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Tozetti RAR, de Lima Sousa Araújo R, Moreira MVL, de Souza Akiyama LC, Corrêa JR, Moore BA, Galera PD. Evaluation of the common pauraque (Nyctidromus albicollis) cornea using light and scanning electron microscopy. Anat Histol Embryol 2024; 53:e12987. [PMID: 37850266 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The common pauraque Nyctidromus albicollis (Gmelin, 1789) is a widespread avian species; however due to its nocturnal habits and reclusive behaviour, little is known about their vision and ecology. Most avian species are visually dependent with advanced visual systems providing high spatial resolution, on the species needs. Each ocular structure has a specific role in contributing towards high visual function, and the cornea is the first refractive structure in the visual process. However, the common pauraque cornea had not been described until the present data. Therefore, this study aims to describe the morphology and morphometry of the common pauraque cornea by means of light and scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the cross-sectional anatomy as well as the ultrastructure of the endothelial cells. Histological similarities with the cornea of other birds have been observed, but the thickness of the common pauraque cornea is much smaller than the other described corneas. A better understanding of the common pauraque cornea can help us better explain the physiology of vision and the visual requirements of this species. In turn, this will help us better understand how this species successfully interacts with its environment, and will improve our knowledge on how to interpret pathological changes in their cornea in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Alves Ribon Tozetti
- Comparative Ophthalmology Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Rosélia de Lima Sousa Araújo
- Comparative Ophthalmology Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa Cristina de Souza Akiyama
- Comparative Ophthalmology Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - José Raimundo Corrêa
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalyses, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Bret A Moore
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Paula Diniz Galera
- Comparative Ophthalmology Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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Halsmer EL, Heatley JJ, Scott EM. Clinical ophthalmic parameters of the Quaker parrot (Myiopsitta monachus). Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26:428-439. [PMID: 36519702 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ophthalmic diagnosis in many avian species remains hindered by a lack of normative values. This study aimed to establish normal ophthalmic parameters for select diagnostic tests in clinically normal Quaker parrots. METHODS Ninety-six captive Quaker parrots aged 8-18 years underwent ophthalmic examination to include assessment of neuro-ophthalmic reflexes, phenol red thread test, rebound tonometry, fluorescein staining, palpebral fissure length measurements, slit lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and ocular ultrasound biometry. RESULTS Menace response, dazzle reflex, and direct pupillary light reflex were present for all Quaker parrots. Tear production (mean ± SD) was 13.3 ± 4.0 mm/15 s and intraocular pressure (IOP, mean ± SD) was 10.6 ± 1.4 and 6.0 ± 1.3 mmHg in the D and P rebound tonometer calibration settings, respectively. For IOP measurement, D and P calibration settings were not interchangeable, with the lesser variation of the D setting preferred in the absence of a gold standard. Ultrasound measurement of the anterior chamber depth increased with age and males had longer axial globe and vitreous lengths. Incidental adnexal and ocular lesions, identified in 36/96 (37.5%) of Quaker parrots, did not statistically affect the created reference data. CONCLUSIONS This work provides reference values and clinical findings to assist with monitoring the health of wild populations and maintaining the health of captive Quaker parrots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Halsmer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer Jill Heatley
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Erin M Scott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Fornazari GA, Saldanha A, Lange RR, Froes T, Klem D, Moore BA, Montiani-Ferreira F. Window Collisions by Birds in Brazil: Epidemiologic Factors and Radiographic and Necropsy Assessments. J Avian Med Surg 2021; 35:313-324. [PMID: 34677030 DOI: 10.1647/20-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Birds are among the most visually proficient group of animals on the planet; however, their inability to visualize and discriminate translucent glass structures results in an extreme number of deaths worldwide from high-speed collisions. Despite reports of avian glass collisions in North America, only a few studies have been developed to understand this problem in South America, and none evaluated radiographic and postmortem findings. One hundred cadavers were examined radiographically and postmortem, and data from 186 collision reports were analyzed for seasonality (website and manual reports and cadavers). A total of 34 different species of birds within 22 families were evaluated for this study, with the rufous-bellied thrush (Turdus rufiventris; n = 12), eared dove (Zenaida auriculata; n = 12), and ruddy ground dove (Columbina talpacoti; n = 10) being the most common species. Only 6 (27.7%) migratory species were reported: Sick's swift (Chaetura meridionalis), small-billed elaenia (Elaenia parvirostris), Black Jacobin (Florisuga fusca), Great kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus), Double-collared seedeater (Sporophila caerulescens), and Creamy-bellied thrush (Turdus amaurochalinus). Males (51) were more frequently reported than females (5), and 50.1% of the males had active gonads. Sex was unable to be determined in 44 birds. The most common radiographic lesion, noted in 16 of 82 (19.5%) animals, was loss of coelomic definition, suggestive of hemorrhage. Prevalent postmortem findings included skull hemorrhages (58/75, 77.3%) and encephalic contusions (47/73, 64.4%), followed by coelomic hemorrhages (33/81, 40.7%). Most of the window collisions (61/186, 32.8%) occurred during spring, the most common breeding season of avian species in Brazil. Cranioencephalic trauma was identified as the primary cause of mortality associated with birds flying into glass windows. Migration does not appear to be the main predisposing factor for window collisions by birds in Brazil. Increased activity and aggression related to breeding season, especially in males, may be a more important predisposing factor for window collision accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Adad Fornazari
- Federal University of Parana, Veterinary Medicine Department, Rua dos Funcionarios, 1540, 80035-050. Curitiba, Brazil
| | - André Saldanha
- Federal University of Parana, Veterinary Medicine Department, Rua dos Funcionarios, 1540, 80035-050. Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Ribas Lange
- Federal University of Parana, Veterinary Medicine Department, Rua dos Funcionarios, 1540, 80035-050. Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Tilde Froes
- Federal University of Parana, Veterinary Medicine Department, Rua dos Funcionarios, 1540, 80035-050. Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Daniel Klem
- Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA 18104, USA
| | - Bret A Moore
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira
- Federal University of Parana, Veterinary Medicine Department, Rua dos Funcionarios, 1540, 80035-050. Curitiba, Brazil,
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Kane LP, Keller KA, Salpeter EM, de Araujo NLLC, Dower N, Welle KR, Martins BDC, Fleming KMS. Ophthalmic diagnostic tests and ocular findings in healthy adult cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). J Exot Pet Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Overton TL, Swinger RL, Climans ME, Gardner AL, Grant AL, Schneider RM, Dubielzig RR, Teixeira LBC. Management of corneal epithelial defects in a population of mature chuck-will's-widows (Antrostomus carolinensis) in South Florida. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:567-574. [PMID: 32100932 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe ocular clinical findings, gross/histopathologic findings, and treatment regimens in a series of migratory chuck-will's-widows (Antrostomus carolinensis) (CWW) with corneal epithelial defects. METHODS Seven CWW were presented to the South Florida Wildlife Center (SFWC). Four presented with bilateral (OU) corneal ulceration; two developed corneal ulceration OU; one had no ocular lesions. Treatment protocols for patients with corneal ulcers included the following: medical therapy only or medical therapy combined with an additional procedure. Four patients including the bird with no ocular lesions were euthanized, and one patient died. Their globes were submitted for histopathology. Two patients were released. RESULTS Clinical findings prior to enucleation included superficial corneal ulceration with redundant epithelium persisting weeks to >1 month. On histopathology, epithelium in nonulcerated globes was remarkably thin; this was considered normal. Common histopathologic findings of ulcerated globes revealed epithelial and conjunctival attenuation with an acellular superficial stromal layer and hypercellular mid-stromal layer. One globe healed with medical therapy and cotton tip applicator debridement. Four globes healed by combination of medical therapy, equine amnion, nictitating membrane (NM) flap, and temporary tarsorrhaphy. No globes healed with diamond burr debridement or grid keratotomy. CONCLUSIONS Factors that may be contributing to these corneal epithelial defects include, but are not limited to, normally thin epithelium, exposure keratopathy, neurotrophic disease, epithelial turnover and inadequate stem cell recruitment, inherited/genetic causes, and unidentified infectious agents (eg, viral etiologies). Of the 12 eyes treated, one healed with medical therapy/cotton tip applicator debridement, and four healed with medical therapy/equine amnion/nictitating membrane flap/temporary tarsorrhaphy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Megan E Climans
- Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW), University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | | | | | | | - Leandro B C Teixeira
- Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW), University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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Presby JA, Scott EM, Norman KN, Hoppes SM, Tizard I. Normative ocular data for juvenile and adult Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:526-533. [PMID: 32100929 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To obtain normative ocular data for Japanese quail as they mature from juveniles to adults. ANIMALS STUDIED Twenty-six captive Japanese quail comprising thirteen males and thirteen females, free of ocular disease, were included in the study. PROCEDURES Ophthalmic reference values were measured in both eyes at 1 and 5 months of age. A complete ophthalmic examination was performed, including neuro-ophthalmic reflexes, slit lamp biomicroscopy, phenol red thread test (PRTT), rebound tonometry, fluorescein staining, horizontal corneal diameter measurement, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and ocular ultrasound biometry. Ultrasound biomicroscopy measurements of axial globe length, lens thickness, vitreal chamber length, and pecten length were recorded. The depth of the anterior chamber was calculated by subtracting the lens thickness and vitreous length from the axial globe length. Measures of association and descriptive statistics were analyzed using STATA-14 and STATA-15. RESULTS Juvenile and adult females were heavier than age-matched males. Weight, intraocular pressure, horizontal corneal diameter, axial globe length, and lens thickness measurements increased with age. No statistically significant differences were found in the remainder of measurements among individuals in different sex or age-groups. CONCLUSIONS This work provides reference values and clinical findings that can be used in future research on quail and ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine A Presby
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Erin M Scott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Keri N Norman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sharman M Hoppes
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ian Tizard
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Espinheira Gomes F, Abou-Madi N, Ledbetter EC, McArt J. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography imaging of normal foveae: A pilot study in 17 diurnal birds of prey. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:347-357. [PMID: 31981286 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe and to establish normative data for the foveae of diurnal birds of prey using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS All animals (9 red-tailed hawks, 3 Cooper's hawks, 3 American kestrels, 1 sharp-shinned hawk, and 1 broad-winged hawk) had an ophthalmic examination performed with slit lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Following ophthalmic examination, SD-OCT was performed in each eye that had a visible fundus and normal fovea on SD-OCT. Temporal foveae depth, central foveae depth, pecten-temporal foveae distance, and pecten-central foveae distance (PCFD) were measured using SD-OCT. Differences in measured outcomes between species were determined using generalized linear mixed effects models. RESULTS The central foveae (mean ± SD) displayed a small but significant depth variation between species (P = .002) and was deepest in red-tailed hawks (293 ± 16 µm), followed by American kestrels (260 ± 12 µm), broad-winged hawks (256 ± 16 µm), Cooper's hawks (250 ± 9 µm), and sharp-shinned hawks (239 ± 16 µm). The temporal foveae were shallower than the central foveae in all species tested, and there was a significant variation between species (P < .001). The temporal foveae (mean ± SD) were deepest in American kestrels (137 ± 8 µm), followed by red-tailed hawks (129 ± 3 µm), broad-winged hawks (59.5 ± 3.5 µm), Cooper's hawks (20.3 ± 6.4 µm), and sharp-shinned hawks (17.5 ± 0.7 µm). Pecten-temporal foveae distance was approximately 30% shorter than PCFD in all species. There were no differences in the parameters tested between the eyes within each species (P ≥ .47). CONCLUSION Normative foveae SD-OCT data were obtained in four species of diurnal birds of prey. Further studies are warranted to provide structural and functional information regarding normal and pathologic changes that can affect the foveae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noha Abou-Madi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Eric C Ledbetter
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jessica McArt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Abstract
Avian ocular disease may be primary or a manifestation of systemic disease. Various infectious and noninfectious diseases have been reported to cause ocular pathology. Thorough physical examination and diagnostic testing are necessary to determine a treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Griggs
- North Houston Veterinary Ophthalmology, 1646 Spring Cypress Road, Suite 116, Spring, TX 77388, USA.
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Ferreira TAC, Fornazari G, Saldanha A, Lunardeli B, Moore BA, Montiani-Ferreira F. The use of sulfur hexafluoride microbubbles for contrast-enhanced ocular ultrasonography of the pecten oculi in birds. Vet Ophthalmol 2018; 22:423-429. [PMID: 30109756 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pecten oculi is a vascular and pigmented structure localized within the posterior segment of all avian eyes. Its primary function is not fully understood yet. OBJECTIVE As ultrasonography (US) is a useful imaging modality for evaluation of the pecten oculi, the objective of this study was to investigate the utility of an intravenous contrast solution of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) microbubbles as a means of enhancing visualization of the pecten oculi in normal birds. ANIMALS STUDIED Ten adult individuals of the following avian species were evaluated: 1 roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris), 1 stygian owl (Asio stygius), 2 striped owls (Asio clamator), 2 burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia), 2 ring-necked parakeet (Psittacula krameri), and 2 domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). PROCEDURE(S) After baseline ocular sonograms were obtained in sedated animals, 4.5 μg/kg of a contrast solution containing SF6 microbubbles was administered intravenously and US of the right eye was immediately performed. US was continued during injection to provide real-time imaging of the pecten oculi during vascular perfusion of contrast material. RESULTS Within 2-3 seconds following intravenous contrast administration, microbubbles reached the pecten oculi of all birds investigated and provided significant ultrasonographic contrast enhancement. CONCLUSIONS SF6 microbubble contrast ultrasonography in birds is a safe and easy procedure that provides increased contrast and enhanced visualization of the pecten oculi. Future use may enable further discovery of its physiologic functions and aid in the development of therapeutic plans for avian intraocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - André Saldanha
- Comparative Ophthalmology Lab (LABOCO), Curitiba-PR, Brazil
| | | | - Bret A Moore
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
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