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Contini M, Cruz GD, Althoff SF, Freitas MB, Taboga SR, Rafacho A. Heterogeneity in the preferential diet of neotropical bats impacts the pancreatic islet mass and α and β cell distribution. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 348:114449. [PMID: 38216095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Whether there is a relationship between bats' dietary patterns and evolutionary endocrine pancreas adaptation is not clearly understood. Aiming to contribute to this topic, we evaluated some metabolic and structural parameters in the following adult bats: the frugivorous Artibeus lituratus, the nectarivorous Anoura caudifer, the hematophagous Desmodus rotundus, and the insectivorous Molossus molossus. A. lituratus and A. caudifer diets consist of high amounts of simple carbohydrates, while D. rotundus and M. molossus diets consist of high amounts of proteins or protein and fat, respectively. In our results, A. lituratus and A. caudifer bats exhibited the highest values of relative islet mass (%), islet density (number of islets per pancreas area), and the lowest values of intestinal length among the four species. When adjusted by the body mass (mg/g of body mass), both D. rotundus and A. caudifer bats exhibited the highest islet mass values among the groups. Blood glucose was similar between A. lituratus, D. rotundus, and M. molossus, with the lowest values for the A. caudifer bats. M. molossus bats had the highest plasma cholesterol values among the studied species but exhibited similar plasma triacylglycerol with D. rotundus and A. caudifer bats. β- and α-cell distribution within A. lituratus, A. caudifer, and M. molossus islets achieved an approximate average value of ∼ 66% and ∼ 28%, respectively, a pattern inverted in D. rotundus islets (53% of α cells and 40% of β cells). A. caudifer and D. rotundus exhibited the highest and the lowest β/α-cells ratio per islet, respectively. We conclude that the macronutrient predominance in each bat-eating niche correlates with the morphophysiological pancreas features being the nectarivorous A. caudifer the species with the highest islet mass per body mass and β/α-cells ratio, while the hematophagous D. rotundus showed the highest α-cells apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Contini
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil; Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - G D Cruz
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil; Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - S F Althoff
- Biodiversity Graduate Program, Department of Natural Sciences, Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumenau - FURB, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - M B Freitas
- Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa - UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - S R Taboga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Rafacho
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil; Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Turner RC, Alexander AB, Wellehan JFX, Heard D, Abbott JR, Crevasse SE, Plummer CE. Retrospective analysis of ocular disease in a population of captive pteropodid bats, 2003-2020. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24:240-251. [PMID: 33682341 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform retrospective analysis of captive pteropodid bats presented to the University of Florida for ocular or adnexal disease from 2003-2020. ANIMALS STUDIED Twenty-four individuals from seven species were included. PROCEDURES Records were analyzed for disease process, methods of treatment, and surgical techniques and complications. RESULTS The most frequently reported abnormality was corneal disease (79%), followed by cataracts (54%), and uveitis (42%). Corneal disease was primarily attributed to either trauma or exposure keratitis secondary to buphthalmia. The majority of uveitis appeared to be lens-induced. Five cases (21%) of glaucoma were reported, all of which accompanied lens luxation. Of the seven enucleations performed, six had post-operative complications (85.7%), including swelling at the surgical site, seroma formation, and bacterial infection. There was no significant relationship between age and trauma, age and cataract formation, sex and trauma, or species and cataract formation. CONCLUSIONS The most common underlying cause of ocular pathology in these cases was trauma. While the bats tolerated topical and systemic treatment well, individual temperament must be taken into account when developing treatment plans, and prevention of injury is the most effective management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Turner
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Amy B Alexander
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - James F X Wellehan
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Darryl Heard
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Abbott
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Sarah E Crevasse
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Caryn E Plummer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Davies KTJ, Yohe LR, Almonte J, Sánchez MKR, Rengifo EM, Dumont ER, Sears KE, Dávalos LM, Rossiter SJ. Foraging shifts and visual preadaptation in ecologically diverse bats. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:1839-1859. [PMID: 32293071 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Changes in behaviour may initiate shifts to new adaptive zones, with physical adaptations for novel environments evolving later. While new mutations are commonly considered engines of adaptive change, sensory evolution enabling access to new resources might also arise from standing genetic diversity, and even gene loss. We examine the relative contribution of molecular adaptations, measured by positive and relaxed selection, acting on eye-expressed genes associated with shifts to new adaptive zones in ecologically diverse bats from the superfamily Noctilionoidea. Collectively, noctilionoids display remarkable ecological breadth, from highly divergent echolocation to flight strategies linked to specialized insectivory, the parallel evolution of diverse plant-based diets (e.g., nectar, pollen and fruit) from ancestral insectivory, and-unusually for echolocating bats-often have large, well-developed eyes. We report contrasting levels of positive selection in genes associated with the development, maintenance and scope of visual function, tracing back to the origins of noctilionoids and Phyllostomidae (the bat family with most dietary diversity), instead of during shifts to novel diets. Generalized plant visiting was not associated with exceptional molecular adaptation, and exploration of these novel niches took place in an ancestral phyllostomid genetic background. In contrast, evidence for positive selection in vision genes was found at subsequent shifts to either nectarivory or frugivory. Thus, neotropical noctilionoids that use visual cues for identifying food and roosts, as well as for orientation, were effectively preadapted, with subsequent molecular adaptations in nectar-feeding lineages and the subfamily Stenodermatinae of fig-eating bats fine-tuning pre-existing visual adaptations for specialized purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina T J Davies
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Laurel R Yohe
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, USA.,Department of Geology & Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jesus Almonte
- Independent Scientist, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Miluska K R Sánchez
- Escuela Profesional de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Piura, Piura, Peru
| | - Edgardo M Rengifo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Ecologia Aplicada, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil.,Centro de Investigación Biodiversidad Sostenible (BioS), Lima, Peru
| | - Elizabeth R Dumont
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Karen E Sears
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Liliana M Dávalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, USA.,Consortium for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Stephen J Rossiter
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Gornik KR, Pirie CG, Marrion RM, Wocial JN, Innis CJ. Ophthalmic variables in rehabilitated juvenile Kemp's ridley sea turtles(Lepidochelys kempii). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 248:673-80. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.248.6.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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