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Mauldin E, Bradley C, Casal M, Meyer J, Crumrine D, Kiener S, Leeb T, Elias PM. Skin barrier, phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of autosomal recessive ichthyosis in TGM1-deficient Jack Russell Terriers and response to topical ceramide. Vet Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 39118209 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal recessive ichthyosis leads to structural or biochemical changes that impair skin barrier function. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To assess (1) the phenotype and genotype in a litter of Jack Russell Terriers with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI), and (2) the defective skin barrier and determine if a topical ceramide can modulate the barrier. ANIMALS A healthy dam and litter of Jack Russell Terrier puppies (healthy male, affected male and female), one affected adult Jack Russell Terrier and one unrelated healthy Jack Russell Terrier. MATERIALS AND METHODS A severe cornification defect was identified via examination of affected puppies. As the phenotype worsened, the affected puppies received a topical application of ω-0-acylceramide for 10 days. Before humane euthanasia, the skin barrier was evaluated via transepidermal water loss (TEWL), corneometry and pH in affected dogs. Genomic testing was performed, and skin samples were analysed by light and electron microscopy. RESULTS Affected puppies were homozygous for the 1980 bp LINE-1 insertion in the TGM1 (transglutaminase 1) gene; the unaffected littermate and the dam were heterozygous carriers. ARCI puppies were underweight and had a severe hyperkeratotic phenotype that impaired mobility. TEWL was markedly higher in affected dogs. The cutaneous pH of affected puppies was higher than the normal littermate. Treatment of the skin with ω-0-acylceramide normalised the pH to match the littermate and decreased TEWL. Electron microscopy revealed marked attenuation of the cornified envelope. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dogs with TGM1-deficient ARCI have an impaired skin barrier. Topical therapy can partially repair the barrier defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Mauldin
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles Bradley
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Margret Casal
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason Meyer
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Debra Crumrine
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sarah Kiener
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter M Elias
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Ruchti F, Zwicky P, Becher B, Dubrac S, LeibundGut-Landmann S. Epidermal barrier impairment predisposes for excessive growth of the allergy-associated yeast Malassezia on murine skin. Allergy 2024; 79:1531-1547. [PMID: 38385963 DOI: 10.1111/all.16062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The skin barrier is vital for protection against environmental threats including insults caused by skin-resident microbes. Dysregulation of this barrier is a hallmark of atopic dermatitis (AD) and ichthyosis, with variable consequences for host immune control of colonizing commensals and opportunistic pathogens. While Malassezia is the most abundant commensal fungus of the skin, little is known about the host control of this fungus in inflammatory skin diseases. METHODS In this experimental study, MC903-treated mice were colonized with Malassezia spp. to assess the host-fungal interactions in atopic dermatitis. Additional murine models of AD and ichthyosis, including tape stripping, K5-Nrf2 overexpression and flaky tail mice, were employed to confirm and expand the findings. Skin fungal counts were enumerated. High parameter flow cytometry was used to characterize the antifungal response in the AD-like skin. Structural and functional alterations in the skin barrier were determined by histology and transcriptomics of bulk skin. Finally, differential expression of metabolic genes in Malassezia in atopic and control skin was quantified. RESULTS Malassezia grows excessively in AD-like skin. Fungal overgrowth could, however, not be explained by the altered immune status of the atopic skin. Instead, we found that by upregulating key metabolic genes in the altered cutaneous niche, Malassezia acquired enhanced fitness to efficiently colonise the impaired skin barrier. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that structural and metabolic changes in the dysfunctional epidermal barrier environment provide increased accessibility and an altered lipid profile, to which the lipid-dependent yeast adapts for enhanced nutrient assimilation. Our findings reveal fundamental insights into the implication of the mycobiota in the pathogenesis of common skin barrier disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Ruchti
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Zwicky
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Stimmelmayr R, Rotstein D, Sanchez S, Baird A, Sheffield G, Snyder JA. Novel peeling skin condition in neonatal Pacific walruses, Saint Lawrence Island, Alaska, USA. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:761-765. [PMID: 37705293 PMCID: PMC10621566 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231200577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe here a novel peeling skin condition (PSC) in 2 neonatal Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus subsp. divergens). Macroscopically, calves had various degrees of peeling skin exacerbated by mechanical trauma. Lesions occurred in areas subject to friction: ventrum, fore- and hindflippers, and associated joints. Histopathologic features included pseudocarcinomatous epithelial hyperplasia with orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis. Bacterial cocci were present within the stratum corneum. A few intraepidermal clefts were present. Inflammation, epidermolysis, and vasculopathies were not observed. PCR assays were negative for vesivirus and for Staphylococcus aureus exfoliative and toxic shock syndrome toxins. Tissue samples were cultured and bacteria isolated and identified by MALDI-TOF MS as Carnobacterium maltaromaticum, Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus, Globicatella sanguinis, Streptococcus phocae, Pseudomonas spp., Rahnella aquatilis, and Escherichia coli. Given the young age of the calves and their clinical presentation, congenital ichthyosis was suspected. No genetic differences were detected for sequenced portions of keratin genes (keratin gene K10) between diseased and normal walrus skin. This rare PSC in neonatal Pacific walruses is recognized as novel by indigenous Alaskan marine mammal hunters of the Bering Strait region. A comprehensive diagnostic work-up of future case materials is needed to characterize the underlying biochemical defect(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela Stimmelmayr
- North Slope Borough, Department of Wildlife Management, Utqiagvik, AK
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | | | - Susan Sanchez
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Amy Baird
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Houston–Downtown, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gay Sheffield
- Alaska Sea Grant–Marine Advisory Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Nome, AK, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Snyder
- Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration Program, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK, USA
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Hobi S, Barrs VR, Bęczkowski PM. Dermatological Problems of Brachycephalic Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2016. [PMID: 37370526 DOI: 10.3390/ani13122016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachycephalic dogs are not only affected by brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), but are also frequently referred to veterinary dermatologists for skin conditions, with English bulldogs and pugs particularly over-represented. Some skin diseases, such as skin fold dermatitis, are directly associated with the abnormal anatomic conformation of brachycephalic dogs, while for others, such as atopic dermatitis and viral pigmented plaques, there is an underlying genetic basis or a general predisposition. Anatomic alterations associated with brachycephaly, leading to fold formation of the skin and stenosis of the ear canal, together with primary immunodeficiencies described in some breeds, favor the development of pyoderma, Malassezia dermatitis, and otitis externa/media. In addition, the frequently neglected but often lifelong dermatological problems of brachycephalic dogs are an important consideration when discussing genetic and medical conditions affecting the welfare of those dogs. Here we review the current state of knowledge concerning dermatological problems in brachycephalic dogs and combine it with clinical experience in the management of these challenging disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hobi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paweł M Bęczkowski
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Kiener S, Castilla E, Jagannathan V, Welle M, Leeb T. SDR9C7
missense variant in a Chihuahua with non‐epidermolytic ichthyosis. Anim Genet 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/age.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Inheritance of Monogenic Hereditary Skin Disease and Related Canine Breeds. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080433. [PMID: 36006348 PMCID: PMC9412528 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasticity of the genome is an evolutionary factor in all animal species, including canines, but it can also be the origin of diseases caused by hereditary genetic mutation. Genetic changes, or mutations, that give rise to a pathology in most cases result from recessive alleles that are normally found with minority allelic frequency. The use of genetic improvement increases the consanguinity within canine breeds and, on many occasions, also increases the frequency of these recessive alleles, increasing the prevalence of these pathologies. This prevalence has been known for a long time, but mutations differ according to the canine breed. These genetic diseases, including skin diseases, or genodermatosis, which is narrowly defined as monogenic hereditary dermatosis. In this review, we focus on genodermatosis sensu estricto, i.e., monogenic, and hereditary dermatosis, in addition to the clinical features, diagnosis, pathogeny, and treatment. Specifically, this review analyzes epidermolytic and non-epidermolytic ichthyosis, junctional epidermolysis bullosa, nasal parakeratosis, mucinosis, dermoid sinus, among others, in canine breeds, such as Golden Retriever, German Pointer, Australian Shepherd, American Bulldog, Great Dane, Jack Russell Terrier, Labrador Retriever, Shar-Pei, and Rhodesian Ridgeback.
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