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Plotsker NM, Bellone RR, Ledbetter EC, Irby NL, Good KL, Knickelbein KE. Breed predispositions to congenital and juvenile cataracts in horses at two academic institutions. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:1041-1049. [PMID: 38095155 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determination of horse breeds predisposed to congenital and juvenile cataracts will enable investigations into potential genetic mechanisms for cataracts in horses. OBJECTIVE To investigate horse breed predispositions to congenital and juvenile cataracts in two academic referral populations. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS Medical record identification of horses diagnosed with congenital or juvenile cataracts at the Cornell University Equine Hospital (2000-2022) and the University of California-Davis (UCD) Large Animal Clinic (1990-2021). Signalment, examination findings and treatments were recorded. Descriptive statistics were performed, and breed over-representations were determined using Chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS Thirty-one (Cornell) and 70 (UCD) horses with congenital or juvenile cataracts were identified, for a total of 101 affected horses. Seventy-eight horses were affected bilaterally and 23 were affected unilaterally, for a total of 179 affected eyes. Standardbreds were significantly over-represented at both institutions, comprising 32.5% of congenital/juvenile cataract cases and 10% of the equine hospital population at Cornell (p < 0.001) and 4.3% of cataract cases and 1.3% of the equine hospital population at UCD (p = 0.03). Thoroughbreds were under-represented for congenital and juvenile cataracts at both institutions (p = 0.03 Cornell, p = 0.01 UCD). MAIN LIMITATIONS Retrospective study, potential for selection bias. CONCLUSIONS The over-representation of the Standardbred breed for congenital and juvenile cataracts at two institutions suggests an underlying genetic basis in the breed. Future genetic and genomic studies are warranted to investigate heritable cataracts in Standardbred horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah M Plotsker
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Rebecca R Bellone
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Eric C Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Nita L Irby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn L Good
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kelly E Knickelbein
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Kalinovskiy A, Leser S, Ehrle A, Reese S, Jones S, Gerhards H. Phacoemulsification Combined with Pars Plana Vitrectomy: Outcome in Horses with Acquired Cataracts Associated with Uveitis. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1192. [PMID: 38672339 PMCID: PMC11047625 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cataracts resulting from equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) or other forms of uveitis are usually associated with rapid progression. ERU is the most common ocular disease cause of blindness and cause of cataracts in horses. The necessity for the posterior capsulorhexis (PC) during phacoemulsification (PE) is controversial. This study aimed to evaluate vision and complications after PE combined with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in horses with uveitis-associated cataracts and compare the PE technique with and without posterior capsulorhexis. METHODS Thirty-two eyes of 28 horses with uveitis-associated cataracts aged 14 months to 19.6 years were treated with PE-PPV under identical conditions. Twenty-three eyes of 21 horses were affected by an ERU-associated (ERU group), and nine eyes of 7 horses were affected by cataracts related to uveitis with pathogenesis different to ERU (non-ERU group). PE-PPV was performed in 12 eyes of 10 horses (PC group) and 20 eyes of 18 horses without posterior capsulorhexis (NPC group). Follow-up examination was performed at a mean of 1.7 ± 1.8 years postoperatively (range: 1 month-6.4 years). RESULTS In the period up to 1 month postoperatively, 17/20 (85%) NPC-eyes and 8/12 (67%) PC-eyes (total: 25/32 [78%]) were visual. From 1-6 months postoperatively, 16/20 (80%) NPC-eyes and 7/12 (58.3%) PC-eyes (total: 23/32 [72%]), and from 6-12 months, 7/11 (63.6%) NPC-eyes and 3/8 (37.5%) PC-eyes (total: 10/19 [52.6%]) were visual. From 12-18 months postoperatively, 3/7 (42.9%) NPC-eyes and 2/9 (22.2%) PC-eyes (total: 5/16 [31.3%]), and from 18-24 months, 3/8 (37.5%) NPC-eyes and 1/8 (12.5%) PC-eyes (total: 4/16 [25%]) were visual. After 24 months postoperatively, 2/7 (28.6%) NPC-eyes and 1/8 (12.5%) PC-eyes (total: 3/15 [20%]) were visual. Despite the higher number of visual eyes in the NPC group at each time point, differences were not significant. No obvious differences regarding postsurgical vision were observed between the ERU- and non-ERU groups at each time point. In the overall population, a significant decrease in the number of eyes with postoperative active uveitis was observed during the follow-up examinations (p < 0.001). A significant increase in the number of eyes that were blind due to retinal detachment was observed in the overall patient population as the examination period progressed (p < 0.001). Retinal detachment was the sole long-term cause of blindness. CONCLUSIONS In horses diagnosed with uveitis-associated cataracts and treated with PE-PPV, no persistent active uveitis was observed in the present study during follow-up examinations. However, the proportion of eyes that were blind due to retinal detachment increased. Whilst PE-PPV may prevent postsurgical persistent active uveitis and remove lens opacity, the prognosis for a visual outcome is guarded. A superior outcome in postsurgical vision was observed in the NPC group. However, caution is required when interpreting these results due to several factors that affect the independent comparison of the surgical groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Ehrle
- Equine Clinic, Surgery and Radiology, Free-University of Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Reese
- Veterinary Department, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Sara Jones
- Hanse Equine Clinic, 27419 Sittensen, Germany
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Pujol J, Lamglait B, Vanore M, Rousseau C, Vergneau-Grosset C. A Post-Operative Follow-Up of an Endangered Saltwater Fish Lensectomy for Cataract Management in a Public Aquarium: A Case Series. Vet Sci 2023; 10:611. [PMID: 37888563 PMCID: PMC10611108 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature cataracts can be a life-threatening condition in fish as it may result in anorexia. Lens extraction has been previously described in fish, but the long-term outcome of this procedure has not been evaluated. Eleven captive-bred adult fish housed in a public aquarium presented with unilateral (n = 3/11) or bilateral (n = 8/11) mature cataracts. All cases belonged to three endangered fish populations: striped bass (Morone saxatilis) originating from the Saint Lawrence River and Atlantic and spotted wolffish (Anarhichas lupus and Anarhichas minor). Pre-operatively, fish presented with anorexia, dark discoloration, abnormal position in the water column, skin abrasions, and/or decreased body condition scores. A lensectomy was performed in eleven fish, including a bilateral procedure in four fish, corresponding to fifteen eyes. Follow-up examinations were performed one to two weeks and one year post surgery. The main complication was self-resolving: corneal edema was present in 67% of eyes, persistent after a week in 47% of eyes, and resolved thereafter. Post-operatively, 73% of fish resumed feeding and regained a good body condition score. Persistent visual impairment post-surgery associated with anorexia required euthanasia in three out of eleven cases. The median time of death was 336 days post surgery (range: 27-1439 days) and three cases were still alive 1334 to 1425 days after the lensectomy. This was considered a favorable outcome for these older individuals with concurrent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Pujol
- Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (J.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Benjamin Lamglait
- Centre Québécois sur la Santé des Animaux Sauvages, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
| | - Maria Vanore
- Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (J.P.); (M.V.)
| | | | - Claire Vergneau-Grosset
- Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (J.P.); (M.V.)
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Sritrakoon N, Karntip W, Niyom S, Khemton S, Pakpiboon P, Wongsirodkul K, Arunsri K, Thayananuphat A. A-scan biometry, phacoemulsification, and foldable intraocular lens implantation in a young orangutan ( Pongo pygmaeus). Open Vet J 2021; 11:121-127. [PMID: 33898293 PMCID: PMC8057203 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v11i1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cataracts are the major cause of visual impairment in animals which can be curable by surgical treatment. Phacoemulsification is the standard technique for cataract treatment that is applied to almost all species with a high success rate. Case Description: A 2-year-old intact female orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) was presented for the study having bilateral opacity of the lenses, for 2 weeks. Ophthalmic examination revealed mature cataract OU. Ocular biometry measurements using A-scan ultrasonography for appropriate intraocular lens (IOL) refractive power calculation were carried out. Electroretinography was applied to ensure retinal function is intact. The orangutan underwent phacoemulsification OU and +24 diopter IOL implantation OS to restore vision. IOL implantation was not carried out OD because of a posterior capsular tear. Retinoscopy after 3 weeks postoperatively revealed +2.0 diopters OS. The outcome of the cataract surgery was successful during 3 years follow-up. The orangutan lived with other orangutans and was alert with normal behavior such as catching food, climbing trees, and swinging hand over hand from one branch to another. Conclusion: Cataract surgery with phacoemulsification OU and adjusted IOL implantation OD was successful with few complications in this orangutan. Vision was restored with normal behavior, even though an adjusted IOL was inserted in only one eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthanet Sritrakoon
- Ophthalmology Unit, Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Winyu Karntip
- Ophthalmology Unit, Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirirat Niyom
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Kanyarat Arunsri
- Ophthalmology Unit, Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aree Thayananuphat
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Manchip KEL, Sayers G, Lewis JCM, Carter JW. Unilateral phacoemulsification in a captive African elephant ( Loxodonta africana). Open Vet J 2019; 9:294-300. [PMID: 32042648 PMCID: PMC6971354 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v9i4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The following case reports describe the clinical presentation, surgical protocol, post-operative care, and long-term follow-up of an African elephant (Loxodonta Africana) presenting with a unilateral cataract. Case description: A 42-year-old female African elephant presented for the assessment of ocular discomfort and visual deterioration in the left eye. Pre-surgical treatment included topical anti-inflammatory medication for 20 days prior to surgery. On the day of surgery, following anesthetic induction, a two-handed phacoemulsification technique was performed in the left eye. She was left aphakic post-operatively. Nine days post-operatively, the patient had an intact menace response, dazzle reflex, and direct pupillary light reflex. Fundoscopy at that stage was unremarkable. Follow-up information was available for 5 years, from the time of surgery to the present day. Conclusion: Despite remaining aphakic, this case presents a successful visual outcome. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is no other published report of phacoemulsification in a captive elephant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John C M Lewis
- International Zoo Veterinary Group, Station House, Keighley BD21 4NQ, UK
| | - James W Carter
- South Devon Veterinary Hospital, The Old Cider Works, Abbotskerswell TQ12 5GH, UK
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Bilateral Phacoemulsification in an African Elephant ( Loxodonta africana). Case Rep Vet Med 2019; 2019:2506263. [PMID: 31380140 PMCID: PMC6652071 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2506263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 37-year-old bull African elephant (Loxodonta africana) at the North Carolina Zoo (NCZ) was diagnosed with bilateral cataracts leading to behavioral changes and significant weight loss secondary to functional blindness. On initial examination, a weight loss of 234 kg, a mature cataract in the right eye, and a focal cataract in the left eye were diagnosed. Ultrasound and electroretinography (ERG) indicated normal retinal attachment and both eyes were viable candidates for surgery. After careful planning and behavioral training, the left cataract was surgically removed via phacoemulsification and irrigation/aspiration. The right eye subsequently developed a ventral lens subluxation, and phacoemulsification and irrigation/aspiration were performed six months after the first procedure. Four years after surgery, menace response, palpebral reflex, dazzle reflex, and pupillary light reflexes were present in both eyes. Body weight was 5,515 kg, 88kg more than at the time of the second surgery. This is the first published report of an African bull elephant undergoing bilateral cataract removal using phacoemulsification and irrigation/aspiration. The lack of significant postoperative inflammation and uneventful recovery of the elephant suggests that this surgical procedure along with proper preoperative planning and postoperative medical management can be a safe and effective treatment option for elephants with cataracts.
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Fenollosa-Romero E, Jeanes E, Freitas I, Enache AE, Lockhart R, Fleming L, Knott TNL, Dawson C, Smith K, Busse C. Outcome of phacoemulsification in 71 cats: A multicenter retrospective study (2006-2017). Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 23:141-147. [PMID: 31328856 PMCID: PMC7169341 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess outcome of phacoemulsification in cats. METHODS Records of 71 cats (82 eyes) from five referral centers were reviewed. Groups were divided by cause of cataract (congenital/juvenile [n = 32], traumatic [n = 33], and secondary to uveitis [n = 6]), and group comparisons were performed for the most common complications: postoperative ocular hypertension (POH), uveitis, corneal ulceration, synechia/dyscoria, and posterior capsular opacity (PCO) in three different time periods: immediately postoperatively, at 1-90 days, and at >90 days. RESULTS Median follow-up was 198 days (interquartile range 64-518 days). The overall visual success rate of the cats with a 12-month follow-up was 92.6% (25/27 eyes). POH occurred in 35/82 (42.6%) eyes. Immediately postoperatively, uveitis was the most common complication in 28/82 eyes (34.1%) followed by corneal ulceration in 22/82 eyes (26.8%). At 1-90 days, uveitis in 41/81 eyes (50.6%) remained the most common complication, followed by synechia/dyscoria in 21/81 eyes (25.9%), corneal ulceration in 16/81 eyes (19.7%), and PCO in 15/81 eyes (18.5%). At >90 days, PCO in 17/47 eyes (36.1%), followed by synechia/dyscoria in 16/47 eyes (34%), was the most common complications. The number of eyes with synechia/dyscoria in the trauma group was higher (13/33 [39.3%]) than in the congenital/juvenile group (5/31 [16.1%]) at 1-90 days (P = .039). No statistical difference was found for the other group comparisons. Three eyes in total were enucleated owing to endophthalmitis, post-traumatic ocular sarcoma, and secondary glaucoma. CONCLUSION Uveitis in the short-term and PCO and synechia/dyscoria in the long-term were the most common complications following phacoemulsification in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Charlotte Dawson
- Royal Veterinary College Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, London, UK
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Sanchez RF, Everson R, Hedley J, Dawson C, Lam R, Priestnall SL, Garcia de Carellan A, de Miguel C, Seymour C. Rabbits with naturally occurring cataracts referred for phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation: a preliminary study of 12 cases. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:399-412. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rick F. Sanchez
- Specialistische Dierenkliniek Utrecht (SDU); Middenwetering 19 3543 AR Utrecht Netherlands
| | - Richard Everson
- Department of Ophthalmology; Department of Clinical Science and Services; The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Hawkshead Lane North Mymms Herts AL9 7TA UK
| | - Joanna Hedley
- Department of Herpetology; University of London; Hawkshead Lane North Mymms Herts AL9 7TA UK
| | - Charlotte Dawson
- Department of Ophthalmology; Department of Clinical Science and Services; The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Hawkshead Lane North Mymms Herts AL9 7TA UK
| | - Richard Lam
- Department of Imaging; University of London; Hawkshead Lane North Mymms Herts AL9 7TA UK
| | - Simon L. Priestnall
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology; University of London; Hawkshead Lane North Mymms Herts AL9 7TA UK
| | | | - Cristina de Miguel
- Anesthesiology Department; University of Wisconsin Madison; 2105 Linden Dr Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Christopher Seymour
- Anesthesiology Department; Davies Veterinary Specialists; Manor Farm Business Park; Higham Gobion SG5 3HR UK
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Townsend WM. Disease and Surgery of the Equine Lens. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2017; 33:483-497. [PMID: 29103558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Examination of the lens is critical, particularly when evaluating horses with visual impairment or performing prepurchase examinations. To adequately evaluate the lens, the pupil must be pharmacologically dilated. A cataract is any lens opacity. The size, density, and position of a cataract determine the impact on vision. Cataracts may be congenital or inherited or occur secondary to trauma or equine recurrent uveitis. Surgical removal is the only treatment option for vision impairing cataracts, but careful selection of surgical candidates is critical for successful outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M Townsend
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026, USA.
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Abstract
Ocular abnormalities are a common finding in aged horses. Although these seldom cause overt visual deficits detected by their owners, they can be a source of chronic or acute discomfort so early detection, and treatment when available, is essential. Some of these abnormalities are specific to old horses, whereas others are a result of ongoing disease or inflammation that started earlier in life but that becomes more evident when the damage sustained to the eye is advanced. If vision is significantly affected, consideration of human safety and animal welfare is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Malalana
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
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Allbaugh RA. Equine recurrent uveitis: A review of clinical assessment and management. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Allbaugh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Ames USA
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Affiliation(s)
- W. M. Townsend
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana USA
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Lassaline M, Wilkie DA. Clinical equine ophthalmology: The current state of the art. Equine Vet J 2015; 47:251-3. [PMID: 25894301 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Lassaline
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, USA
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