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Sturbaum AM, Kaiser KJ, Riesberg JS. MicroPulse™ transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in the equine patient: A case series of four horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2024. [PMID: 38225805 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical application and outcome of MicroPulse™ transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (MP-TSCPC) treatment in horses with glaucoma. ANIMALS STUDIED Four client-owned horses with primary (n = 2) or secondary (n = 2) glaucoma. METHODS Horses were treated with MP-TSCPC under standing sedation with a minimum of 30 days of follow-up (range 30-1241 days). Affected eyes were treated with a 31.3% duty cycle and 3000 mW laser power for a total of 180 s. Data collected included signalment, pre- and post-procedure intraocular pressures (IOPs), laser settings, medications, complications, and repeat therapy. RESULTS Four horses (5 eyes) received at least one treatment with MP-TSCPC. Mean preoperative IOP was 44 mmHg (range 33-49 mmHg). The immediate mean postoperative IOP was 34 mmHg (4 eyes; range 19-55 mmHg). At 1 week, IOP was 38 mmHg (5 eyes; range 21-80 mmHg), at 2 weeks was 40 mmHg (3 eyes, range 17-80 mmHg), at 1 month was 35 mmHg (5 eyes; range 20-50 mmHg), at 3 months was 18 mmHg (2 eyes; range 14-21 mmHg), at 6 months was 35 mmHg (2 eyes; range 30-39 mmHg), and at >300 days was 24 mmHg (3 eyes; range 18-29 mmHg). Complications included corneal ulceration (n = 1 eye), uncontrolled IOP (n = 3 eyes), and need for repeat treatment (n = 2 eyes). CONCLUSIONS MP-TSCPC used with the above-described settings was unsuccessful in treating the majority of cases. Future studies should be targeted at primary glaucoma cases and with use of alternative laser settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Sturbaum
- Animal Eye Clinic of Spokane, Washington State University, Veterinary Specialty Teaching Clinic, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - K J Kaiser
- Animal Eye Clinic of Spokane, Washington State University, Veterinary Specialty Teaching Clinic, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - J S Riesberg
- MedVet Salt Lake City, Emergency Vet & Specialty Care, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Bozkan Z, Yaygingul R, Bulut O, Belge A. Measuring the Effects of Detomidine and Medetomidine Alone and in Combination with Ketamine on Tear Production and Intraocular Pressure in Common Buzzards (Buteo buteo). J Avian Med Surg 2022; 36:242-249. [DOI: 10.1647/21-00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Joyner RL, Liu CC, Cremer J, Carter RT, Lewin AC. Intraocular pressure following four different intravenous sedation protocols in normal horses. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:612-617. [PMID: 32844457 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravenous sedation is frequently necessary for ophthalmic examination in horses. Common sedation protocols have not been directly compared in terms of relative intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction, duration of IOP reduction and time to maximum IOP reduction. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of standing sedation protocols on IOP. STUDY DESIGN Randomised cross-over experiment. METHODS Twelve healthy horses received four intravenous sedation protocols with a 48 hours washout: 0.5 mg/kg xylazine and 0.01 mg/kg butorphanol (SED1); 10 µg/kg detomidine and 0.01 mg/kg of butorphanol (SED2); 10 µg/kg detomidine (SED3); 0.5 mg/kg xylazine (SED4). IOP was measured with rebound tonometry before sedation (Tpre) and 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes post-sedation (Tpost). Post-sedation readings were taken with the head elevated to the Tpre position. Separately, IOP readings were also obtained following sedation with the head not elevated (TpostHeadDown). IOP values were compared using mixed ANOVA and ANCOVA models respectively with significance at P < .05. RESULTS All protocols decreased IOP compared with baseline with greatest reduction at Tpost5. IOP at Tpre (mean ± SD) was 21.8 ± 4.4 mm Hg. At Tpost5, IOP was 16.3 ± 3.8 mm Hg (SED1), 14.5 ± 2.9 mm Hg (SED2), 17.1 ± 3.8 mm Hg (SED3) and 16.9 ± 4.2 mm Hg (SED4). SED2 Tpost5 IOP was lower than other treatments. Considering all time points following sedation, SED3 IOP readings were higher than other treatments. TpostHeadDown IOPs were higher than readings taken with the head elevated (P < .001). MAIN LIMITATIONS Animals with ocular disease were not studied. No animals received mock sedation or equivalent. CONCLUSIONS A combination of detomidine and butorphanol causes greater IOP reduction 5 minutes following sedation than other commonly used sedation protocols. IOP reduction is less pronounced when detomidine is used alone. Consideration of head height is important when performing IOP measurements in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L Joyner
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jeannette Cremer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Renee T Carter
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andrew C Lewin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Mustikka MP, Pietilä EM, Mykkänen AK, Grönthal TSC. Comparison of two rebound tonometers in healthy horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:892-898. [PMID: 32888242 PMCID: PMC7540552 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective To obtain a reference range for evaluation of intraocular pressure (IOP) in horses using Tonovet Plus®, to compare the IOP readings obtained with Tonovet® and Tonovet Plus®, and to evaluate the repeatability of readings. Animals studied and Procedures Intraocular pressure of 30 client‐owned horses (60 eyes) with no signs of illness or ocular disease was evaluated using Tonovet® and Tonovet Plus® rebound tonometers. Horses’ mean age was 10.7 (range 6‐17) years. Triplicate measurements were performed without using sedatives or local anesthetics, with minimal restraint. Results Calculated reference intervals (the CLSI robust method) were 14.4‐27.2 mmHg for Tonovet® and 16.0‐26.1 mmHg for Tonovet Plus®. Mean values (± standard deviation, SD [± coefficient of variation, CV]) obtained with Tonovet Plus® (21.6 ± 2.45 mmHg [11.3%]) were on average 0.6 mmHg higher than with Tonovet® (21.0 ± 3.14 mmHg [15.0%]), and a negligible statistical difference between the devices was found using the paired sample t test (P = .049). The correlation coefficient for the averaged triplicate measurements was 0.73. The average CV was 4.6% and 4.4% for Tonovet® and Tonovet Plus®, respectively. Conclusions The repeatability of measurements was very good with both devices. The readings between the two devices differed statistically significantly, but the correlation was considered good and the variation was numerically small, and thus, the difference was considered clinically irrelevant. When monitoring disease process or treatment response in an individual patient, repeated readings are best performed using a similar device to avoid false interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna P Mustikka
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Anna K Mykkänen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas S C Grönthal
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Lewin AC, Liu CC, Camacho-Luna P, Alling C, Carter RT. Inter-user and intra-user variation of two tonometers in horses. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:572-576. [PMID: 31721273 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is currently unknown which of the two devices most commonly used in equine ophthalmology for intraocular pressure (IOP) estimation demonstrates the lowest inter-user and intra-user variation. OBJECTIVES To assess the inter-user and intra-user variation of two tonometers in sedated and unsedated horses. STUDY DESIGN Randomised masked cross-over trial. METHODS Four examiners used the rebound (ICare® TonoVet) and applanation (TonoPen® ) tonometers to measure the intraocular pressure (IOP) in triplicate in 10 normal horses before and after sedation with xylazine. For inter-user variation, coefficient of variation (CV) values were calculated from the mean of each examiner for each condition combination. For intra-user variation, CV values were calculated from the individual measurements of each examiner for each condition combination. CV values were also assessed in relation to other variables using ANOVA. RESULTS The rebound tonometer was found to have lower inter-user (15.4% vs 21.7%, P = .01) and intra-user (9.1% vs 16.1%, P < .0001) variation in unsedated horses and lower intra-user (8.4% vs 14.7%, P < .0001) variation in sedated horses than the applanation tonometer. Both instruments had similar inter-user variation in sedated horses. For the rebound tonometer, sedation did not affect inter-user or intra-user variation, but for the applanation tonometer inter-user variation was lowest while horses were sedated (16.0% vs 21.7%, P = .03). No other variable assessed was found to have an effect on IOP. MAIN LIMITATIONS No animals with ocular disease were included in this study. CONCLUSIONS The rebound tonometer may be the preferred instrument to minimise intra-user and inter-user variation for IOP measurement in unsedated horses. The rebound tonometer is also likely to be the preferred instrument to minimise intra-user variation in sedated horses. If the applanation tonometer is used to perform IOP measurement in horses, it is recommended that this is performed while horses are sedated to minimise inter-user variation for this instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Lewin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Pilar Camacho-Luna
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Christopher Alling
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Renee T Carter
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Diehl K, Bowden AC. Effect of auriculopalpebral nerve block on equine intraocular pressure measured by rebound tonometry (TonoVet ® ). Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:368-373. [PMID: 31908137 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess rebound tonometry intraocular pressure (IOP) in unsedated horses without and with auriculopalpebral (AP) nerve blocks. ANIMALS STUDIED Twenty-two client- and twenty university-owned horses (84 total eyes) with unremarkable ophthalmic examinations were evaluated. PROCEDURE One eye of each horse was chosen randomly, an AP block performed for that eye, and IOP measured in both eyes with a TonoVet® . The process was repeated for the contralateral eye 72 hours later under the same conditions as the initial measurements. Horses were unsedated for nerve blocks and tonometry. Linear mixed-effects models were used for comparisons with statistical significance threshold of 0.05. RESULTS Overall, blocked eyes had an 0.8 mm Hg lower average IOP than unblocked eyes (P = .039). IOP for client-owned horses was on average 3.2 mm Hg lower than in UGA-owned horses (P = .025) and was more impacted by AP block (1.4 mm Hg lower average in client-owned blocked versus unblocked eyes (P = .006)). Block effectiveness was ranked on a subjective scale ("good", "poor", no block/control), and IOP was on average lower in eyes with a good block (P = .008). CONCLUSION Although there were statistically significant differences in IOP between blocked and unblocked eyes, between client- and UGA-owned horses, and between eyes with good and poor AP blocks, these differences were not clinically significant. Thus, AP blocks remain a useful tool for evaluating equine ophthalmic health with minimal impact on IOP assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Diehl
- University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
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Rizk A, Nocera I, Briganti A, Abouelnasr K, El-Khodery S, Tagawa M, Bonelli F. Dose-dependent effect of romifidine on intraocular pressure in clinically healthy buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis). Heliyon 2019; 5:e02930. [PMID: 31867457 PMCID: PMC6906652 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) associated with romifidine sedation in buffalo were evaluated. Eighteen healthy adult, non-pregnant, buffalo without ocular abnormalities were used in a prospective randomized trial. Buffalo were allocated into three groups (six each). Buffalo in the treated groups received an intramuscular injection (IM) of romifidine at 40 or 50 μg/kg. The control group was administrated an equivalent volume of sterile saline (0.9% NaCl; 0.4 ml/100 kg). Baseline IOP (T0) values were obtained using applanation tonometry. Immediately afterwards, romifidine was administered and IOP values of both eyes were measured at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min post-administration. The pre-administration values (T0) of IOP for both the left and right eyes ranged from 30-36 (mean, 33 ± 1.5) mmHg and 30–35 (mean, 33.7 ± 1.4), respectively. IOP values decreased significantly after administration of both doses of romifidine compared with the placebo (P < 0.01). Compared with the control, the IOP decreased significantly in animals treated with both doses from 5-90 min post-administration in both eyes (P < 0.05). In the right eye, the lowest IOP value in the romifidine treated groups was observed at T30 (21.6 ± 1.0 and 23.3 ± 1.4 mmHg), respectively. In the left eye, the lowest IOP was observed at T60 (22.5 ± 3.0 and 23.3 ± 2.8 mmHg), respectively. In conclusion, romifidine could be recommended as an alternative analgesic in buffalo, especially for ocular affections associated with increased IOP. A dose of 40 μg/kg could be used at a low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rizk
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahlia, 35516, Egypt
| | - I Nocera
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, via Livornese snc, San Piero a Grado, PI, 56122, Italy
| | - A Briganti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, via Livornese snc, San Piero a Grado, PI, 56122, Italy
| | - K Abouelnasr
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahlia, 35516, Egypt
| | - S El-Khodery
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - M Tagawa
- Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - F Bonelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, via Livornese snc, San Piero a Grado, PI, 56122, Italy
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Leonardi F, Costa G, Dubau M, Sabbioni A, Simonazzi B, Angelone M. Effects of intravenous romifidine, detomidine, detomidine combined with butorphanol, and xylazine on tear production in horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Leonardi
- Department of Veterinary Science University of Parma Italy
| | - G.L. Costa
- Department of Veterinary Science University of Messina Italy
| | - M. Dubau
- Department of Veterinary Science University of Parma Italy
| | - A. Sabbioni
- Department of Veterinary Science University of Parma Italy
| | - B. Simonazzi
- Department of Veterinary Science University of Parma Italy
| | - M. Angelone
- Department of Veterinary Science University of Parma Italy
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Comparative Effect of Intravenous Administration of Medetomidine, Tramadol, and Medetomidine/Tramadol Combination on Intraocular Pressure (IOP) in Clinically Healthy Donkeys (Equus asinus). J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hibbs CD, Barrett PM, Dees DD. Intraocular pressure reference intervals in eyes of clinically normal miniature donkeys (Equus africanus
asinus). Vet Ophthalmol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Romagnoli N, Al‐Qudah KM, Armorini S, Lambertini C, Zaghini A, Spadari A, Roncada P. Pharmacokinetic profile and partitioning in red blood cells of romifidine after single intravenous administration in the horse. Vet Med Sci 2017; 3:187-197. [PMID: 29152313 PMCID: PMC5677780 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to assess the plasma concentrations of romifidine in horses after intravenous injection, to evaluate the red blood cell (RBC) partitioning of the anaesthetic drug, and to improve knowledge regarding its sedative effect in horses describing the pharmacokinetic model. Eight adult Standardbred horses received a single bolus of romifidine at a dosage of 100 μg/kg. Blood samples (5 mL) were collected immediately before romifidine administration (t0), and at 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150 and 180 min after injection. A sedation score was recorded at the same time. The romifidine concentrations in plasma and red blood cells were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The plasma and red blood cell concentrations were correlated with the sedation at each time point. Romifidine produced a satisfactory level of sedation in all animals. The sedation was detectable in all horses for up to 105 min. All the animals returned to normal without any behavioural changes at 180 min. The romifidine concentrations in the red blood cells were significantly higher (P < 0.01) at all time points than those in the plasma. The T1/2β was 148.67 ± 61.59 min and body clearance was 22.55 ± 6.67 mL/kg per min. The results showed that after a single bolus administration of romifidine, a partitioning in the RBCs was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Romagnoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008)University of BolognaOzzano EmiliaItaly
| | - Khaled M. Al‐Qudah
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineJordan University of Science and TechnologyIrbidJordan
| | - Sara Armorini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008)University of BolognaOzzano EmiliaItaly
| | - Carlotta Lambertini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008)University of BolognaOzzano EmiliaItaly
| | - Anna Zaghini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008)University of BolognaOzzano EmiliaItaly
| | - Alessandro Spadari
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008)University of BolognaOzzano EmiliaItaly
| | - Paola Roncada
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008)University of BolognaOzzano EmiliaItaly
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Lowe
- Optivet Referrals; Havant UK
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Abstract
Ocular abnormalities are a common finding in aged horses. Although these seldom cause overt visual deficits detected by their owners, they can be a source of chronic or acute discomfort so early detection, and treatment when available, is essential. Some of these abnormalities are specific to old horses, whereas others are a result of ongoing disease or inflammation that started earlier in life but that becomes more evident when the damage sustained to the eye is advanced. If vision is significantly affected, consideration of human safety and animal welfare is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Malalana
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
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