted in the selection and transmission of resistant bacteria. The epidemiology of resistance is complex, and factors other than the overall quantity of antibiotics consumed may influence it. Nowadays, AMR has a serious impact on society, both economically and in terms of healthcare. This narrative review aimed to provide a scenario of the state of the AMR phenomenon in veterinary medicine related to the use of antibiotics in different animal species; the impact that it can have on animals, as well as humans and the environment, was considered. Providing some particular instances, the authors tried to explain the vastness of the phenomenon of AMR in veterinary medicine due to many and diverse aspects that cannot always be controlled. The veterinarian is the main reference point here and has a high responsibility towards the human–animal–environment triad. Sharing such a burden with human medicine and cooperating together for the same purpose (fighting and containing AMR) represents an effective example of the application of the One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anisa Bardhi
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-051-2097-500 (Andrea Barbarossa)
| | - Andrea Barbarossa
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-051-2097-500 (Andrea Barbarossa)
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Dong Q, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Wang H, Ding H. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and staphylococcal toxin genes of bla TEM-1a -producing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from animals in Chongqing, China. Vet Med Sci 2022; 9:513-522. [PMID: 36495160 PMCID: PMC9856999 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus infection of livestock animals and humans is a major public health issue. There are reports of antimicrobial resistance and multiple staphylococcal superantigen genes in many countries and several provinces of China, but the status in Chongqing, China is uncertain. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and other molecular characteristics of S. aureus isolates from livestock animals in Chongqing. METHODS Staphylococcus aureus was isolated and identified by selective enrichment and amplification of the nuc gene from 1371 samples collected at farms in Chongqing. The agar dilution method was used to determine the resistant phenotype, and extended spectrum β-lactamase genes were amplified by PCR. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus was verified by the presence of the mecA gene, and the presence or absence of SE, SEl, and TSST-1 genes was detected in the isolates. RESULTS We cultured 89 S. aureus isolates from 1371 samples between March 2014 and December 2017. These isolates were from pigs, cattle, goats, rabbits, and chickens. There were four methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains (three from pigs and one from a chicken). The 89 isolates had high resistance to penicillin (93.3%) and ampicillin (92.1%), but most were susceptible to amikacin and ofloxacin, with resistance rates below 10%. A total of 62.9% of the isolates had varying degrees of multidrug resistance. Almost all strains, except for three isolates from chickens, were positive for blaTEM-1a . There were 19 of 20 tested staphylococcal SE/SEl/TSST-1 genes present (all except for seq), and the predominant genes were sei (58.4%), tst-1 (56.2%), and seg (51.7%). CONCLUSIONS The high antimicrobial resistance and prevalence of blaTEM-1a reinforce the need to reduce the usage of antimicrobials in livestock. The universal existence of staphylococcal toxin genes implies a potential threat to public health by animal-to-human transmission via the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshuang Dong
- Laboratory of Veterinary MycoplasmologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Qing Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary MycoplasmologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yun Zhang
- Laboratory of Veterinary MycoplasmologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yao Chen
- Laboratory of Veterinary MycoplasmologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Haoju Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary MycoplasmologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Honglei Ding
- Laboratory of Veterinary MycoplasmologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
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Jelinski DC, Orsel K, Weese JS, Conly JM, Julien DA. Antibacterial treatment for exotic species, backyard ruminants and small flocks: a narrative review highlighting barriers to effective and appropriate antimicrobial treatment. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:220. [PMID: 35689258 PMCID: PMC9188134 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a complex One Health issue that exists in both human and veterinary medicine. To mitigate this ever-growing problem, efforts have been made to develop guidelines for appropriate antimicrobial use (AMU) across sectors. In veterinary medicine, there are notable literature gaps for proper AMU in minor species. We conducted a structured narrative review covering the years of July 2006 - July 2021 to find antimicrobial treatments for common bacterial infections in exotic (birds, rodents, reptiles, and others), small flock (chickens, turkeys, and other fowl), and backyard small ruminant (sheep and goats) species. We retrieved a total of 4728 articles, of which 21 articles met the criteria for our review. Studies were grouped according to species, syndrome, and body system affected. Other data extracted included the bacterial pathogen(s), treatment (active ingredient), and geographical origin. Body systems reported included: intra-oral (n = 4), gastrointestinal (n = 1), respiratory (n = 2), reproductive (n = 1), skin (n = 3), aural (n = 1), ocular (n = 4), and other/multisystem (n = 5). By species, our search resulted in: rabbit (n = 5), rat (n = 2), guinea pig (n = 1), chinchilla (n = 1), guinea pig and chinchilla (n = 1), avian species (n = 1), psittacine birds (n = 2), loris and lorikeets (n = 1), turtles (n = 2), lizards (n = 1), goats (n = 2) and sheep (n = 2). The results of our findings identified a distinct gap in consistent antimicrobial treatment information for commonly encountered bacterial conditions within these species. There is a persisting need for clinical trials that focus on antibacterial treatment to strengthen the evidence base for AMU within exotic, small flock, and backyard small ruminant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana C. Jelinski
- AMR – One Health Consortium, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Karin Orsel
- AMR – One Health Consortium, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - J. Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada
| | - John M. Conly
- AMR – One Health Consortium, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and O’Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Health Services, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, O’Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Danielle A. Julien
- AMR – One Health Consortium, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
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Exudative Epidermitis in Combination with Staphylococcal Pyoderma in Suckling Piglets. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070840. [PMID: 34356759 PMCID: PMC8300706 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A case of generalized exudative epidermitis (EE) is described, which occurred in a very small piglet producing farm in Austria. The antimicrobial treatment prescribed by the herd veterinarian did not improve the clinical problem. Therefore, the University Clinic for Swine intervened in the case. Lab investigations were initiated in which Staphylococcus hyicus (SH) and Staphylococcus aureus (SA), both methicillin-resistant and susceptible strains, could be isolated from the skin of affected piglets. Poor hygiene and management practices were identified as predisposing factors on site. Adaptation of antimicrobial treatment according to results of the in vitro susceptibility testing and the implementation of proper hygiene measures resolved the clinical problem. Here, we describe a fatal coinfection of SH and SA in suckling piglets.
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8
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The Effect of Age and Sampling Site on the Outcome of Staphylococcus aureus Infection in a Rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus) Farm in Italy. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050774. [PMID: 32365654 PMCID: PMC7278480 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Staphylococcus aureus contamination has been described in food-producing animals and farm workers involved in the primary industrial production of rabbits, pigs, cattle and poultry. This study describes the effects of age and colonization of body on S. aureus detection from rabbits raised intensively for meat production, and evaluates these parameters as possible risk factors for lesions by S. aureus. In addition, a genotypic characterization was performed for 96 S. aureus strains out of 595 that were isolated, including three from farm workers. It was observed that the risk of skin lesions increased with the number of colonized body sites and with age. All isolates were low-virulence methicillin-sensitive-Staphylococcus aureus (LV-MSSA). We found five different clonal lineages: spa-t2802, the most frequently detected (53.1%), also in all human samples; spa-t491, the second most detected (38.5%); spa-t094; t605; and spa-t2036. The same spa-type was observed in both animal and worker samples, showing that S. aureus strains could easily circulate in a community. The two most frequent strains were associated with noses, but not with age categories nor with the number of colonized sites. The circulation of LV-MSSA should not be underestimated, as they could determine damage or even acquire and spread resistance genes. Abstract A study in an intensive Italian rabbit farm was carried out to assess the effect of age category and anatomical site on detection of S. aureus and to describe the diversity of spa-types within farm, including workers. On 400 rabbits of different age, 2066 samples from the ear, nose, axilla, groin, perineum and lesions were analyzed and 595 S. aureus were isolated. In total, 284 (71.0%) were colonized by S. aureus in at least one anatomical site and 35 animals (8.8%) had lesions. S. aureus prevalence was higher in adults than other age categories. Ear (29.4%) and nose (27.2%) were the most frequently colonized sites. The presence of lesions due to S. aureus was strongly associated with the colonization of at least one body site and the risk of lesions was proportionate to the number of sites colonized by S. aureus. In addition, a genotypic characterization was performed for 96 S. aureus strains randomly selected. All isolates resulted as low-virulence methicillin-sensitive-Staphylococcus aureus (LV-MSSA). Five different clonal lineages were found: spa-t2802, the most frequently detected (53.1%), also in human samples; spa-t491 (38.5%); spa-t094; t605; and spa-t2036. Strains t094, t491 and t2036 have not been isolated in Italy before.
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9
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Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus sp. (MRS) in Different Companion Animals and Determination of Risk Factors for Colonization with MRS. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8020036. [PMID: 30959767 PMCID: PMC6627599 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus sp. (MRS) in populations of companion animals that either have previously been exposed or have not been exposed to antibiotic therapy or veterinary facilities, and if owners' healthcare profession had an influence on colonization with MRS. In addition, the antimicrobial resistance pheno- and genotype were investigated and risks for colonization with MRS were assessed. During this study, 347 nasal swabs (dogs n = 152; cats n = 107; rabbits n = 88) were investigated for the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In addition, 131 nasal swabs (dogs n = 79; cats n = 47; rabbits = 3; guinea pigs = 2) were examined for the presence of MRSA but also other MRS. In total, 23 MRS isolates belonged to nine staphylococcal species: Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 11), Staphylococcus warneri (n = 3), Staphylococcus hominis (n = 2), Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (n = 2), and singletons Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus fleurettii, Staphylococcus lentus, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Twenty isolates displayed a multidrug-resistant phenotype. Various resistance and biocide resistance genes were detected among the examined staphylococci. Risk assessment for MRS colonization was conducted using a number of factors, including animal species, breed, age, gender, recent veterinary health care hospitalization, and antibiotic prescription, resulting in recent veterinary health care hospitalization being a significant risk factor. The detection of multidrug-resistant MRS in healthy animals is of importance due to their zoonotic potential.
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Broens EM, van Geijlswijk IM. Prudent Use of Antimicrobials in Exotic Animal Medicine. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2018; 21:341-353. [PMID: 29655474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of antimicrobial use can result in reduction of resistance in commensal bacteria. In exotic animals, information on use of antimicrobials and resistance in commensals and pathogens is scarce. However, use of antimicrobials listed as critically important antimicrobials for human medicine seems high in exotic animals. Ideally, the selection of a therapy should be based on an accurate diagnosis and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. When prescribing antimicrobials based on empiricism, knowledge of the most common pathogens causing specific infections and the antimicrobial spectrum of antimicrobial agents is indispensable. Implementing antimicrobial stewardship promotes the prudent use of antimicrobials in exotic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els M Broens
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Clinical Infectiology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 106, Utrecht 3584 CM, The Netherlands
| | - Ingeborg M van Geijlswijk
- IRAS Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics Group, Pharmacy Department, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 106, Utrecht 3584 CM, The Netherlands.
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Holmes MA, Harrison EM, Fisher EA, Graham EM, Parkhill J, Foster G, Paterson GK. Genomic Analysis of Companion Rabbit Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151458. [PMID: 26963381 PMCID: PMC4786088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to being an important human pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus is able to cause a variety of infections in numerous other host species. While the S. aureus strains causing infection in several of these hosts have been well characterised, this is not the case for companion rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), where little data are available on S. aureus strains from this host. To address this deficiency we have performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing and genome sequencing on a collection of S. aureus isolates from companion rabbits. The findings show a diverse S. aureus population is able to cause infection in this host, and while antimicrobial resistance was uncommon, the isolates possess a range of known and putative virulence factors consistent with a diverse clinical presentation in companion rabbits including severe abscesses. We additionally show that companion rabbit isolates carry polymorphisms within dltB as described as underlying host-adaption of S. aureus to farmed rabbits. The availability of S. aureus genome sequences from companion rabbits provides an important aid to understanding the pathogenesis of disease in this host and in the clinical management and surveillance of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan M. Harrison
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A. Fisher
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M. Graham
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Parkhill
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust, Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey Foster
- Scottish Agricultural College Consulting Veterinary Services, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin K. Paterson
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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12
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Cuny C, Wieler LH, Witte W. Livestock-Associated MRSA: The Impact on Humans. Antibiotics (Basel) 2015; 4:521-43. [PMID: 27025639 PMCID: PMC4790311 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics4040521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past 25 years an increase in the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) was recorded worldwide. Additionally, MRSA infections may occur outside and independent of hospitals, caused by community associated MRSA (CA-MRSA). In Germany, we found that at least 10% of these sporadic infections are due to livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA), which is initially associated with livestock. The majority of these MRSA cases are attributed to clonal complex CC398. LA-MRSA CC398 colonizes the animals asymptomatically in about half of conventional pig farms. For about 77%-86% of humans with occupational exposure to pigs, nasal carriage has been reported; it can be lost when exposure is interrupted. Among family members living at the same farms, only 4%-5% are colonized. Spread beyond this group of people is less frequent. The prevalence of LA-MRSA in livestock seems to be influenced by farm size, farming systems, usage of disinfectants, and in-feed zinc. LA-MRSA CC398 is able to cause the same kind of infections in humans as S. aureus and MRSA in general. It can be introduced to hospitals and cause nosocomial infections such as postoperative surgical site infections, ventilator associated pneumonia, septicemia, and infections after joint replacement. For this reason, screening for MRSA colonization at hospital admittance is recommended for farmers and veterinarians with livestock contacts. Intrahospital dissemination, typical for HA-MRSA in the absence of sufficient hygiene, has only rarely been observed for LA-MRSA to date. The proportion of LA-MRSA among all MRSA from nosocomial infections is about 3% across Germany. In geographical areas with a comparatively high density of conventional farms, LA-MRSA accounts for up to 10% of MRSA from septicemia and 15% of MRSA from wound infections. As known from comparative genome analysis, LA-MRSA has evolved from human-adapted methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, and the jump to livestock was obviously associated with several genetic changes. Reversion of the genetic changes and readaptation to humans bears a potential health risk and requires tight surveillance. Although most LA-MRSA (>80%) is resistant to several antibiotics, there are still sufficient treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Cuny
- Robert Koch Institute,Wernigerode Branch, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany.
| | - Lothar H Wieler
- Robert Koch Institute, Main Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Witte
- Robert Koch Institute,Wernigerode Branch, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany.
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13
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Agnoletti F, Mazzolini E, Bacchin C, Bano L, Berto G, Rigoli R, Muffato G, Coato P, Tonon E, Drigo I. First reporting of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 in an industrial rabbit holding and in farm-related people. Vet Microbiol 2014; 170:172-7. [PMID: 24602406 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) has been described in food-producing animals and farm or slaughterhouse workers involved in the primary industrial production of swine, bovine and poultry. This communication describes the first case of LA-MRSA (ST398, spa types t034 and t5210) occurring in rabbits raised intensively for meat production and involving farm workers or their family members. In 2012-2013, in a study involving 40 rabbit industrial holdings in Italy, one farm was found to have rabbits colonized or infected with MRSA. Four farm workers and one of their relatives were found to be carrying MRSA. In this case holding, rabbits, people and the holding environment were further investigated and followed up by a second sampling five months later. MRSA was found in 48% (11/23) and 25% (15/59) of the rabbits carrying S. aureus at first and second samplings, respectively. Five months after first detection, some farm workers or family members were still MRSA carriers. Surface samples (2/10) and air samples (2/3) were contaminated with MRSA. Air samples yielded MRSA counts of 5 and 15CFU/m(3). MRSA from rabbits and people collected at first sampling were spa types t034 and t5210 belonging to ST398. The MRSA isolates from rabbits and persons tested at second sampling were t034 and t5210, but spa types t1190 and t2970 were also detected in MRSA isolates from rabbits. Tracing the epidemiological pattern earlier may prevent further spread of LA-MRSA in these food producing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Agnoletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, via dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Elena Mazzolini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, via dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Cosetta Bacchin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, via dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Luca Bano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, via dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Giacomo Berto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, via dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Roberto Rigoli
- Dipartimento di Patologia Clinica, Ospedale Santa Maria di Cà Foncello, Treviso, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muffato
- Dipartimento di Patologia Clinica, Ospedale Santa Maria di Cà Foncello, Treviso, Italy
| | - Paola Coato
- Dipartimento di Patologia Clinica, Ospedale Santa Maria di Cà Foncello, Treviso, Italy
| | - Elena Tonon
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, via dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Ilenia Drigo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, via dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
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Loncaric I, Künzel F, Licka T, Simhofer H, Spergser J, Rosengarten R. Identification and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from Austrian companion animals and horses. Vet Microbiol 2014; 168:381-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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