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Cattaneo A, Guandalini A, Peruccio C. Preliminary observations on tear film interferometry performed in horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 133:105002. [PMID: 38218326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
This retrospective study evaluated tear film (TF) interferometry on horses examined in Northern Italy in 2019-2021. The objectives were to evaluate horses affected by keratitis, and to describe TF values in horses with no evidence of ocular disease. All horses received a complete ophthalmic examination and were examined with the Ocular Surface Analyser, Veterinary-setting, prior to eye manipulation, staining and sample collection. Eighteen horses with no evidence of ocular disease were included in the comparison group. Additionally, 46 horses displaying signs of keratitis (neovascularization, corneal opacities, ulceration, epithelial and subepithelial infiltrates) were evaluated. These horses were divided into presumed non-infectious and infectious or presumed infectious keratitis groups (one with proven bacterial origin, and the others with diagnosed or presumptive keratomycosis) with the former including immune-mediated keratitis. From the observations of TF interferometry in the comparison population the authors concluded that for non-invasive break-up time (NIBUT), the estimated preliminary reference interval was 10.4-31.2s, and for tear meniscus height (TMH), it was 0.215-0.457mm. Moreover, within the keratitis population, from an interferometric point of view punctate lesions of the ocular surface were present in all cases of active diagnosed or presumptive subepithelial keratomycosis but not in any of the non-infectious cases, either non-ulcerative or ulcerative. Limitations of the study include a relatively low number of horses examined and the fact that the diagnosis of infectious keratitis was presumptive and based on clinical improvement after treatment in some cases. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of TF interferometry performed in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cattaneo
- Equine Ophthalmic Referrals, Via Endine 29, Albino (Bg) 24021, Italy; Ophthalmology Referrals, Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS), Via Sandro Giovannini 51/53, Roma (Rm) 00137, Italy.
| | - A Guandalini
- Ophthalmology Referrals, Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS), Via Sandro Giovannini 51/53, Roma (Rm) 00137, Italy
| | - C Peruccio
- Ophthalmology Referrals, Centro Veterinario Torinese (CVT), Lungo Dora Pietro Colletta 147, Torino (To) 10153, Italy
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Verdenius CY, Slenter IJM, Hermans H, Broens EM, Djajadiningrat-Laanen SC. Equine ulcerative keratitis in the Netherlands (2012-2021): Bacterial and fungal isolates and antibiotic susceptibility. Equine Vet J 2024. [PMID: 38220439 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative keratitis is a common ophthalmic disease in horses which can be complicated by microbial infection and requires immediate, accurate treatment to prevent loss of visual function or the eye. OBJECTIVES To report the results of microbial cultures, antibiotic susceptibility tests and corneal cytology in horses with ulcerative keratitis presented to a referral clinic, to assess agreement between cytology and culture results, to investigate whether previous topical treatment affected microbial culture results and whether the incidence of antimicrobial resistance changed during the study period. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective analysis. METHODS Case characteristics and results of cytology and microbial cultures were retrieved. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, χ2 or Fisher's exact test and McNemar test. RESULTS Samples for bacterial culturing (n = 187), fungal culturing (n = 153) and cytology (n = 153) were collected from 178 horses. Bacterial and fungal cultures were positive in 36% (n = 67) and 20% (n = 30), respectively. Staphylococcus (n = 35/67; 48%), Streptococcus (n = 12/67; 16%) and Aspergillus species (n = 22/30; 81%) were most frequently found. Microorganisms were observed in 14% of cytology samples (n = 22/153). Acquired antibiotic resistance was commonly observed amongst Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species. Acquired antibiotic resistance to gentamicin was more common in cases previously treated with gentamicin (p < 0.001). The incidence of acquired antibiotic resistance did not increase significantly between Cohort 2012-2017 and Cohort 2018-2021. Neither bacterial nor fungal culturing results were in agreement with cytology findings (p < 0.001 and p = 0.02, respectively). In 6 of 104 samples that were negative on fungal culturing, cytology revealed fungal elements. MAIN LIMITATIONS Due to the retrospective nature of this study, some case characteristics and test results were unavailable. CONCLUSIONS Acquired resistance was commonly observed amongst Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species, and in bacteria previously exposed to topical gentamicin. The incidence of acquired antibiotic resistance did not increase over time. When fungal cultures prove negative, cytology may have some added benefit in identifying keratomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Y Verdenius
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Surgery of Companion Animals, Ophthalmology Section, Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge J M Slenter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Surgery of Companion Animals, Ophthalmology Section, Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Els M Broens
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia C Djajadiningrat-Laanen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Surgery of Companion Animals, Ophthalmology Section, Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Bendlin A, Gemensky-Metzler AJ, Diaz-Campos D, Newbold GM, Miller EJ, Chandler HL. Evaluation of a commercial NGS service for detection of bacterial and fungal pathogens in infectious ulcerative keratitis. Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26:500-513. [PMID: 36943705 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare results from a commercial next-generation sequencing (NGS) service to corneal cytology and culture for identification of causative organisms in veterinary patients presenting for infectious ulcerative keratitis (IUK). PROCEDURE Swabs for corneal aerobic and fungal cultures and DNA swabs for NGS were submitted for canine and equine normal controls (n = 11 and n = 4, respectively) and IUK patients (n = 22 and n = 8, respectively) for which microbrush cytology specimens confirmed the presence of infectious organisms. The sensitivity of the NGS results was compared with bacterial and fungal culture results. Concordance between the NGS and culture results was determined. RESULTS The NGS results were positive for bacterial and fungal organisms in 5 and 1 normal and 18 and 1 IUK cases, respectively. Bacterial and fungal cultures were positive for 7 and 2 normal and 20 and 5 IUK cases, respectively. Sensitivity of NGS was 82.14% (95% confidence interval (CI), 63.11% to 93.94%) and specificity was 76.47% (95% CI, 50.10% to 93.19%). Concordance (complete and partial) between identified bacterial and fungal organisms was found in 79% and 100% of cases, respectively. NGS identified organisms in 3 culture-negative IUK samples. CONCLUSION A commercial NGS service may be useful in the identification of causative agents in IUK cases with a sensitivity greater than the sensitivity previously reported for aerobic culture. Further testing is needed to determine the clinical significance of additional organisms isolated by NGS from infected cases, as well as organisms isolated from normal corneas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Bendlin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Dubraska Diaz-Campos
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Georgina M Newbold
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Eric J Miller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Heather L Chandler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Kovalcuka L, Sarpio L, Nikolajenko M. Comparison of five conjunctival cytology sampling methods in normal cat eyes. Vet World 2023; 16:779-785. [PMID: 37235165 PMCID: PMC10206965 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.779-785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Ophthalmological cytology is an easy, informative, rapid, and commonly-used low-cost diagnostic method, but sample collection and preparation are essential steps in obtaining qualitative material for cytological evaluation. This study aimed to evaluate cytological smear quality and animal discomfort after single or three serial conjunctival scrapings in normal cat eyes using five sampling methods. Materials and Methods Five cytology methods (mini brush, cotton swab, soft brush, Kimura spatula, and cytobrush) were used in 50 eyes (10 with one scraping and 10 with three consecutive scrapings for a particular method) in complete 25 clinically and ophthalmologically healthy cats of different ages, sexes, and breeds. Ocular discomfort (1 = eyes open, 2 = partially open, and 3 = eyes squinted), average cell count (ten 10× fields), cell distribution (ten 100× fields: 0 = all cells are aggregated, 1 = <25% cells are evenly distributed, 2 = 25-50% cells are evenly distributed, and 3 = >50% cells are evenly distributed) and sample quality - aggregates (two cells and more), mucus, and artifacts (1+ = fair, 2+ = moderate, and 3+ = high amount) were evaluated. Results The discomfort scores for the mini brush, cotton swab, soft brush, spatula, and cytobrush after a single and three scrapings were 1, 1, 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The average cell counts ± standard deviation after one and three scrapings were as follows: mini brush 11.15 ± 13.87 and 7.55 ± 12.7; cotton swab 7.17 ± 10.20 and 10.00 ± 16.44; soft brush 19.45 ± 22.22 and 8.55 ± 13.82; spatula 17.15 ± 32.94 and 13.85 ± 22.01; and cytobrush 13.35 ± 18.33 and 13.05 ± 19.29, respectively; the cell distributions were 3, 3, 3, 1, and 1 after single scraping and 3, 3, 2, 0, and 2 after three scrapings, respectively. Conclusion The mini brush was the optimal method since it produced less discomfort, fewer artifacts, and the highest smear quality. Spatula smears were difficult to evaluate due to material thickness. The highest mucus and aggregate amounts were found in cytobrush, cotton swab, and soft brush samples. In this study, small number of samples per each sampling method is a major limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liga Kovalcuka
- Clinical Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Liga Sarpio
- Clinical Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
- Vetclinic24, IVC Evidensia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Madara Nikolajenko
- Clinical Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
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Armstrong SK, Blacklock B, Keen J, Peck FS. Successful management of a unilateral persistent epithelial defect secondary to meibomian gland dysfunction in an Irish Sports Horse using a multi‐modal treatment plan. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan K. Armstrong
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Ben Blacklock
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - John Keen
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Fraser S. Peck
- Ophthalmology Kent, Surrey, and Sussex Health Education London UK
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Hamzianpour N, Adams VJ, Grundon RA, Linn‐Pearl R, Scurrell E, Rozmanec M, Civello A, Goss R, Watkins C, Kearns H, Heinrich C. Assessment of the inter‐rater agreement of corneal cytology and culture findings in canine ulcerative keratitis. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 63:188-196. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - R. Goss
- Maes Glas Veterinary GroupBridgendCF31 2JTUK
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Ripolles-Garcia A, Sanz A, Pastor J, Abarca EM. Comparison of the use of a standard cytology brush versus a mini cytology brush to obtain conjunctival samples for cytologic examination in healthy dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:288-293. [PMID: 34242078 DOI: 10.2460/javma.259.3.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the quality of conjunctival samples for cytologic examination obtained with 2 conjunctival exfoliative brushes, a mini cytology brush (MCB) and a standard cytology brush (SCB), in healthy dogs. ANIMALS 20 client-owned dogs that were free of ocular disease. PROCEDURES A prospective single-center randomized trial was performed. For each dog, conjunctival samples of the right eye were obtained with the 2 brushes (ie, SCB or MCB) at 2 time points that were 5 to 11 days apart. The left eye was used as a control. Cytologic quality of conjunctival samples was scored on the basis of cellularity, clearness of background, uniformity of distribution of cells on the cytology slide, artifacts, cellular overlapping, cell preservation, presence of mucus on the cytology slide, and number of RBCs. RESULTS On cytologic evaluation, conjunctival samples collected with an SCB scored significantly better in terms of higher cellularity, less background debris, and more uniformity in the distribution of cells, compared with conjunctival samples collected with an MCB. Conjunctival samples collected with an MCB scored significantly better in terms of less cellular overlapping and less mucus in the background, compared with conjunctival samples collected with an SCB. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Overall conjunctival samples obtained with an SCB for cytologic evaluation had better diagnostic quality, compared with conjunctival samples obtained with an MCB. Use of an MCB, however, was advantageous to access localized conjunctival areas as well as collect conjunctival samples from patients with small palpebral fissures.
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Çakır Bayram L, Abay S, Satıcıoğlu İB, Güvenç T, Ekebaş G, Aydın F. The ocular pyogranulomatous lesion in a Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) from the Antarctic Peninsula: evaluation of microbiological and histopathological analysis outcomes. Vet Res Commun 2021; 45:143-158. [PMID: 34128178 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09796-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, it was aimed to present the results of microbiological, cytological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses of ocular samples from an Antarctic (Ardley Island, King George Island) Gentoo penguin chick (Pygoscelis papua) with a pyogranulomatous lesion in the right eye. Samples were taken from both the healthy left eye and the lesion in the right eye. Conventional culture methods and phenotypic and molecular tests were used for bacterial isolation and identification, respectively. None of the isolates could be identified phenotypically. As a result, four of the five isolates obtained from the right eye were considered to belong to putative novel bacterial species and taxa as their similarity to GenBank data was below 98.75%. The isolates were considered to be Pasteurellaceae bacterium, Corynebacterium ciconiae, Cardiobacteriaceae bacterium, Actinomyces sp., and Dermabacteraceae bacterium. The only isolate from the left eye was identified as Psychrobacter pygoscelis. The cytological analysis demonstrated cell infiltrates composed mostly of degenerate heterophils, reactive macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Based on histopathological findings, the lesion was defined as a typical pyogranulomatous lesion. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the granuloma was positive for TNF-α, IL-4, MMP-9, IL-1β, and IL-6. This is the first documented report of the unilateral pyogranulomatous ocular lesion in a Gentoo penguin chick, living in its natural habitat in Antarctica. This report also describes the isolation of four bacteria from the infected eye, which are considered to belong to novel Genus, species, or taxa. The primary bacterial pathogen that caused the ocular lesion was not able to be detected and remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latife Çakır Bayram
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Seçil Abay
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - İzzet Burçin Satıcıoğlu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Tolga Güvenç
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Görkem Ekebaş
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fuat Aydın
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Hartley C. Clinical insights: Ophthalmology in the eye of the beholder: Are we properly caring for horses with ocular disease? Equine Vet J 2020; 52:779-781. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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