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Cassano JM, Leonard BC, Martins BC, Vapniarsky N, Morgan JT, Dow SW, Wotman KL, Pezzanite LM. Preliminary evaluation of safety and migration of immune activated mesenchymal stromal cells administered by subconjunctival injection for equine recurrent uveitis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1293199. [PMID: 38162475 PMCID: PMC10757620 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1293199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), an immune mediated disease characterized by repeated episodes of intra-ocular inflammation, affects 25% of horses in the USA and is the most common cause of glaucoma, cataracts, and blindness. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have immunomodulatory properties, which are upregulated by preconditioning with toll-like receptor agonists. The objective was to evaluate safety and migration of TLR-3 agonist polyinosinic, polycytidylic acid (pIC)-activated MSCs injected subconjunctivally in healthy horses prior to clinical application in horses with ERU. We hypothesized that activated allogeneic MSCs injected subconjunctivally would not induce ocular or systemic inflammation and would remain in the conjunctiva for >14 days. Methods Bulbar subconjunctiva of two horses was injected with 10 × 106 pIC-activated (10 μg/mL, 2 h) GFP-labeled MSCs from one donor three times at two-week intervals. Vehicle (saline) control was injected in the contralateral conjunctiva. Horses received physical and ophthalmic exams [slit lamp biomicroscopy, rebound tonometry, fundic examination, and semiquantitative preclinical ocular toxicology scoring (SPOTS)] every 1-3 days. Systemic inflammation was assessed via CBC, fibrinogen, and serum amyloid A (SAA). Horses were euthanized 14 days following final injection. Full necropsy and histopathology were performed to examine ocular tissues and 36 systemic organs for MSC presence via IVIS Spectrum. Anti-GFP immunohistochemistry was performed on ocular tissues. Results No change in physical examinations was noted. Bloodwork revealed fibrinogen 100-300 mg/dL (ref 100-400) and SAA 0-25 μg/mL (ref 0-20). Ocular effects of the subjconjucntival injection were similar between MSC and control eyes on SPOTS grading system, with conjunctival hypermia, chemosis and ocular discharge noted bilaterally, which improved without intervention within 14 days. All other ocular parameters were unaffected throughout the study. Necropsy and histopathology revealed no evidence of systemic inflammation. Ocular histopathology was similar between MSC and control eyes. Fluorescent imaging analysis did not locate MSCs. Immunohistochemistry did not identify intact MSCs in the conjunctiva, but GFP-labeled cellular components were present in conjunctival phagocytic cells. Discussion Allogeneic pIC-activated conjunctival MSC injections were well tolerated. GFP-labeled tracking identified MSC components phagocytosed by immune cells subconjunctivally. This preliminary safety and tracking information is critical towards advancing immune conditioned cellular therapies to clinical trials in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Cassano
- Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Brian C. Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bianca C. Martins
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Natalia Vapniarsky
- Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Joshua T. Morgan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Steven W. Dow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kathryn L. Wotman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Lynn M. Pezzanite
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Stonex TM, Watanabe TTN, Robertson JB, Westermeyer HD. Equine pectinate ligament descemetization is associated with age. Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26:225-230. [PMID: 36802129 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the correlation between equine pectinate ligament descemetization and ocular disease. METHODS The pathology database of the North Carolina State University Veterinary Medical Center was searched from 2010-2021 for all equine globes. Disease status was then assigned as affected by glaucoma, uveitis, or "other" based upon clinical records. The iridocorneal angles (ICA) of each globe were evaluated for the presence of pectinate ligament descemetization, the length of descemetization, as well as for the degree of angle collapse and the extent of cellular infiltrate or proteinaceous debris. One slide from each eye was evaluated by two separate, blinded investigators (HW & TS). RESULTS A total of 66 eyes from 61 horses were identified, with a total of 124 sections of ICA of sufficient quality to review. 16 horses were affected by uveitis, 8 by glaucoma, 7 by both glaucoma and uveitis, and 30 horses by other ocular disease, most commonly ocular surface disease or neoplasia, which served as controls. Pectinate ligament descemetization was most prevalent in the control group compared to the glaucoma and uveitis groups. Pectinate ligament descemetization length was positively correlated with age, with an increase of 13.5 μm per year of age (p = .016). Infiltrate scores and angle closure scores were higher in both the glaucoma and uveitis group compared to the control group (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Equine pectinate ligament descemetization appears to be correlated with increased age and should not be used as a histologic marker for the presence of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Stonex
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - James B Robertson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hans D Westermeyer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Knickelbein KE, Lassaline ME, Kim S, Thomasy SM. Ultrasound biomicroscopy of the equine iridocorneal angle. Equine Vet J 2022; 54:1153-1158. [PMID: 35568989 PMCID: PMC9547819 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The iridocorneal angle (ICA) is the major pathway of aqueous humour outflow from the anterior chamber of the eye. Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) has been utilised to characterise the morphology of this drainage pathway in numerous species. UBM may allow for early recognition of aqueous humour outflow obstructions in horses, allowing for earlier recognition of risk for glaucoma, a vision-threatening and painful disease. UBM morphology of the normal equine ICA has yet to be described. OBJECTIVES To determine the ultrasonographic morphology of the equine ICA by UBM in standing sedated horses. STUDY DESIGN In vivo experimental study. METHODS Thirty healthy adult horses underwent UBM of the ICA at four locations (superior, temporal, inferior, nasal) of each eye utilising standing sedation, topical anaesthesia and auriculopalpebral perineural anaesthesia. Anatomic structures were defined on ultrasound images through comparison to published histologic photomicrographs of the equine ICA. RESULTS Ultrasound imaging of the ICA at all four locations was easily performed in standing, sedated horses. High-resolution images of the ICA allowed for identification of the pectinate ligament, corneoscleral trabecular meshwork (TM), uveal TM and supraciliary TM. MAIN LIMITATIONS Pupil size was midrange in all eyes, but was not strictly controlled. Lighting conditions not controlled. Various breeds included. CONCLUSION In vivo UBM of the equine ICA is feasible and provides high-resolution images of the structures of the aqueous humour outflow pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Knickelbein
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mary E Lassaline
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Ziadi A, Ozmaie S, Asghari A, Mehdi Rajaei S. Effect of topically applied 0.5% apraclonidine versus 0.5% timolol maleate on intraocular pressure of healthy horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 111:103886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Park SA, Komáromy AM. Biomechanics of the optic nerve head and sclera in canine glaucoma: A brief review. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24:316-325. [PMID: 34402566 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, a progressive optic neuropathy with retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death beginning in the optic nerve head (ONH). A primary risk factor for developing glaucoma is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Reducing IOP is the only treatment proven to be effective at delaying disease progression. Nevertheless, even when patients have their IOP reduced, the majority of them continue to lose vision. There are, in both humans and dogs, significant interindividual variabilities in susceptibilities to IOP-induced optic nerve damage. Vision loss progresses much more slowly in Beagles with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) caused by ADAMTS10 mutation. This can be attributed to the mutation-related altered ocular biomechanical properties. The principal site of optic nerve (ON) damage in glaucoma is the ONH. It is suggested that the biomechanical properties of the ONH and the surrounding peripapillary sclera (PPS) contribute to glaucoma development and progression. As far as the beneficial biomechanical properties of the ONH and PPS for a decreased susceptibility and slow progression of glaucoma, data are inconsistent and conflicting. Recent biomechanical studies on beagles with ADAMTS10 mutation demonstrated that the mutant dogs have mechanically weak posterior sclera. This weakness was associated with a reduced collagen density and a lower proportion of insoluble collagen. These changes, observed before glaucoma development, were considered intrinsic characteristics caused by the mutation rather than a secondary effect of IOP elevation. Further studies of ADAMTS10-OAG may elucidate the effects of altered biomechanical properties of ONH and PPS in determining the glaucoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Ae Park
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - András M Komáromy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Flores MM, Del Piero F, Habecker PL, Langohr IM. A retrospective histologic study of 140 cases of clinically significant equine ocular disorders. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:382-388. [PMID: 32207378 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720912698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular diseases are an important category in equine medicine; however, most articles regarding histologic ocular lesions in horses are exclusive to a specific condition and do not provide a complete review of clinically significant ocular disease frequency in a diagnostic laboratory. We reviewed sections of equine eyes from 140 cases (98 enucleations [biopsies] and 42 autopsies) with clinically relevant ocular alterations at 2 diagnostic centers in the United States. The most common primary conditions were non-traumatic keratitis (36), equine recurrent uveitis (ERU; 31), traumatic injuries (22), ocular and periocular neoplasms (19), and uveitis and/or endophthalmitis resulting from sepsis (18). Congenital anomalies (3) and retinal atrophy and detachment alone (3) were infrequent. Non-traumatic keratitis was frequently accompanied by anterior uveitis (22), corneal rupture (16), pre-iridal fibrovascular membrane formation (13), and secondary mycotic infection (11). ERU was the second and third most prevalent disease in autopsies and enucleations, respectively. This condition was commonly associated with glaucoma (15). Glaucoma (25) and cataract (20) were the most prevalent secondary alterations in the evaluated cases. Keratitis (20) and corneal rupture (16) were among the most prevalent consequences of trauma. Information presented herein may guide clinicians and pathologists, contributing to the early diagnosis of potentially vision-impairing conditions and raising the chances of successful treatment and cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M Flores
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA (Flores, Del Piero, Langohr).,Large Animal Pathology Service, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Habecker).,Current address: Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil (Flores)
| | - Fabio Del Piero
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA (Flores, Del Piero, Langohr).,Large Animal Pathology Service, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Habecker).,Current address: Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil (Flores)
| | - Perry L Habecker
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA (Flores, Del Piero, Langohr).,Large Animal Pathology Service, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Habecker).,Current address: Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil (Flores)
| | - Ingeborg M Langohr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA (Flores, Del Piero, Langohr).,Large Animal Pathology Service, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Habecker).,Current address: Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil (Flores)
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Paschalis-Trela K, Cywińska A, Trela J, Czopowicz M, Kita J, Witkowski L. The prevalence of ocular diseases in polish Arabian horses. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:319. [PMID: 29115950 PMCID: PMC5678559 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine ocular diseases pose a medical challenge due to long-lasting and cost-consuming therapies as well as economic issues associated with potential decrease in value of affected horses. The scale of the problem is significant but difficult to precisely define because epidemiological data is limited and lacks consistency in presentation. To date, no retrospective studies specifically investigating Arabian horses have been published. Results The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the prevalence of ocular lesions and define the ocular diseases present in Arabian horses from breeding farms in Poland. Clinical and ophthalmic examination of 615 Arabian horses at Polish breeding farms (15% of Arabian population in Poland) were performed and medical history from the previous 5 years was analyzed. Data was obtained from review of veterinary archives and epidemiological interview of the resident veterinarian at each farm. The prevalence of ocular diseases was 9.75%. The following pathologies were diagnosed (with their respective prevalence): equine recurrent uveitis (ERU; 5.5%); cataract not related to ERU (3.3%); non-visual eyes (1.13%); posttraumatic lesions (0.8%); glaucoma (0.16%). Conclusions In this study, ERU was the most common ocular disease identified in Arabian horses in Poland. Its prevalence was lower than usually reported in Europe and the United States. There was no sex or farm predisposition but ocular disease prevalence increased with age. Other severe ocular pathologies were also observed, confirming that ocular diseases remain an important clinical problem. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-017-1252-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Paschalis-Trela
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland. .,TRELA VETs Referrals, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Cywińska
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Trela
- TRELA VETs Referrals, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Kita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lucjan Witkowski
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
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Von Zup M, Lassaline M, Kass PH, Miller PE, Thomasy SM. Effects of 0.2% brimonidine and 0.2% brimonidine-0.5% timolol on intraocular pressure and pupil size in normal equine eyes. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:810-814. [PMID: 28470857 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brimonidine is an α2 -adrenergic agonist that decreases aqueous humour production and may increase uveoscleral outflow. It has not been evaluated in normal or glaucomatous equine eyes. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy and safety of brimonidine in lowering intraocular pressure (IOP), alone and in conjunction with timolol, as a treatment for equine glaucoma by comparing IOP in normal equine eyes treated with brimonidine and brimonidine-timolol, respectively, with IOP in control eyes. STUDY DESIGN A balanced crossover design with 16 horses receiving one of two treatments, brimonidine and brimonidine-timolol, during each of two 10-day study phases, was used. Four horses were randomly assigned to each of four combinations of treated eye (right or left) and drug order within the two 10-day study phases (brimonidine first or brimonidine-timolol first). METHODS Pupil size and conjunctival hyperaemia were assessed twice per day and IOP was measured three times per day using rebound tonometry in both eyes of 16 normal horses throughout two 10-day study periods (brimonidine and brimonidine-timolol) separated by an 18-day washout period. One eye of each horse was treated with brimonidine or brimonidine-timolol and the opposite eye was treated with balanced salt solution (BSS). RESULTS There were no adverse effects and no significant changes in pupil size in normal equine eyes treated with brimonidine or brimonidine-timolol. Average IOP in normal equine eyes treated with brimonidine (25.6 mmHg) was statistically higher than in eyes treated with brimonidine-timolol (24.6 mmHg) or BSS (24.5 mmHg). However, IOP differences were of ≤1 mmHg and thus not clinically important. MAIN LIMITATIONS Horses with normal eyes may not be as sensitive to the IOP-lowering effects of treatment as horses with glaucoma. CONCLUSIONS Brimonidine and brimonidine-timolol are well tolerated in normal horses but do not decrease IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Von Zup
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - M Lassaline
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - P H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - P E Miller
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - S M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Sano Y, Okamoto M, Ootsuka Y, Matsuda K, Yusa S, Taniyama H. Blindness associated with nasal/paranasal lymphoma in a stallion. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:579-583. [PMID: 28163275 PMCID: PMC5383180 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A 29-year-old stallion presented with bilateral blindness following the chronic purulent nasal drainage. The mass occupied the right caudal nasal cavity and
right paranasal sinuses including maxillary, palatine and sphenoidal sinuses, and the right-side turbinal and paranasal septal bones, and cribriform plate of
ethmoid bone were destructively replaced by the mass growth. The right optic nerve was invaded and involved by the mass, and the left optic nerve and optic
chiasm were compressed by the mass which was extended and invaded the skull base. Histologically, the optic nerves and optic chiasm were degenerated, and the
mass was diagnosed as lymphoma which was morphologically and immunohistochemically classified as a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Based on these findings, the
cause of the blindness in the stallion was concluded to be due to the degeneration of the optic nerves and chiasm associated with lymphoma occurring in the
nasal and paranasal cavities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the equine blindness with optic nerve degeneration accompanied by
lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Sano
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Abstract
Ocular abnormalities are a common finding in aged horses. Although these seldom cause overt visual deficits detected by their owners, they can be a source of chronic or acute discomfort so early detection, and treatment when available, is essential. Some of these abnormalities are specific to old horses, whereas others are a result of ongoing disease or inflammation that started earlier in life but that becomes more evident when the damage sustained to the eye is advanced. If vision is significantly affected, consideration of human safety and animal welfare is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Malalana
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
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Henriksen MDL, La Croix N, Wilkie DA, Lassaline-Utter M, Brantman KR, Beamer GL, Teixeira LBC, Dubielzig RR. Glaucoma with Descemet's membrane detachment in five horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:273-279. [PMID: 27191927 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the clinical and histopathologic features of glaucoma associated with Descemet's membrane (DM) detachment in five horses without prior history of intraocular surgery. ANIMALS STUDIED Three Appaloosa horses and two Thoroughbreds were included in this study. The affected horses ranged in age from 16 to 27 years and presented with severe diffuse corneal edema. PROCEDURE Five eyes were enucleated due to intraocular hypertension and/or chronic corneal ulceration. The enucleated globes were evaluated by the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW). Each globe was routinely processed for histopathology and analyzed by light microscopy. A histologic diagnosis of glaucoma was reached by demonstrating a loss of optic nerve axonal tissue by measuring neurofilament-immunopositive axons with automated image analysis software. RESULTS All five horses presented with unilateral severe diffuse corneal edema that had developed between 2 and 16 weeks prior to enucleation. Intraocular pressures for the affected eyes were between 9 and 87 mmHg prior to enucleation. Descemet's membrane detachment was identified histopathologically in all five globes (5/5, 100%). All five eyes had an avascular spindle cell proliferation filling the space between the displaced peripheral DM and the corneal stroma. Neurofilament immunostaining revealed axonal loss consistent with glaucoma. CONCLUSION Equine glaucoma may be associated with Descemet's membrane detachment. This detachment and glaucoma is a possible differential diagnosis for severe equine corneal edema. In this case series, an eye with a DM detachment had a poor prognosis for retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michala de Linde Henriksen
- Comparative Ophthalmology Service, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Noelle La Croix
- The Veterinary Medical Center of Long Island, 75 Sunrise Highway, West Islip, NY, 11795, USA
| | - David A Wilkie
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Comparative Ophthalmology, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mary Lassaline-Utter
- Department of Radiological and Surgical Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Karen R Brantman
- Northwest Animal Eye Specialists, 13020 NE 85th Street, Kirkland, WA, 98033, USA
| | - Gillian L Beamer
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Leandro B C Teixeira
- Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Dr. #3308, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Richard R Dubielzig
- Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Dr. #3308, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Allbaugh RA. Equine recurrent uveitis: A review of clinical assessment and management. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Allbaugh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Ames USA
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis USA
| | - M. Lassaline
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis USA
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Wright S. Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tofflemire KL, Whitley EM, Flinn AM, Dufour VL, Ben-Shlomo G, Allbaugh RA, Griggs AN, Peterson CS, Whitley DR. Effect of topical ophthalmic dorzolamide(2%)-timolol(0.5%) solution and ointment on intraocular pressure in normal horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 18:457-61. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L. Tofflemire
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Whitley
- Veterinary Pathology; Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Allison M. Flinn
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Valerie L. Dufour
- Terrington Veterinary Center; Terrington St. Clement King's Lynn PE34 4NE UK
| | - Gil Ben-Shlomo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Rachel A. Allbaugh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Angela N. Griggs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Chimene S. Peterson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - David R. Whitley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Ames IA 50011 USA
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Gemensky-Metzler AJ, Wilkie DA, Weisbrode SE, Kuhn SE. The location of sites and effect of semiconductor diode trans-scleral cyclophotocoagulation on the buphthalmic equine globe. Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 17 Suppl 1:107-16. [PMID: 24697980 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine appropriate location and energy settings for trans-scleral cyclophotocoagulation (TSCPC) for buphthalmic equine globes. ANIMALS Eleven horses with a buphthalmic eye blinded by glaucoma presented for enucleation. METHODS Globe and corneal dimensions were measured via ultrasonography and calipers, and TSCPC was performed under general anesthesia immediately prior to enucleation. Part 1: In nine globes, sixty sites were lasered 4 mm posterior to the limbus in the dorsotemporal and ventrotemporal quadrants at settings of 1500 milliwatts and 1500 ms. Globes were processed and sectioned sagitally over the temporal aspect in two blocks, each with five histologic sections examined by light microscopy. A digital imaging system was used to determine the location and length of the pars plicata on one slide from each block. Part 2: Based on results in Part 1, two globes were measured and lasered using the same time and energy settings at the following distances posterior to the limbus: 8 mm dorsally, 6 mm dorsotemporally, 5 mm ventrotemporally, and 5 mm ventrally. RESULTS Globe and corneal dimensions exceeded normal values in all globes. Part 1: In all nine globes, photocoagulation affected the anterior ciliary processes and iris base and in 8/9 coagulation of the pectinate ligaments was noted. Part 2: In both globes, coagulation was confined to the pars plicata. CONCLUSIONS The previously recommended TSCPC sites are located too far anteriorly for a buphthalmic globe. Buphthalmic equine globes should have TSCPC performed at the following distances posterior to the limbus: 6-8 mm dorsally, 5-6 mm dorsotemporally, 4-5 mm ventrotemporally, and 4-5 mm ventrally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Gemensky-Metzler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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