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Cho H, Jeong M, Lee S, Yoo S. Comparison of the qualitative and quantitative optical coherence tomographic features between sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome and normal eyes in dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 25 Suppl 1:144-163. [PMID: 35144323 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantitatively and qualitatively characterize the retinal optical coherence tomographic features of sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) and SARDS suspect dogs. ANIMALS STUDIED Fourteen SARDS affected dogs, 11 age-, breed-, and sex-matched control dogs, and two SARDS suspect dogs. PROCEDURES Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) images were used to evaluate the quantitative features, including thickness, intereye asymmetry, and longitudinal changes in retinal layer thickness and the qualitative features, including retinal architecture and vitreous haze. RESULTS Mean outer retinal layer thickness (ORT), outer nuclear layer thickness (ONL), and photoreceptor layer thickness (PRL) were significantly lower in the SARDS group, whereas mean inner retinal layer thickness was significantly higher in the SARDS group than in the control group. While thickness values of all retinal layers did not differ significantly between paired eyes in each group, the absolute intereye asymmetries in the ORT (p < .0001), ONL (p = .008), and PRL (p < .0001) were significantly higher in the SARDS group than in the control group. Some SARDS patients and SARDS suspects had a greater PRL than the control group, and serial OCT evaluation showed an increase in PRL in one SARDS suspect. Vitreous haze severity was greater in the SARDS group than in the control group (vitreous relative intensity, p = .030). CONCLUSIONS We described the OCT features of SARDS patients and suspects. In particular, PRL thickening in the SARDS suspects might indicate an early change in SARDS. Although further studies are needed, this finding might provide new insights into the pathogenesis of SARDS.
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Washington DR, Li Z, Fox LC, Mowat FM. Canine sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome: Owner perceptions on the time to vision loss, treatment outcomes, and prognosis for life. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 24:156-168. [PMID: 33377263 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) causes blindness for which there are no proven effective treatments. We aimed to clarify the time to vision loss, treatment response/side effects, and prognosis for life in dogs with SARDS. METHODS An online questionnaire was administered to owners of dogs with a historical diagnosis of SARDS. Mortality data were compared with a published purebred reference population. Select parameters were analyzed statistically using general linear model with least square means, two-sample t tests, and chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS Responses from owners that stated that their dog visited an ophthalmologist and had electroretinography performed (n = 434) were analyzed. The majority of owners (65.4%) reported the time from vision disturbance to complete vision loss as <2 weeks; 19.4% reported >4 weeks. Onset of systemic clinical signs to complete vision loss was >4 weeks in 44.5% of responses. A higher proportion of owners reported some vision recovery with combination treatment (14.4%) compared with monotherapy (3.2%, P = .0004). Side effects of treatment were commonly reported. Dogs with SARDS did not have a shorter lifespan than the reference population but had higher incidence of kidney disease (P = .0001) and respiratory disease (P = .0004) at death. CONCLUSIONS Dogs with SARDS have a rapid onset of vision loss. In the owner's opinion, treatment is unlikely to restore vision and is associated with systemic side effects. The potential for systemic pathologies that arise after SARDS diagnosis warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demitrius R Washington
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Zhanhai Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lani C Fox
- Geostatistical Consulting Claremont, Claremont, CA, USA.,Gillings School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Freya M Mowat
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Department of Surgical Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine, and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Retinal Diseases of Senior Dogs. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2020-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aging consists of a physiological decline of an organism’s functional activity. During the aging process, the structural and functional changes of the retina can be observed. In most cases, progressive vision loss occurs due to the age related changes of the anterior segment. Retinal diseases, characteristic for senior dogs are: retinal detachment, hypertensive chorioretinopathy, sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS), progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), glaucoma, retinopathy, cystoid degeneration and neoplasms. The examination of the retina in senior dogs is based on: ophthalmoscopic examination, electroretinography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (AD-OCT) and if necessary, histopathological examinations. Comprehensive knowledge regarding the senior dog’s health, significantly increases their quality of life.
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Giannikaki S, Escanilla N, Sturgess K, Lowe RC. A modified technique of keratoleptynsis ("letter-box") for treatment of canine corneal edema associated with endothelial dysfunction. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:930-942. [PMID: 32893460 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a modified keratoleptynsis procedure, as a method of preserving central corneal function, and evaluate the outcome in vision, reduction of corneal thickness and treatment of epithelial corneal ulcers in cases with endothelial cell dysfunction. METHODS Forty-four dogs (72 eyes) were affected by progressive corneal edema, with or without ulcerative keratitis. All patients were treated with a dorsal and ventral superficial keratectomy followed by conjunctival flaps, maintaining a clear central cornea. Corneal thickness measurements were obtained via ultrasound biomicroscopy. RESULTS All eyes showed resolution of ocular discomfort postoperatively, with a median time to resolution of 35 days. Two years post-surgery, vision had been lost in 2 of 29 eyes (7%). From the initial population, 23 dogs (39 eyes) had follow-up evaluations of corneal thickness. The mean central corneal thickness was 1359 ± 251 μm prior to surgery. Thickening of the central cornea was observed one week after surgery to 1559 ± 263 μm. Decreased corneal thickness was reported, at 1 month, 4 months, 10 months and 2 years postoperatively (1285 ± 267 μm, 1102 ± 150 μm, 1121 ± 288 μm, 1193 ± 283 μm, respectively). All eyes showed a similar trend of increasing and then decreasing corneal thickness. CONCLUSIONS This surgical technique provided statistically significant reduction in central corneal thickness and sustained relief of ocular pain. Reduction in corneal thickness appeared to be maintained 2 years post-surgery, and all patients remained comfortable. Superficial corneal pigmentation and fibrosis resulted in vision loss in two eyes.
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Oh A, Foster ML, Williams JG, Zheng C, Ru H, Lunn KF, Mowat FM. Diagnostic utility of clinical and laboratory test parameters for differentiating between sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome and pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22:842-858. [PMID: 30864251 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify discriminating factors, using clinical ophthalmic examination findings and routine laboratory testing, that differentiate dogs with early sudden acquired retinal degeneration (SARDS; vision loss <6 weeks' duration), age- and breed-matched control dogs, and dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH). ANIMALS Client-owned dogs: 15 with SARDS with <6 weeks duration of vision loss, 14 age- and breed-matched control dogs, and 13 dogs with confirmed PDH. PROCEDURES Dogs underwent ophthalmic examination, electroretinography (ERG) fundus photography, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in addition to physical examination, urinalysis, serum biochemistry, complete blood count, and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulation testing. Statistical analysis was performed using receiver operating curve area under the curve analysis, principal component analysis with sparse partial least squares analysis, and one-way ANOVA. RESULTS Dogs with SARDS all had absent vision and ERG a- and b-waves. SD-OCT demonstrated that dogs with SARDS had significantly thicker inner retina, thinner outer nuclear layer, and thicker photoreceptor inner/outer segment measurements than either controls or dogs with PDH. Discriminating laboratory parameters between dogs with SARDS and PDH with high specificity included post-ACTH serum cortisol (<19.3 μg/dL), AST:ALT ratio (>0.343), and urine specific gravity (>1.030). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE We have identified significant discriminators between SARDS and PDH. This work provides the basis for future studies that could identify and examine dogs with SARDS prior to vision loss, which may extend the potential therapeutic window for SARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Oh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Melanie L Foster
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Jonathan G Williams
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Chaowen Zheng
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Hongyu Ru
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Katharine F Lunn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Freya M Mowat
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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Stromberg SJ, Thomasy SM, Marangakis AD, Kim S, Cooper AE, Brown EA, Maggs DJ, Bannasch DL. Evaluation of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II as a candidate for sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) in Dachshunds. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22:751-759. [PMID: 30791205 PMCID: PMC6703976 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) is one of the leading causes of acute blindness in dogs, with an unknown etiology and no effective treatment. Certain breeds such as Dachshunds are overrepresented among SARDS patients, and therefore, the syndrome is suspected to have a genetic component. The objective of this study was to determine if a genetic locus associated with SARDS in Dachshunds could be identified using a genome‐wide association study (GWAS). Procedures Genome‐wide association mapping was performed in 15 SARDS‐affected and 16 unaffected Dachshunds. Genotyping of three classical DLA class II genes (DLA‐DRB1, DLA‐DQA1, and DLA‐DQB1) was performed in 34 SARDS‐affected and 66 unaffected Dachshunds to evaluate for an association in this region. Results Although no single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were of genome‐wide statistical significance (PBonferroni < 0.05), 5 of the top 9 SNPs were in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Using DLA typing, the allele DLA‐DRB1*09401 was identified as a risk factor for the development of SARDS (P = 0.0032, OR = 4.0). The alleles DLA‐DQB1*00101 (P = 0.0050, OR = 0.31), DLA‐DQA1*00901 (P = 0.0087, OR = 0.33), and a previously identified DLA‐DRB1allele described as “DRB1‐T” (P = 0.0284, OR = 0.37) were identified as protective factors. Conclusions Although far from definitive, association of SARDS with alleles of immunologic importance further supports the hypothesis that autoimmunity may play a role in the pathogenesis of SARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Stromberg
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Ariana D Marangakis
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Ann E Cooper
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Emily A Brown
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Danika L Bannasch
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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Osinchuk SC, Leis ML, Salpeter EM, Sandmeyer LS, Grahn BH. Evaluation of retinal morphology of canine sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome using optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography. Vet Ophthalmol 2018; 22:398-406. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C. Osinchuk
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - Marina L. Leis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - Elyse M. Salpeter
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - Lynne S. Sandmeyer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - Bruce H. Grahn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada
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Grozdanic SD, Lazic T, Kecova H, Mohan K, Kuehn MH. Optical coherence tomography and molecular analysis of sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) eyes suggests the immune-mediated nature of retinal damage. Vet Ophthalmol 2018; 22:305-327. [PMID: 30109754 PMCID: PMC6563498 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective To perform detailed analysis of retinal changes in dogs with SARDS using optical coherence tomography (OCT), funduscopy, and molecular analysis. Animals Subjects were 29 dogs from 12 US states and Canada diagnosed with SARDS by 8 ophthalmologists. An additional 7 eyes from 5 deceased SARDS dogs were used for molecular and histological analysis. Procedures Dogs were evaluated using chromatic pupil light reflex testing (cPLR), and electroretinography (ERG); subjects underwent complete ophthalmic examination, including funduscopy, retinal photography, and OCT, in addition to complete laboratory analysis, blood pressure evaluation, abdominal and thoracic radiographs, and computerized tomography (CT) imaging to assess possible systemic abnormalities. Histology and immunohistochemistry analysis was performed in 2 SARDS eyes. Microarray analysis was performed in 5 SARDS retinas. Results Thirty‐eight percent of patients had <1‐mm wide retinal detachments (RD) on OCT analysis, which could not be detected by funduscopy or retinal photographs. Systemic hypertension did not seem to be a contributing factor (RD 22.2%; ND 20%, Odds ratio = 1.1). No dogs showed neoplastic changes by thoracic or abdominal radiography, or CT imaging. There was no statistically significant difference in age (RD 7.9 ± 1.9 years (mean ± SD); ND 7.6 ± 1.7 years, p = 0.69) or duration of blindness prior to presentation (RD 18 ± 7 days (mean±SD); ND 21 ± 12 days, p = 0.28). Microarray and histology analysis of SARDS eyes revealed molecular changes suggestive of immune‐mediated damage. Conclusions Observed histological, molecular, and OCT changes are highly suggestive of immune‐mediated damage in SARDS eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinisa D Grozdanic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.,Animal Eye Consultants of Iowa, Hiawatha, Iowa.,TL VetPath International Consultants, Hiawatha, Iowa
| | - Tatjana Lazic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.,Animal Eye Consultants of Iowa, Hiawatha, Iowa.,TL VetPath International Consultants, Hiawatha, Iowa
| | - Helga Kecova
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.,Animal Eye Consultants of Iowa, Hiawatha, Iowa
| | - Kabhilan Mohan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Markus H Kuehn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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