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Martinez i Ferré B, Corletto F, Shing H, Bhalla R. Epidural catheter misplacement and knot formation within the hypoaxial musculature of a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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2
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Ultrasonographic Imaging Protocol and Sonoanatomy of the Lumbar Spine in Healthy Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091187. [PMID: 35565613 PMCID: PMC9100366 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound is an imaging technique commonly used in veterinary medicine. Ultrasound devices are widely available, their means of examination are relatively short and cheap, and they do not generate ionizing radiation. In addition, ultrasound generally does not need to be performed under general anesthesia. This study was performed on 23 canine cadavers with full clinical histories and with no confirmed pathological changes in the spine region. The imaging modalities were established in dogs in lateral recumbency, with the selected side being the uppermost angle, in a neutral position. All dogs were examined in the transverse and longitudinal planes. Sacral crest, intertransverse ligament, vertebral canal floor, vertebral body, and intervertebral discs were only visible in the longitudinal plane. Vertebral arch, supraspinal ligament, dorsal wall of the vertebral canal and muscles were visualized only in the transverse plane. This article provides a brief and relatively easy-to-perform protocol for ultrasound imaging of the lumbar spine of dogs. In addition, it presents a detailed description of the sonoanatomy of the area under investigation.
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Real-time ultrasound-guided lumbosacral epidural anaesthesia in obese or appropriate body condition score dogs: A randomized clinical trial. Vet J 2022; 280:105791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Onset of Action of Bupivacaine Administered via Dural Puncture Epidural versus Spinal, Lumbosacral, and Sacrococcygeal Epidural Injections in Dogs: Randomised Clinical Trial. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102996. [PMID: 34680015 PMCID: PMC8532631 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epidural anaesthesia is commonly performed to provide long-lasting local anaesthesia in animals. Spinal anaesthesia has become popular in human anaesthesia due to a faster onset, but shorter duration, than epidural anaesthesia. Recently, dural puncture epidural anaesthesia (DPE) has been proposed as a compromise between spinal and epidural anaesthesia, providing longer duration than spinal anaesthesia with similar onset of action. This study aimed to compare the technical aspects of these techniques (onset of action, number of attempts, and time to perform them). The results showed no difference between the techniques in number of attempts required, while the epidural injections tended to be shorter than spinal and dural puncture epidural injections. The onset of action (measured as disappearance of the patellar reflex) was longer in the sacrococcygeal epidural injection than any other techniques (including lumbosacral epidural injections). Abstract The study aimed to compare bupivacaine onset time when administered via epidural anaesthesia injecting both at the lumbosacral and sacrococcygeal spaces, spinal anaesthesia, and DPE in clinical dogs. A total of 41 dogs requiring neuraxial anaesthesia as part of their anaesthetic protocol were recruited. They were randomly allocated to receive an epidural injection in the sacrococcygeal space aided by the nerve stimulator (SCO), an epidural injection in the lumbosacral (LS), a subarachnoid injection (SPI), or a DPE. The onset of anaesthesia was assessed every 30 s after the injection by testing the presence of patellar ligament reflex. The number of attempts and time to perform the technique were also recorded. Data were analysed using a one-way ANOVA for trimmed means with post hoc Lincoln test and a Kaplan–Meier curve. The significance level was set at p < 0.05, and the results are presented in absolute values and median (range). There was no difference in the number of attempts required to complete the techniques between groups (p = 0.97). Epidural injections (LS and SCO) tended to be shorter than SPI and DPE techniques, but there was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.071). The time to the disappearance of patellar ligament reflex (Westphal’s sign) in the SCO group was longer than in any other group. In conclusion, all techniques provided a rapid block of the patellar reflex. The SCO technique was the slowest in onset, while the other groups (SPI, DPE, and LS) were faster and almost indistinguishable.
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Wahid MR, Prawira AY, Nisa' C, Agungpriyono S, Fakhrul Ulum M. Sonoanatomy of female reproductive organ of Sunda porcupine (Hystrix javanica). Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 49:779-787. [PMID: 32537746 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The conventional anatomical study of specimens requires cutting processes which destruct the limited specimens. A non-destructive method, namely an ultrasonography, can be used to assess the anatomical organ information of those specimens. The aim of this research is to analyse the macroanatomy of the female reproductive organ in the Sunda porcupine (Hystrix javanica), using ultrasonographical imaging. In this study, four formaldehyde-fixed reproductive organ specimens of the Sunda porcupine were used. A 10-12 MHz linear ultrasound transducer was utilized to provide an imaging format of both longitudinal and transversal views. Photographic images were then used as comparison with a sonographic image. The results show that the ultrasound image of the Sunda porcupine reproductive organ soft tissue was hypoechoic, the lumen and antrum follicles were anechoic, while atretic follicles and the mons pubis were hyperechoic. Generally, the size of the organ was not significantly different between photographical and ultrasonographical imaging (p > .05). In conclusion, ultrasound images can be utilized for anatomical studies of the Sunda porcupine reproductive organs without destructing the specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Risman Wahid
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Andhika Yudha Prawira
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Chairun Nisa'
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Srihadi Agungpriyono
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Mokhamad Fakhrul Ulum
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, Reproduction, and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
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Medina Serra R, Dominguez S, Vilalta L, Palacios C. Ultrasound‐guided epidural nerve block in a domestic dwarf rabbit (
Oryctolagus cuniculus
) undergoing ovariohysterectomy. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Medina Serra
- Anaesthesia and AnalgesiaRoyal Veterinary College Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesHatfieldUK
| | - Sheyla Dominguez
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía AnimalFacultad de VeterinariaUniversidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente MártirValenciaSpain
| | | | - Carolina Palacios
- Clinical Services DivisionRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldHertfordshireUK
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Castro D, Portela DA, Otero PE. Positive color flow Doppler test used to confirm sacrococcygeal epidural injection in a dog. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:280-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Pratt CL, Balakrishnan A, McGowan E, Drobatz KJ, Reineke EL. A prospective randomized, double-blinded clinical study evaluating the efficacy and safety of bupivacaine versus morphine-bupivacaine in caudal epidurals in cats with urethral obstruction. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2020; 30:170-178. [PMID: 32100466 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy and safety of the caudal epidural technique in cats with urethral obstruction (UO). DESIGN Prospective, double-blinded, randomized, sham-controlled study. ANIMALS Eighty-eight male cats with UO. INTERVENTIONS Thirty cats randomized to bupivacaine epidural (BUP), 28 cats to bupivacaine-morphine epidural (BUP/MOR), and 30 cats to sham epidural (SHAM). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Time to perform the epidural and efficacy of the epidural was assessed by evaluation of tail and perineal responses. The amount of propofol for urinary catheterization and time to administration of rescue analgesia (buprenorphine) was recorded. Cats were monitored for epidural complications. The median time to perform the epidural was 2 min (range, 0.2-13 min and range, 0.5-13 min), with an epidural success rate of 70%. The median amount of propofol administered for urinary catheterization was significantly less in the BUP (2.1 mg/kg; range, 0-7.5 mg/kg) and MOR/BUP cats (1.85 mg/kg; range, 0-8.6 mg/kg) as compared to SHAM cats (4 mg/kg; range, 0-12.7 mg/kg) (P = 0.006, P = 0.0008, respectively). The median time to administration of rescue analgesia was also significantly longer in the BUP (10 h; range, 2-32 h) and MOR/BUP cats (10 h; range, 4-45 h) as compared to SHAM cats (4 h; range, 2-36 h) (P = 0.0026, P = 0.0004, respectively). There were no recognized complications related to the epidural. CONCLUSION Caudal epidural appears to be safe, may reduce the amount of IV anesthesia needed to facilitate urinary catheterization, and can be used to provide long-term analgesia in the hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chap L Pratt
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine-Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anusha Balakrishnan
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine-Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Erin McGowan
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine-Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth J Drobatz
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine-Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Erica L Reineke
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine-Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Martinez-Taboada F, Otero PE, Laredo F, Belda E. Identification of the sacrococcygeal epidural space using the nerve stimulation test or the running-drip method in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:385-390. [PMID: 32276884 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the nerve stimulation test (group NS) with the running-drip method (group RUN) for successful identification of the sacrococcygeal (SCo) epidural space prior to drug administration in dogs. ANIMALS A total of 62 dogs. STUDY DESIGN A randomized clinical study. METHODS Dogs requiring an epidural anaesthetic as part of the multimodal anaesthetic plan were randomly allocated to one of the two study groups. In group NS, the epidural space was located using an insulated needle connected to a nerve stimulator; in group RUN, the epidural space was identified using a Tuohy needle connected to a fluid bag elevated 60 cm above the spine via an administration set. The success of the technique was assessed 5 minutes after epidural injection by the disappearance of the patella reflex. Data were checked for normality, nonparametric data was analysed using a Mann-Whitney U test and success rate was analysed using a Fisher's exact test. The significance level was set at p < 0.05, and the results are presented in absolute values, percentage (95% confident interval) and median (range). RESULTS The success in identification of the epidural space did not differ between groups NS and RUN [87.1% (70.2%-96.4%) versus 90.3% (74.2%-98%); p = 1.000]. The time required for identification of the epidural space was shorter in group RUN [26 (15-53) seconds] than in group NS [40 (19-137) seconds] (p = 0.0225). No other differences were found in any studied variables. CONCLUSION and clinical relevance In this study, both RUN and NS techniques were successful in identifying the epidural space at the SCo intervertebral space. RUN requires no specialised equipment, can be performed rapidly and offers an alternative to the NS for use in general veterinary practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Martinez-Taboada
- The University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, The School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pablo E Otero
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Anestesiología y Algiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco Laredo
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eliseo Belda
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Abstract
Epidural and spinal anesthesia with a combination of local anesthetics and opioids (when available) is a commonly used technique in veterinary medicine and a safe one when practiced under strict guidelines. It is a valuable tool in the analgesic armamentarium and can greatly extend the ability to provide analgesia and reduce postoperative opioid requirements. As with all regional anesthetic techniques, clinical experience should be gained in order to practice it efficiently, and care should be taken to minimize the risks and complications associated with its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Martin-Flores
- Section of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
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Vesovski S, Makara M, Martinez-Taboada F. Computer tomographic comparison of cranial spread of contrast in lumbosacral and sacrococcygeal epidural injections in dog cadavers. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 46:510-515. [PMID: 31155379 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the cranial spread of epidural injectates between lumbosacral (LS) and sacrococcygeal (SCo) approaches in order to guide volume selection for SCo epidural anaesthesia in the dog. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized cadaveric experimental study. ANIMAL A group of 13 adult greyhound cadavers. METHODS The greyhound cadavers were randomly allocated to receive an epidural injection of diluted contrast via the LS or SCo approach. Incremental volumes (0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mL kg-1) were injected consecutively, and a computed tomography (CT) scan was completed following every volume increment. Cranial spread of contrast was recorded by counting the number of vertebrae cranial to the LS space that the injectate had reached, expressed as a vertebral value (n). This vertebral value was measured taking into consideration the percentage of the cord surrounded by contrast (vertebral canal coverage, %). RESULTS The cranial spread of contrast was similar at 0.1 mL kg-1 [1 (0-3) versus 2 (1-3) n], 0.2 mL kg-1 [3 (0-10) versus 3 (1-5) n], 0.4 mL kg-1 [12 (9-18) versus 11 (3-19) n] and 0.6 mL kg-1 [18 (12-20) versus 15 (10-23) n] for the LS and SCo injections, respectively (p = 0.945). There was a significant interaction between the volume injected and vertebral canal coverage (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The cranial spread of contrast was similar, independent of whether the epidural injection was performed in the LS or SCo intervertebral space. Current volume guidelines used for the LS approach may produce similar distribution patterns when the SCo approach is used. Further studies are required in order to evaluate the in vivo effectiveness and the adequacy in differently sized dogs of the results found herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Vesovski
- The University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, The School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Mariano Makara
- The University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, The School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Fernando Martinez-Taboada
- The University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, The School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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12
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Ferreira JP. Epidural anaesthesia–analgesia in the dog and cat: considerations, technique and complications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.12968/coan.2018.23.11.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques P Ferreira
- European and RCVS specialist in Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, Solihull, West Midlands B90 4NH
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Panti A, Greenhalgh SN, Longo M, Liuti T. The effect of recumbency and hindlimb position on the lumbosacral interlaminar distance in dogs: a cadaveric computed tomography study. Vet Anaesth Analg 2018; 45:802-810. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Garcia-Pereira F. Epidural anesthesia and analgesia in small animal practice: An update. Vet J 2018; 242:24-32. [PMID: 30503540 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidural anesthesia is a commonly performed technique in both human and veterinary medicine. The technique is relatively simple following appropriate training and provides anesthesia and analgesia for acute and chronic pain. Several drug combinations have been administered by this route with variable success and duration. Multiple techniques to guide or confirm correct epidural needle placement are discussed in this article, as well as anatomical features of the epidural space, effect of drug volume and concentration, and adverse effects of the technique in small animal practice. This article is not an exhaustive review of the literature, but an update of some new findings over the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Garcia-Pereira
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32610 USA.
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Boursier JF, Fournet A, Bassanino J, Manassero M, Bedu AS, Leperlier D. Ultrasonography is more accurate than percutaneous palpation for identifying targeted thoracolumbar intervertebral disc spaces in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2018; 59:749-757. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre Fournet
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Unité de chirurgie; 94700 Maisons-Alfort France
| | - Jean Bassanino
- Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Pommery; Service de chirurgie; 51100 Reims France
| | - Mathieu Manassero
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Unité de chirurgie; 94700 Maisons-Alfort France
| | - Anne-Sophie Bedu
- Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Pommery; Service d'imagerie médicale; 51100 Reims France
| | - Dimitri Leperlier
- Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Pommery; Service de chirurgie; 51100 Reims France
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Romagnoli N, Lambertini C, Ventrella D, Floriano D, Elmi A, Barone F, Bacci ML. Ultrasound guided spinal catheter insertion in piglet: preliminary results. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:1391-1396. [PMID: 29174210 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the ultrasound (US) evaluation of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal tracts in piglets and to evaluate the feasibility of the ultrasound guided spinal catheter placement in newborn and paediatric piglets. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS A total of two piglet cadavers (age, 7 and 14 days) and eight commercial crossbreed piglets divided into four groups according to age: 7 (P7), 14 (P14), 21 (P21) and 28 (P28) days. METHODS In the first part of the study an ultrasound examination of the spinal tract was performed in piglet cadavers applying the transverse and the longitudinal approaches in sternal and lateral recumbencies. In the second phase, the piglets were anaesthetized with sevoflurane. A US examination with a 10 MHz linear probe was performed and a spinal catheter was introduced between the spinous processes of L2 and L3 lumbar vertebrae using an in-plane technique and its advancement was monitored with the probe. At the end of procedure, the catheter was removed. The piglets recovered from anaesthesia and were monitored for one week. RESULTS In phase I the authors identified the paramedian longitudinal approach as the most feasible for spinal structure evaluation in piglets. In phase II, the paramedian longitudinal views enabled a good visualization of the spinal cord and of the catheter advancement up to the cisterna magna in groups P7 and P14. In groups P21 and P28 it was not possible to visualize the neuroaxial structures and the spinal catheter using the same approach. No clinical alterations were recorded during the procedure or the following days. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE US-guided spinal catheter placement appeared a feasible technique in piglets younger than 14 days but it is not useful in older piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Romagnoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlotta Lambertini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Domenico Ventrella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario Floriano
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Elmi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Barone
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria L Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Steagall PVM, Simon BT, Teixeira Neto FJ, Luna SPL. An Update on Drugs Used for Lumbosacral Epidural Anesthesia and Analgesia in Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:68. [PMID: 28553642 PMCID: PMC5427076 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to report an update on drugs administered into the epidural space for anesthesia and analgesia in dogs, describing their potential advantages and disadvantages in the clinical setting. Databases searched include Pubmed, Google scholar, and CAB abstracts. Benefits of administering local anesthetics, opioids, and alpha2 agonists into the epidural space include the use of lower doses of general anesthetics (anesthetic “sparing” effect), perioperative analgesia, and reduced side effects associated with systemic administration of drugs. However, the potential for cardiorespiratory compromise, neurotoxicity, and other adverse effects should be considered when using the epidural route of administration. When these variables are considered, the epidural technique is useful as a complementary method of anesthesia for preventive and postoperative analgesia and/or as part of a balanced anesthesia technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo V M Steagall
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Bradley T Simon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Francisco J Teixeira Neto
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Stelio P L Luna
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
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18
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Adami C, Gendron K. What is the evidence? The issue of verifying correct needle position during epidural anaesthesia in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:212-218. [PMID: 28215814 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the methods for verifying the needle position while performing epidural anaesthesia in dogs, and to discuss the advantages, disadvantages, usefulness and reliability of each technique in the experimental and clinical research setting. DATABASES USED PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and the Basel University Library online catalogues; the latter, which was provided by the University of Berne, were used as databases. The results were filtered manually based on the titles and abstracts in order to narrow the field. CONCLUSIONS Besides some drawbacks, including the potential side effects of contrast medium injection, which may limit its routine use in clinical patients, epidurography should still be regarded as one of the most reliable techniques to verify needle position in dogs. Ultrasonography, electrical nerve stimulation, loss of resistance and the hanging drop technique are regarded as less invasive than epidurography and, for this reason, their use may be more applicable to clinical patients. However, these methods have been described in only a few published reports, all of which involved a limited number of dogs. Finally, the detection of epidural pressure waves has been investigated more extensively in dogs, and the findings of these studies suggest that this technique may be used to verify epidural needle placement for experimental and clinical research, on condition that all the negative subjects are excluded from the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Adami
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK.
| | - Karine Gendron
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Otero PE, Verdier N, Zaccagnini AS, Fuensalida SE, Sclocco M, Portela DA, Waxman S. Sonographic evaluation of epidural and intrathecal injections in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2016; 43:652-661. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Giambuzzi S, Pancotto T, Ruth J. Perineural Injection for Treatment of Root-Signature Signs Associated with Lateralized Disk Material in Five Dogs (2009-2013). Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:1. [PMID: 26858952 PMCID: PMC4728328 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disk disease (IVDD) is common in dogs; cervical IVDD accounts for 13–25% of all cases. Ventral slot decompression provides access to ventral and centrally extruded or protruded disk material. However, procedures to remove dorsally or laterally displaced material are more difficult. This case series describes the use of perineural injection as a potential treatment option for dogs experiencing root-signature signs associated with lateralized disk material in the cervical spine. Five dogs underwent fluoroscopically guided perineural injection of methylprednisolone ± bupivacaine. Most patients experienced improvement in root-signature signs and remained pain free without the assistance of oral pain medication. These findings suggest the perineural injection of methylprednisolone ± bupivacaine represents a viable option for dogs with cervical lateralized disk material causing root-signature signs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theresa Pancotto
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine , Blacksburg, VA , USA
| | - Jeffrey Ruth
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine , Blacksburg, VA , USA
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Liotta A, Sandersen C, Couvreur T, Bolen G. TECHNIQUE, DIFFICULTY, AND ACCURACY OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY-GUIDED TRANSLAMINAR AND TRANSFORAMINAL LUMBOSACRAL EPIDURAL AND INTRAARTICULAR LUMBAR FACET JOINT INJECTIONS IN DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2015; 57:191-8. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Liotta
- Diagnostic Imaging Section, Department of Small Animals and Equidae Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Charlotte Sandersen
- Anesthesia Section, Department of Small Animals and Equidae Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Thierry Couvreur
- Department of Medical Imaging; Centre Hospitalier Chrétien; Liège Belgium
| | - Géraldine Bolen
- Diagnostic Imaging Section, Department of Small Animals and Equidae Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
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