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Shen Y, Sun J, Sun X. Intraocular nano-microscale drug delivery systems for glaucoma treatment: design strategies and recent progress. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:84. [PMID: 36899348 PMCID: PMC9999627 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible visual impairment and blindness, affecting over 76.0 million people worldwide in 2020, with a predicted increase to 111.8 million by 2040. Hypotensive eye drops remain the gold standard for glaucoma treatment, while inadequate patient adherence to medication regimens and poor bioavailability of drugs to target tissues are major obstacles to effective treatment outcomes. Nano/micro-pharmaceuticals, with diverse spectra and abilities, may represent a hope of removing these obstacles. This review describes a set of intraocular nano/micro drug delivery systems involved in glaucoma treatment. Particularly, it investigates the structures, properties, and preclinical evidence supporting the use of these systems in glaucoma, followed by discussing the route of administration, the design of systems, and factors affecting in vivo performance. Finally, it concludes by highlighting the emerging notion as an attractive approach to address the unmet needs for managing glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuening Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China.
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Baraya M, Moore J, Lopes BT, Wu R, Bao F, Zheng X, Consejo A, Abass A. Limitations of Reconstructing Pentacam Rabbit Corneal Tomography by Zernike Polynomials. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:bioengineering10010039. [PMID: 36671611 PMCID: PMC9854916 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The study aims to investigate the likelihood of Zernike polynomial being used for reconstructing rabbit corneal surfaces as scanned by the Pentacam segment tomographer, and hence evaluate the accuracy of corneal power maps calculated from such Zernike fitted surfaces. The study utilised a data set of both eyes of 21 rabbits using a reverse engineering approach for deductive reasoning. Pentacam raw elevation data were fitted to Zernike polynomials of orders 2 to 20. The surface fitting process to Zernike polynomials was carried out using randomly selected 80% of the corneal surface data points, and the root means squared fitting error (RMS) was determined for the other 20% of the surface data following the Pareto principle. The process was carried out for both the anterior and posterior surfaces of the corneal surfaces that were measured via Pentacam scans. Raw elevation data and the fitted corneal surfaces were then used to determine corneal axial and tangential curvature maps. For reconstructed surfaces calculated using the Zernike fitted surfaces, the mean and standard deviation of the error incurred by the fitting were calculated. For power maps computed using the raw elevation data, different levels of discrete cosine transform (DCT) smoothing were employed to infer the smoothing level utilised by the Pentacam device. The RMS error was not significantly improved for Zernike polynomial orders above 12 and 10 when fitting the anterior and posterior surfaces of the cornea, respectively. This was noted by the statistically non-significant increase in accuracy when the order was increased beyond these values. The corneal curvature calculations suggest that a smoothing process is employed in the corneal curvature maps outputted by the Pentacam device; however, the exact smoothing method is unknown. Additionally, the results suggest that fitting corneal surfaces to high-order Zernike polynomials will incur a clinical error in the calculation of axial and tangential corneal curvature of at least 0.16 ± 01 D and 0.36 ± 0.02 D, respectively. Rabbit corneal anterior and posterior surfaces scanned via the Pentacam were optimally fitted to orders 12 and 10 Zernike polynomials. This is essential to get stable values of high-order aberrations that are not affected by Zernike polynomial fittings, such as comas for Intracorneal Ring Segments (ICRS) adjustments or spherical aberration for pre-cataract operations. Smoothing was necessary to replicate the corneal curvature maps outputted by the Pentacam tomographer, and fitting corneal surfaces to Zernike polynomials introduces errors in the calculation of both the axial and tangential corneal curvatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Baraya
- Department of Production Engineering and Mechanical Design, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
| | - Jessica Moore
- Department of Civil Engineering and Industrial Design, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK
| | - Bernardo T. Lopes
- Department of Civil Engineering and Industrial Design, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04017-030, Brazil
| | - Richard Wu
- Brighten Optix Corporation, Shilin District, Taipei 11167, Taiwan
| | - FangJun Bao
- Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - XiaoBo Zheng
- Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Alejandra Consejo
- Department Applied Physics, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ahmed Abass
- Department of Production Engineering and Mechanical Design, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK
- Correspondence:
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Bradley AE, Wancket LM, Rinke M, Gruebbel MM, Saladino BH, Schafer K, Katsuta O, Garcia B, Chanut F, Hughes K, Nelson K, Himmel L, McInnes E, Schucker A, Uchida K. International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND): Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Rabbit. J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 34:183S-292S. [PMID: 34712007 PMCID: PMC8544166 DOI: 10.1293/tox.34.183s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for
Lesions Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative of the Societies of
Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP) and North
America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and
non-proliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to
provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying microscopic lesions observed in most
tissues and organs from the laboratory rabbit used in nonclinical safety studies. Some of
the lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature
presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet
(http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from
government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes
spontaneous lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. Relevant
infectious and parasitic lesions are included as well. A widely accepted and utilized
international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions in laboratory animals will provide
a common language among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different
countries and increase and enrich international exchanges of information among
toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alys E Bradley
- Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd, Tranent, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Begonya Garcia
- Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd, Tranent, Scotland, UK
| | - Franck Chanut
- Sanofi, 1 Avenue Pierre Brosselette, 91380 Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | | | - Lauren Himmel
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Adrienne Schucker
- American Preclinical Services, LLC, 8945 Evergreen Blvd, Minneapolis, MN 55433
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Nguyen DD, Luo LJ, Lai JY. Effects of shell thickness of hollow poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles on sustained drug delivery for pharmacological treatment of glaucoma. Acta Biomater 2020; 111:302-315. [PMID: 32428681 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Structural designing of carriers with extended drug release profiles is critically important for achieving long-acting drug delivery systems toward efficient managements of chronic diseases. Here, we present a strategy to exploit the effects of the shell thickness of hollow poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles (HPLA NPs) in sustained glaucoma therapy. Formulations based on pilocarpine-loaded HPLA NPs with tailorable shell thickness ranging from 10 to 100 nm were shown to be highly compatible with human lens epithelial cells in vitro and with rabbit eyes in vivo. Specifically, shell thickness regulated the release of pilocarpine, with thick shells (~70 to 100 nm) providing sustained drug release performance but limited drug-loading efficiency, whereas ultrathin shells (~10 nm) induced the opposite effects. Remarkably, moderately thick shells (~40 nm) showed the most effective release profile of pilocarpine (above the therapeutic levels of ~10 µg/mL for over 56 days). In a rabbit model of glaucoma, single intracameral administration of an HPLA NP-based formulation with shell thickness of ~40 nm sustainably alleviated ocular hypertension for over 56 days, consequently protecting the structural integrity of the corneal endothelium, preserving the electrophysiological functions of the retina, and attenuating retinal and optic nerve degeneration in progressively glaucomatous eyes. The findings therefore implied a promising use of shell thickness effects in the development of long-acting drug delivery systems for pharmacological treatment of chronic ocular diseases. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Owing to their large surface areas and modifiable structures, nanoparticles have been considered as a promising platform for drug delivery; however, achieving drug nanocarrier systems with reduced burst release and sustained therapeutic efficacy remains challenges. This work presents the first report on rational design of hollow poly(lactic acid) nanocarriers for tailoring the structure-property-function relationships toward effective treatment of glaucoma. The shell thickness of the hollow nanocarriers is demonstrated to have influential impacts on pilocarpine encapsulation efficiency and release profile, indicating that the most sustained delivery performance (maintaining the release of pilocarpine above therapeutic level over 56 days) can be obtained for the polymeric nanoparticles with moderate shell thickness of ~40 nm.
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Kawasaki M, Furujo T, Kuroda K, Azuma K, Okamoto Y, Ito N. Characterising keratometry in different dog breeds using an automatic handheld keratometer. Vet Rec 2020; 186:e4. [PMID: 32123011 PMCID: PMC7279203 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Keratometry is clinically important and is routinely performed as part of human ophthalmic examination. In veterinary ophthalmology, little is known about keratometry in dogs, and its practical application has been limited. The present study aimed to describe keratometry in some dog breeds popular in Japan using a handheld keratometer. Methods Client-owned dogs of various signalment were enrolled prospectively in the keratometry examination. Interbreed variations in mean corneal curvatures (R1R2avg) and corneal astigmatism (Δ(R1−R2)) were evaluated statistically with respect to their bodyweight based on the data which fulfilled the predetermined inclusion criteria. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results On examination of 237 dogs from 16 different breeds, R1R2avg (mean±sd) ranged from 7.54±0.30 mm in Pomeranians to 9.28±0.19 mm in golden retrievers. Δ(R1−R2) (mean±sd) ranged from 0.22±0.11 mm in miniature schnauzers to 0.57±0.30 mm in French bulldogs. Conclusion The present study successfully described keratometry in 16 dog breeds. The study revealed considerable interbreed variations in both R1R2avg and Δ(R1−R2), which did not necessarily correlate with bodyweight. These results are useful both clinically in fitting contact lenses in the management of corneal diseases and non-clinically in optometric studies in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minae Kawasaki
- Veterinary Medical Center, Tottori University, Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Tomoya Furujo
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kohei Kuroda
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Azuma
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Okamoto
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Japan
| | - Norihiko Ito
- Veterinary Medical Center, Tottori University, Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Japan .,Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Japan
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Pederson SL, Cleymaet AM, Hess AM, Wotman KL, Freeman KS. Surgically induced astigmatism in canines following sutured dorsonasal vs dorsotemporal clear corneal incisions. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22:799-806. [PMID: 30884062 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate use of the Pentacam® HR for evaluation of surgically induced corneal astigmatism (SIA) in canines undergoing bilateral phacoemulsification and determine differences between dorsonasal and dorsotemporal clear corneal incisions. ANIMALS Client-owned canines undergoing bilateral phacoemulsification. PROCEDURES Patients received anterior segment imaging pre-operatively, immediately post-operatively, and 2-4 months post-operatively (follow-up). Total corneal refractive power was used to determine SIA. Surgically induced astigmatism was compared between right and left eyes, representing dorsotemporal and dorsonasal incisions, respectively. Repeated measures analyses were used between time points and paired t test compared SIA between eyes. RESULTS Complete imaging series were obtained for seven patients. Follow-up imaging occurred at a median of 112 days (range 60-132 days) post-operatively. For repeated measures analyses, significant differences were found between pre- and immediate post-operative values (P < 0.01), and between immediate post-operative and follow-up values (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference between pre-operative and follow-up values. Surgically induced astigmatism was significantly different between right and left eyes, with values of 2.01 ± 1.24 D and 3.05 ± 1.58 D at 3 mm radius (P < 0.05), and 2.04 ± 1.18 D and 3.06 ± 1.27 D at 4 mm radius (P < 0.05) for dorsotemporal and dorsonasal incisions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary investigation revealed improvement of corneal SIA 2-4 months post-operatively, but development of significantly more SIA in dorsonasal vs dorsotemporal incisions. This prompts consideration of patient or microscope rotation to create a more dorsotemporal incision when possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Pederson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Allison M Cleymaet
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Ann M Hess
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kathryn L Wotman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kate S Freeman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Wolfel AE, Pederson SL, Cleymaet AM, Hess AM, Freeman KS. Anterior segment parameters in normal dogs using the Pentacam ® HR Scheimpflug system. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22:683-694. [PMID: 30715790 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe and compare normative anterior segment parameters between canine age groups using the Pentacam® HR Scheimpflug camera (Pentacam). ANIMALS STUDIED Thirty-six sedated dogs (60 eyes) of varying ages and breeds were imaged with the Pentacam; only nondiseased anterior segments were included. PROCEDURES Dogs were divided into three age groups: Group 1 (1-5 years), Group 2 (6-10 years), and Group 3 (11-15 years). Values assessed included central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior and posterior corneal elevation (ACE/PCE), anterior and posterior corneal curvature metrics, corneal volume (CV), anterior and posterior corneal astigmatism (AA/PA), anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber volume (ACV), and anterior chamber angle (ACA). Tukey-adjusted pairwise comparisons were performed. RESULTS Overall CCT (mean ± SD) was 631.07 ± 59.91 µm. Central corneal thickness was 608.60 ± 48.63 µm for Group 1, 648.57 ± 51.06 µm for Group 2, and 635.37 ± 73.71 µm for Group 3. Anterior corneal elevation (ACE) measured 9.08 ± 0.58 mm, PCE measured 8.04 ± 0.50 mm, and CV was 58.13 ± 5.39 mm3 . Astigmatism values were 1.34 ± 0.94 D for AA and 0.46 ± 0.44 D for PA. Anterior chamber values were 3.76 ± 0.56 mm for ACD, 383.68 ± 66.24 mm3 for ACV, and 23.62 ± 29.33˚ for ACA. Significant differences were found between Groups 1 and 2 for CV (55.08 ± 4.08 mm3 and 60.32 ± 4.19 mm3 , respectively), (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Corneal volume significantly increased between Group 1 and Group 2. Central corneal thickness increased from Group 1 to Group 3, but was not significant with the current sample size. There were no other differences between age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E Wolfel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Samantha L Pederson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Allison M Cleymaet
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Ann M Hess
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kate S Freeman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Protection of Corneal Limbus from Riboflavin Prevents Epithelial Stem Cell Loss after Collagen Cross-Linking. J Ophthalmol 2018; 2018:6854298. [PMID: 29967694 PMCID: PMC6008863 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6854298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate whether the protection of corneal limbus from riboflavin exposure during collagen cross-linking (CXL) prevents limbal epithelial stem cell (LESC) loss. Methods Ten New Zealand white rabbits received an epithelium-off CXL using an accelerated protocol. Seven days before procedure, 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was intraperitoneally injected. During procedure, riboflavin was applied to the corneal surface within a 9 mm diameter retention ring in 5 rabbits, thereby preventing the limbus from riboflavin exposure. In other 5 rabbits, riboflavin was instilled every 2 min, allowing the spillover to the limbus. One day after UVA irradiation, corneas were subjected to histological and molecular assays. Results There were no differences in corneal thickness and epithelial healing between the groups. The numbers of BrdU-labelled and p63+ limbal epithelial cells were markedly reduced in the group without a ring, but significantly increased when a ring was used. Robust expression of CK3/12 was observed in the limbal epithelium in the group with a ring. The mRNA levels of ABCG2, FGF2, IL-1β, and IL-6 were significantly increased in the corneas with a ring. Conclusions Protection of limbus from riboflavin during CXL was effective in preserving LESCs. However, inflammation was increased in the cornea treated with riboflavin using a ring.
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Samuel M, Thomasy SM, Calderon AS, Kass PH, Collins K, Murphy CJ. Effects of 5% sodium chloride ophthalmic ointment on thickness and morphology of the normal canine cornea. Vet Ophthalmol 2018; 22:229-237. [PMID: 29927055 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of 5% sodium chloride ophthalmic ointment (5% NaCl) on thickness and morphology of the normal canine cornea using ultrasonic pachymetry (USP), in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), and Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT). METHODS Five healthy laboratory Beagles received ophthalmic examinations including USP, IVCM, and FD-OCT prior to and at fixed intervals following treatment. The right and left eyes were treated with 5% NaCl and artificial tears ophthalmic ointment (AT), respectively, every 2 hours for 4 treatments/d (days 2-9), and then hourly for 7 treatments/d (day 10). Treatment groups were statistically compared using mixed-effects linear regression. RESULTS Treatment with 5% NaCl resulted in a 12 μm decrease in corneal thickness from baseline (P < .001), while there was no significant difference in corneal thickness between values obtained at baseline and following treatment with AT (P = .82). Epithelial cell density significantly increased from baseline (530 ± 52 cells/mm2 ) to 577 ± 43 and 567 ± 15 cells/mm2 with 5% NaCl and AT, respectively (P = .003 and .005, respectively). However, keratocyte cell density in the anterior and posterior stroma and endothelial cell density did not significantly differ following treatment with 5% NaCl or AT ointment (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Short-term topical treatment with 5% NaCl decreased corneal thickness in normal dogs with no observable changes in corneal morphology or signs of ocular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, UC Davis Eye Center, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Allison S Calderon
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Philip H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Christopher J Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, UC Davis Eye Center, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Lee CH, Li YJ, Huang CC, Lai JY. Poly(ε-caprolactone) nanocapsule carriers with sustained drug release: single dose for long-term glaucoma treatment. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:11754-11764. [PMID: 28782783 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr03221h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is an eye-related disease accompanied by highly elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), which causes damage to the optic nerve and results in vision loss and even blindness. Although the treatment of glaucoma with eye drops may reduce the IOP, eye drops have some limitations, such as poor patient compliance and short duration. To develop drug carriers that facilitate the sustained and long-term release of drugs for glaucoma therapy, we synthesized poly(ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles (PCL NPs) capable of loading pilocarpine, a widely used drug for the treatment of dry eye and glaucoma. We prepared two types of PCL NPs, namely, nanospheres (NSs), which are solid spheres capable of harboring the drug in their solid mass, and nanocapsules (NCs), which are hollow spherical structures for encapsulating the drug. The influence of the vesicular structure of PCL NPs on the drug loading efficiencies and release was investigated. The loading of pilocarpine in the PCL NCs was approximately 3 times higher than that in the PCL NSs. In addition, pilocarpine-loaded PCL NCs (PILO-PCL NCs) exhibited a sustained drug release profile. Effective pharmacological responses (i.e., IOP reduction and pupillary constriction) were observed in rabbits intracamerally treated with pilocarpine-loaded PCL NPs. Moreover, the PILO-PCL NCs show long-term therapeutic ability in alleviating ocular hypertension-induced corneal and retinal injuries under physiological conditions, even after 42 days. The results of in vivo studies also reveal that the PCL NCs are advantageous for the treatment of chronic ocular hypertension in glaucomatous eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hung Lee
- Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
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Effects of senofilcon A mechanical protector on corneal endothelial cells during phacoemulsification in rabbit eyes: Pilot study. J Cataract Refract Surg 2017; 43:394-399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sanchez RF, Becker R, Dawson C, Escanilla N, Lam R. Calculation of posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) size and dioptric power for use in pet rabbits undergoing phacoemulsification. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:242-249. [PMID: 27352909 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To calculate the size and dioptric power of a posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) to achieve emmetropia in adult rabbits and to compare the dioptric power calculation results using a proprietary predictive formula to a retinoscopy-based method. ANIMALS STUDIED Three wild rabbit cadavers, seven pet rabbits with cataracts and ten healthy pet rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS Implant size was calculated using a capsular tension ring (CTR) (Acrivet® , Berlin, Germany). Published and cadaveric biometric data were used in the predictive formula. An IOL power-escalation study compared the predicted values to the refraction results of one pet rabbit (P1) fitted with a + 41D canine IOL (Acrivet® ) and six pet rabbits (P2-P7) fitted with prototype IOLs (Acrivet® ). Retinoscopy of 10 healthy pet rabbits served as controls. RESULTS A 13.5 mm CTR fitted in all rabbits and permitted the use of a 13 mm IOL. The predicted IOL power ranged between +24D and +25D. The +41D IOL resulted in a refraction error of +8D. Progressive recalculation through a calibration formula led to the insertion of three +49D IOLs in two pet rabbits and a refraction of +6D to +8D, followed by seven +58D IOLs in four pet rabbits and a refraction median of 0D (range: -1.5D to +1D). CONCLUSIONS A 13 mm prototype IOL of +58D achieves emmetropia and is of adequate size for rabbits. The combined use of a CTR and retinoscopy is a useful method to calculate the size and refractive power of a new, species-specific, veterinary IOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick F Sanchez
- The Royal Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Science and Services, University of London, Hawkshead lane, North Mymms, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Ronald Becker
- Chirurgische Ophthalmologie, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Standort, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Dawson
- The Royal Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Science and Services, University of London, Hawkshead lane, North Mymms, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Natàlia Escanilla
- The Royal Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Science and Services, University of London, Hawkshead lane, North Mymms, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Richard Lam
- The Royal Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Science and Services, University of London, Hawkshead lane, North Mymms, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
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Hong XJJ, Shinoj VK, Murukeshan VM, Baskaran M, Aung T. A simple and non-contact optical imaging probe for evaluation of corneal diseases. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:093702. [PMID: 26429443 DOI: 10.1063/1.4929684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-contact imaging techniques are preferred in ophthalmology. Corneal disease is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide, and a possible way of detection is by analyzing the shape and optical quality of the cornea. Here, a simple and cost-effective, non-contact optical probe system is proposed and illustrated. The probe possesses high spatial resolutions and is non-dependent on coupling medium, which are significant for a clinician and patient friendly investigation. These parameters are crucial, when considering an imaging system for the objective diagnosis and management of corneal diseases. The imaging of the cornea is performed on ex vivo porcine samples and subsequently on small laboratory animals, in vivo. The clinical significance of the proposed study is validated by performing imaging of the New Zealand white rabbit's cornea infected with Pseudomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Jie Jeesmond Hong
- Center for Optical and Laser Engineering, School of MAE, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - V K Shinoj
- Center for Optical and Laser Engineering, School of MAE, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - V M Murukeshan
- Center for Optical and Laser Engineering, School of MAE, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - M Baskaran
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI) and Singapore National Eye Center (SNEC), 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168751
| | - T Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI) and Singapore National Eye Center (SNEC), 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168751
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Shao C, Chen J, Chen P, Zhu M, Yao Q, Gu P, Fu Y, Fan X. Targeted transplantation of human umbilical cord blood endothelial progenitor cells with immunomagnetic nanoparticles to repair corneal endothelium defect. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 24:756-67. [PMID: 25315152 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal endothelial dysfunction involves progressive corneal edema and loss of visual acuity, which result in the need for corneal transplantation. The global shortage of donor corneas limits the development of the surgery. Reconstruction of a bioengineered corneal endothelium might resolve this problem. Various scaffolds have been used, but poor biocompatibility and degradation limit their applications. In this study, a novel method of targeted cellular transplantation without permanent residence of cell carriers in the host was proposed. Human umbilical cord blood endothelial progenitor cells (UCB EPCs) were labeled with CD34 immunomagnetic nanoparticles. The efficiency of the magnet attraction was evaluated in vitro with a simple device simulating the anterior chamber. The UCB EPCs labeled with nanoparticles were transplanted into the anterior chamber of rabbits with magnet attraction. The results indicated that labeling the nanoparticles did not affect the proliferation of the UCB EPCs. The in vitro study indicated that the magnet could directionally attract UCB EPCs labeled with nanoparticles. The in vivo study indicated that the corneas in rabbits transplanted with UCB EPCs labeled with nanoparticles and magnet attraction became relatively transparent with little edema. These results showed that UCB EPCs labeled with CD34 immunomagnetic nanoparticles could be attracted directionally by a magnet and could repair corneal endothelial defects, providing a promising cell therapy for corneal endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
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