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Perry M, Torres S, Wells R, Olver C, Stewart S, Granfone M. In-vitro exposure of feline red blood cells to rattlesnake venom causes echinocytosis. Toxicon 2024; 248:108054. [PMID: 39089489 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate in-vitro exposure of healthy feline red blood cells to venom of four species of rattlesnakes and to evaluate the presence and type of echinocytes that form. Blood from 10 healthy felines was collected and within 30 min exposed to four species of rattlesnake venom. Cytologic evaluation for echinocytes was performed at 0-, 15-, and 30-min post-exposure to each of the species' venom. There was significant formation of echinocytes in a time dependent manner with in-vitro exposure of red blood cells to rattlesnake venom. Cytologic evaluation of blood smears at 15 and 30 min showed a progressive increase in echinocyte numbers over time, with a significantly higher number of echinocytes formed at both timepoints compared to the 0-min timepoint. Furthermore, the morphology of the echinocytes differed based on the length of time exposed to the venom, with type I echinocytes being significantly present early on post-exposure (0 and 15 min) and type III echinocytes being most prevalent later post-exposure (15 and 30 min). There was not a significant difference in the formation of echinocytes between the rattlesnake species. This study demonstrates that there is a time dependent formation of echinocytes in feline blood post-exposure to four species of rattlesnake venom in the in-vitro setting. Cytologic evaluation of blood smears in cats with suspected rattlesnake envenomation to evaluate for echinocyte populations may use to provide support for the diagnosis and to direct the timely administration of appropriate treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Perry
- Arizona Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Center, 86 W. Juniper Ave. Gilbert AZ, 85233, Gilbert, AZ, USA.
| | | | - Raegan Wells
- Clinical Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | | | - Samuel Stewart
- Ethos Veterinary Health, 150 Presidential Way, Suite 200, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA.
| | - Marcella Granfone
- Arizona Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Center, 86 W. Juniper Ave, Gilbert AZ, 85233, Gilbert, AZ, USA.
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Lee JM, Park MK, Lee GP, Song JH, Song KH. Snake envenomation in three cats in South Korea. JFMS Open Rep 2023; 9:20551169231173582. [PMID: 37492185 PMCID: PMC10363879 DOI: 10.1177/20551169231173582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Case series summary Three cats in South Korea were diagnosed with snake envenomation based on the appearance and location of bite wounds. Two cats were envenomed by the Gloydius species and one by an unidentified species. Clinical signs were detected, including local bite-site swelling, haemorrhagic discharge and necrosis. All three cats were given supportive treatment. An antivenom was administered to one cat, and the cat showed no adverse reactions. All cats survived, but skin necrosis remained a complication of the snake envenomation. This was observed during the 1-year follow-up period. Relevance and novel information Cats with snake envenomation are extremely rare in South Korea, and information regarding clinical details are limited. This study is the first to describe the clinical details and prognosis of feline snake envenomation in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Min Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Korea Animal Medical Center, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Gi-Ppeum Lee
- Korea Animal Medical Center, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Joong-Hyun Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kun-Ho Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Masri A, Berg KJ, Paul-Murphy J, Guzman DSM. Crotalid Polyvalent F(ab)2 Antivenom Treatment in a Red-Tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis). J Avian Med Surg 2022; 36:63-69. [DOI: 10.1647/21-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Henderson EE, Stadler CK, Poppenga RH, Asin Ros J, Uzal FA. Rattlesnake envenomation in 2 Visayan warty pigs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 34:136-140. [PMID: 34510974 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211044555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rattlesnake envenomation is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals in the southwestern United States and elsewhere. Two Visayan warty pigs (Sus cebifrons) from a regional zoo were submitted for autopsy after being found dead close to a southern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus helleri) in their enclosure. Both pigs had severe regionally extensive cutaneous, subcutaneous, and muscle hemorrhage and edema with myonecrosis. Additionally, both pigs had lesions consistent with puncture wounds within the oral cavity, and one pig had a similar wound on a forelimb. The history, and gross and histologic findings, were consistent with envenomation by rattlesnake bite. There are few documented cases of snakebite envenomation in pigs, and it had been suggested that pigs may have some degree of resistance to envenomation. Our results indicate that warty pigs are susceptible to the action of rattlesnake venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen E Henderson
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino
| | | | | | - Javier Asin Ros
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino
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Pouzot-Nevoret C, Cambournac M, Violé A, Goy-Thollot I, Bourdoiseau G, Barthélemy A. Pine processionary caterpillar Thaumetopoea pityocampa envenomation in 11 cats: a retrospective study. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:685-689. [PMID: 28795901 PMCID: PMC11104147 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17723776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the clinical manifestations in cats of contact with caterpillars of the pine processionary moth. Methods Data were retrospectively obtained from the medical records (2004-2016) of cats that had been in contact with caterpillars of the pine processionary moth. Results Eleven cats were included in the study. The prevalence of lepidopterism was 0.13%. Tongue lesions and ptyalism were both present in 10/11 (91%) cats. Systemic signs consisted exclusively of vomiting and were encountered in 4/11 (36%) cats. The survival rate was 100%. Long-term follow-up data were available for 7/11 cats, and none of the cats showed impaired quality of life or definitive sequelae. Conclusions and relevance The clinical presentation of lepidopterism in cats appears to be similar to that in other animals; however, the clinical signs are less severe than those previously reported, mainly owing to the cautious behaviour of this species. Moreover, the prognosis is excellent, the length of hospitalisation is short (maximum 48 h) and our study showed the absence of any long-term disability after hospital discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Pouzot-Nevoret
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Maxime Cambournac
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Amandine Violé
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Isabelle Goy-Thollot
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Gilles Bourdoiseau
- UMR INRA VetAgro Sup EPIA, University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, F-69280, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Anthony Barthélemy
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Etoile, France
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THE FIRST REPORT OF A CROTALID ENVENOMATION IN A DOMESTICATED FERRET ( MUSTELA FURO) AND SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT WITH A NOVEL F(AB')2 ANTIVENOM. J Zoo Wildl Med 2018; 49:497-500. [PMID: 29900771 DOI: 10.1638/2017-0141.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A case report of a domesticated ferret ( Mustela furo) envenomated by a presumptive rattlesnake ( Crotalus sp.) treated successfully and safely with the novel Fab (2') North American Snake Antivenom (Veteria Labs). The ferret presented with clinical signs of depressed mentation and facial edema following a rattlesnake ( Crotalus sp.) bite. It developed hypotension, thrombocytopenia, and ecchymosis following the envenomation. It was treated with Fab (2') antivenom and given supportive care including crystalloid fluids and analgesia to resolution of clinical signs. This is the first documented case of rattlesnake envenomation in this species. This case supports the efficacy and short-term safety of this Fab (2') antivenom in this species without the use of antihistamines or glucocorticoids. This report also addresses the current standards of care with thorough review of the literature involving rattlesnake envenomation in zoological species.
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Lieblick BA, Bergman PJ, Peterson NW. Thromboelastographic evaluation of dogs bitten by rattlesnakes native to southern California. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:532-537. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.5.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yankin I, Schaer M, Johnson M, Meland T, Londoño LA. Persistent pit viper envenomation in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2017; 3:2055116917737463. [PMID: 29123914 PMCID: PMC5661758 DOI: 10.1177/2055116917737463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 4-year-old female spayed, indoor/outdoor domestic mediumhair cat presented with multiple bleeding puncture wounds and hemorrhagic shock. The cat was diagnosed with suspected pit viper envenomation based on the location and appearance of the bite wounds, as well as the presence of severe coagulopathy with prolonged activated coagulation time (762 s), which responded to antivenom administration. The clinical course of the cat was unique owing to the prolonged clinical signs of envenomation that appeared as intermittent coagulopathy and hemorrhage over a 2 week period. Five vials of antivenom were administered and three units of packed red blood cells were transfused over a 7 day period. The cat made a complete recovery with cessation of hemorrhage and normalization of clotting times. Relevance and novel information This is the first report of persistent pit viper venom-induced coagulopathy in the feline veterinary literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Leonel A Londoño
- Leonel A Londoño DVM, DACVECC, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, PO Box 100126, Gainesville, FL 326100126, USA
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Field CL, MacLean RA, Grillo JF. Treatment of snakebite envenomation in sandhill cranes (
Grus canadensis
). VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cara Lisa Field
- Department of Veterinary ScienceThe Marine Mammal CenterSausalitoUSA
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Cates CC, Valore EV, Couto MA, Lawson GW, McCabe JG. Comparison of the protective effect of a commercially available western diamondback rattlesnake toxoid vaccine for dogs against envenomation of mice with western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox), northern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus oreganus), and southern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus helleri) venom. Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:272-9. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.3.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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