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Ahmadi MH, Maleknia M, Khoshbakht R, Rezaeeyan H. Evaluation of the hematological inflammatory parameters in the patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura: A case-control study. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1900. [PMID: 38390350 PMCID: PMC10883103 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Inflammation is one of the immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)'s aggravating elements due to inflammatory cells' function. This study aims to identify and evaluate hematological inflammatory parameters, including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and hemoglobin-to-platelet ratio (HPR), in patients with ITP compared to the control group. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the profile of 190 ITP patients from August 2019 to January 2021 at Imam Reza Hospital of Mashhad, Iran, along with 100 healthy individuals who had no ITP-related clinical or laboratory symptoms. Immune cell counts, NLR, PLR, and HPR were calculated using the complete blood count at the time of diagnosis and after the treatment. The results were analyzed through MedCalc, SPSS software, and the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results The result showed that white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil counts were higher in ITP patients (WBC: p: 0.001, neutrophil: p: 0.001), and conversely, platelet and lymphocyte counts were higher in the control group compared to ITP patients (platelets: p: 0.001, lymphocytes: p: 0.001). The indices analysis between the two groups revealed that NLR was significantly increased in ITP patients (p: 0.001), but PLR was significantly reduced in ITP patients (with the mean platelet count of 23.44 ± 35.26 × 109/L) compared to the control group (with the mean platelet count of 234.04 ± 55.88 × 109/L). The HPR index also significantly increased in ITP patients (p: 0.001). Conclusion An increase in NLR, PLR, and a decrease in HPR can be considered a valuable diagnostic algorithm in patients with ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Ahmadi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical and Rehabilitation Sciences Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Mohsen Maleknia
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran
- Student Research Committee Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran
| | - Reza Khoshbakht
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical and Rehabilitation Sciences Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Student Research Committee Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Hadi Rezaeeyan
- Blood Transfusion Research Center High Institute for Education and Research in Transfusion Medicine Tehran Iran
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Li X, Zhang M, He L, Zhou J, Shen P, Dai W, Yang X, Yuan Y, Zhu H, Wang H. Gut microbiota alterations in children and their relationship with primary immune thrombocytopenia. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1213607. [PMID: 37416817 PMCID: PMC10320726 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1213607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gut microbiota reportedly play a critical role in some autoimmune diseases by maintaining immune homeostasis. Only a few studies have examined the correlation between gut microbiota and the onset of primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), especially in children. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the composition and diversity of the fecal microbiota of children with ITP, as well as the correlation between such microbiota and the onset of ITP. Methods Twenty-five children newly diagnosed with ITP and 16 healthy volunteers (controls) were selected for the study. Fresh stool samples were collected to identify changes in the composition and diversity of gut microbiota as well as for potential correlation analysis. Results In ITP patients, the phyla that were most frequently encountered were Firmicutes (54.3%), followed by Actinobacteria (19.79%), Bacteriodetes (16.06%), and Proteobacteria (8.75%). The phyla that were predominantly found in the controls were, Firmicutes (45.84%), Actinobacteria (40.15%), Bacteriodetes (3.42%), and Proteobacteria (10.23%). Compared with those of the controls, the proportions of Firmicutes and Bacteriodetes in the gut microbiota of ITP patients were increased while the proportions of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were decreased. Furthermore, gut microbiota in ITP patients varied by age group, showed specific changes in diversity, and were correlated with antiplatelet antibodies. IgG levels were significantly positively correlated with Bacteroides (P<0.01). Conclusions The gut microbiota of children with ITP are imbalanced, as shown by the increase in Bacteroidetes, which was positively correlated with IgG. Thus gut microbiota may contribute to ITP pathogenesis via IgG. Clinical Trial Registration The clinical trial were registered and approved by the Institutional Review Committee of The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Ethics number KY-2023-106-01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Minna Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Le He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Jingfang Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Peng Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Weijie Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Xiaozhong Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Yufang Yuan
- Pediatrician Department, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- Pediatrician Department, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Honggang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
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Zhang N, Ji C, Bao X, Yuan C. Early treatment of rituximab combined with eltrombopag for secondary thrombocytopenic purpura in rheumatoid arthritis: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e28417. [PMID: 35029180 PMCID: PMC8757979 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Secondary immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is also known as acquired thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmune disease is usually one of the important causes. There are few reports about treatment of refractory thrombocytopenic purpura in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We report a case of refractory ITP in which changes in platelet-related markers with therapeutic agents are worthy of the attention of clinicians. PATIENT CONCERNS A 69-year-old woman admitted for ecchymosis on the neck and arms for 15 days presented to our hospital. She was diagnosed with RA 5 years ago. DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis met the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism 2010 classification criteria. The disease activity score 28 (DAS-28) was 4.6, indicating that the disease activity was moderate. INTERVENTIONS Treatment with first-line therapies and second-line treatment--eltrombopag (EPAG) were ineffective. Therefore, we performed rituximab combined with a low dose of EPAG. OUTCOMES The patient received 2 cycles of rituximab combined with EPAG, and reported no new petechiae on her buccal mucosa and limbs during follow-up. LESSONS This case suggests that early treatment of rituximab combined with EPAG is beneficial to patients with refractory ITP in RA. In terms of disease dynamic monitoring, immature platelet fraction (IPF) may be an auxiliary indicator for predicting efficacy, but its significance needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naidan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peoples Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Chaixia Ji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peoples Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Xiao Bao
- Department of Rheumatology, Peoples Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Chengliang Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peoples Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
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An Update on Pediatric Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP): Differentiating Primary ITP, IPD, and PID. Blood 2021; 140:542-555. [PMID: 34479363 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020006480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is the most common acquired thrombocytopenia in children and is caused by both immune-mediated decreased platelet production and increased platelet destruction. In the absence of a diagnostic test, ITP must be differentiated from other thrombocytopenic disorders, including inherited platelet disorders (IPD). In addition, a diagnosis of secondary ITP due to a primary immune deficiency (PID) with immune dysregulation may not be apparent at diagnosis but can alter management and should be considered in an expanding number of clinical scenarios. The diagnostic evaluation of children with thrombocytopenia will vary based on the clinical history and laboratory features. Access to genotyping has broadened the ability to specify the etiology of thrombocytopenia, while increasing access to immunophenotyping, functional immunologic and platelet assays, and biochemical markers has allowed for more in-depth evaluation of patients. With this greater availability of testing, diagnostic algorithms in patients with thrombocytopenia have become complex. In this article, we highlight the diagnostic evaluation of thrombocytopenia in children with a focus on ITP, including consideration of underlying genetic and immune disorders, and utilize hypothetical patient cases to describe disease manifestations and strategies for treatment of pediatric ITP.
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Abstract
Meropenem is a broad-spectrum carbapenem widely used to treat both Gram-positive and negative bacterial infections, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing microbes. We describe the occurrence of thrombocytopenia and hypersensitivity in a boy receiving intravenous meropenem for intra-abdominal sepsis secondary to perforated appendicitis. The patient developed a pruritic maculopapular rash with occasional petechiae, associated with severe thrombocytopenia, after 7 days of meropenem administration. Investigations for other causes of thrombocytopenia, including possible line sepsis, were unfruitful, and the thrombocytopenia did not resolve until cessation of meropenem. Drug-induced reactions should be considered in children receiving meropenem who present with a rash and thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Cachia
- Department of Paediatrics, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Paul Torpiano
- Department of Paediatrics, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - David Pace
- Department of Paediatrics, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
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Potential Diagnostic Approaches for Prediction of Therapeutic Responses in Immune Thrombocytopenia. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10153403. [PMID: 34362187 PMCID: PMC8347743 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune bleeding disorder in which, via unresolved mechanisms, platelets and megakaryocytes (MKs) are targeted by autoantibodies and/or T cells resulting in increased platelet destruction and impairment of MK function. Over the years, several therapeutic modalities have become available for ITP, however, therapeutic management has proven to be very challenging in several cases. Patients refractory to treatment can develop a clinically worsening disease course, treatment-induced toxicities and are predisposed to development of potentially life-endangering bleedings. It is therefore of critical importance to timely identify potential refractory patients, for which novel diagnostic approaches are urgently needed in order to monitor and predict specific therapeutic responses. In this paper, we propose promising diagnostic investigations into immune functions and characteristics in ITP, which may potentially be exploited to help predict platelet count responses and thereby distinguish therapeutic responders from non-responders. This importantly includes analysis of T cell homeostasis, which generally appears to be disturbed in ITP due to decreased and/or dysfunctional T regulatory cells (Tregs) leading to loss of immune tolerance and initiation/perpetuation of ITP, and this may be normalized by several therapeutic modalities. Additional avenues to explore in possible prediction of therapeutic responses include examination of platelet surface sialic acids, platelet apoptosis, monocyte surface markers, B regulatory cells and platelet microparticles. Initial studies have started evaluating these markers in relation to response to various treatments including glucocorticosteroids (GCs), intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) and/or thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RA), however, further studies are highly warranted. The systematic molecular analysis of a broad panel of immune functions may ultimately help guide and improve personalized therapeutic management in ITP.
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Schmidt DE, Heitink‐Pollé KMJ, Mertens B, Porcelijn L, Kapur R, van der Schoot CE, Vidarsson G, van der Bom JG, Bruin MCA, de Haas M. Biological stratification of clinical disease courses in childhood immune thrombocytopenia. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:1071-1081. [PMID: 33386662 PMCID: PMC8048469 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In childhood immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), an autoimmune bleeding disorder, there is a need for better prediction of individual disease courses and treatment outcomes. OBJECTIVE To predict the response to intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) and ITP disease course using genetic and immune markers. METHODS Children aged younger than 7 years with newly diagnosed ITP (N = 147) from the Treatment With or Without IVIG for Kids with ITP study were included, which randomized children to an IVIg or observation group. A total of 46 variables were available: clinical characteristics, targeted genotyping, lymphocyte immune phenotyping, and platelet autoantibodies. RESULTS In the treatment arm, 48/80 children (60%) showed a complete response (platelets ≥100 × 109 /L) that lasted for at least 1 month (complete sustained response [CSR]) and 32 exhibited no or a temporary response (absence of a sustained response [ASR]). For a biological risk score, five variables were selected by regularized logistic regression that predicted ASR vs CSR: (1) hemoglobin; (2) platelet count; (3) genetic polymorphisms of Fc-receptor (FcγR) IIc; (4) the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-platelet antibodies; and (5) preceding vaccination. The ASR sensitivity was 0.91 (95% confidence interval, 0.80-1.00) and specificity was 0.67 (95% confidence interval, 0.53-0.80). In the 67 patients of the observation arm, this biological score was also associated with recovery during 1 year of follow-up. The addition of the biological score to a predefined clinical score further improved the discrimination of favorable ITP disease courses. CONCLUSIONS The prediction of disease courses and IVIg treatment responses in ITP is improved by using both clinical and biological stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Schmidt
- Sanquin ResearchDepartment of Experimental ImmunohematologyAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Katja M. J. Heitink‐Pollé
- Department of Pediatric HematologyWilhelmina Children’s HospitalUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bart Mertens
- Department of Medical StatisticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Leendert Porcelijn
- Department of Immunohematology DiagnosticsSanquin Diagnostic ServicesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Rick Kapur
- Sanquin ResearchDepartment of Experimental ImmunohematologyAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - C. Ellen van der Schoot
- Sanquin ResearchDepartment of Experimental ImmunohematologyAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin ResearchDepartment of Experimental ImmunohematologyAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Johanna G. van der Bom
- Sanquin ResearchCenter for Clinical Transfusion ResearchLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Clinical EpidemiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Marrie C. A. Bruin
- Department of Pediatric HematologyWilhelmina Children’s HospitalUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Princess Maxima Pediatric Oncology CenterUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Masja de Haas
- Department of Immunohematology DiagnosticsSanquin Diagnostic ServicesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood TransfusionLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
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Porcelijn L, Schmidt DE, Oldert G, Hofstede-van Egmond S, Kapur R, Zwaginga JJ, de Haas M. Evolution and Utility of Antiplatelet Autoantibody Testing in Patients with Immune Thrombocytopenia. Transfus Med Rev 2020; 34:258-269. [PMID: 33046350 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To this day, immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) remains a clinical diagnosis made by exclusion of other causes for thrombocytopenia. Reliable detection of platelet autoantibodies would support the clinical diagnosis, but the lack of specificity and sensitivity of the available methods for platelet autoantibody testing limits their value in the diagnostic workup of thrombocytopenia. The introduction of methods for glycoprotein-specific autoantibody detection has improved the specificity of testing and is acceptable for ruling in ITP but not ruling it out as a diagnosis. The sensitivity of these assays varies widely, even between studies using comparable assays. A review of the relevant literature combined with our own laboratory's experience of testing large number of serum and platelet samples makes it clear that this variation can be explained by variations in the characteristics of the tests, including in the glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies, the glycoproteins that are tested, the platelet numbers used in the assay and the cutoff levels for positive and negative results, as well as differences in the tested patient populations. In our opinion, further standardization and optimization of the direct autoantibody detection methods to increase sensitivity without compromising specificity seem possible but will still likely be insufficient to distinguish the often very weak specific autoantibody signals from background signals. Further developments of autoantibody detection methods will therefore be necessary to increase sensitivity to a level acceptable to provide laboratory confirmation of a diagnosis of ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leendert Porcelijn
- Department of Immunohematology Diagnostics, Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - David E Schmidt
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gonda Oldert
- Department of Immunohematology Diagnostics, Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rick Kapur
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Jan Zwaginga
- Department of Immuno-hematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Sanquin Research, Center for Clinical Transfusion Research, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Masja de Haas
- Department of Immunohematology Diagnostics, Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Sanquin Research, Center for Clinical Transfusion Research, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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9
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Schmidt DE, Heitink‐Polle KMJ, Porcelijn L, van der Schoot CE, Vidarsson G, Bruin MCA, de Haas M. Anti-platelet antibodies in childhood immune thrombocytopenia: Prevalence and prognostic implications. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:1210-1220. [PMID: 32053276 PMCID: PMC7318215 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-platelet antibody testing may be useful for the diagnosis and management of childhood immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). OBJECTIVES Here we aimed to assess the prevalence and prognostic significance of anti-platelet glycoprotein-specific IgM and IgG antibodies. METHODS Children with newly diagnosed ITP were included at diagnosis and randomized to an intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) or careful observation group (TIKI trial). In this well-defined and longitudinally followed cohort (N = 179), anti-platelet glycoprotein-specific IgM and IgG antibodies were determined by monoclonal antibody-immobilization of platelet antigens. RESULTS The dominant circulating anti-platelet antibody class in childhood ITP was IgM (62% of patients); but IgG antibodies were also found (10%). Children without IgM platelet antibodies were older and more often female. There was weak evidence for an association between IgM anti-GP IIb/IIIa antibodies and an increased bleeding severity (P = .03). The IgM and IgG anti-platelet responses partially overlapped, and reactivity was frequently directed against multiple glycoproteins. During 1-year follow-up, children with IgM antibodies in the observation group displayed a faster platelet recovery compared to children without, also after adjustment for age and preceding infections (P = 7.1 × 10-5 ). The small group of patients with detectable IgG anti-platelet antibodies exhibited an almost complete response to IVIg treatment (N = 12; P = .02), suggesting that IVIg was particularly efficacious in these children. CONCLUSIONS Testing for circulating anti-platelet antibodies may be helpful for the clinical prognostication and the guidance of treatment decisions in newly diagnosed childhood ITP. Our data suggest that the development of even more sensitive tests may further improve the clinical value of antibody testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Schmidt
- Department of Experimental ImmunohematologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | | | - Leendert Porcelijn
- Laboratory for Platelet and Leukocyte SerologyDepartment of Immunohematology DiagnosticsSanquin Diagnostic ServicesAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - C. Ellen van der Schoot
- Department of Experimental ImmunohematologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental ImmunohematologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Marrie C. A. Bruin
- Department of Pediatric HematologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Masja de Haas
- Laboratory for Platelet and Leukocyte SerologyDepartment of Immunohematology DiagnosticsSanquin Diagnostic ServicesAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Center for Clinical Transfusion ResearchSanquin ResearchLeidenthe Netherlands
- Jon J van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion ScienceLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood TransfusionLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
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