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Sauer FJ, Hellige M, Beineke A, Geburek F. Osteoarthritis of the coxofemoral joint in 24 horses: Evaluation of radiography, ultrasonography, intra-articular anaesthesia, treatment and outcome. Equine Vet J 2024. [PMID: 38185515 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few case reports describe equine coxofemoral joint osteoarthritis (CFJOA). OBJECTIVES To evaluate diagnostic findings and outcome of horses with CFJOA and to provide a score facilitating radiographic assessment. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS History, clinical signs, ultrasonographic, radiographic and intra-articular anaesthesia findings, treatments, outcome, and necropsy results of horses with CFJOA presented between 2002 and 2023 were collated. Radiographic findings were categorised to develop a radiographic score which was applied by two masked examiners. Intra- and inter-observer reliability was determined using weighted Cohen's kappa (Cκ) and the correlation between radiographic and ultrasound findings via Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS The study included 24 horses (median age 14 years). Most of them (20/24) were chronically lame. Frequent clinical signs included unilateral gluteal muscle atrophy (18/21), lengthening of the stride of the affected limb (13/19) and locomotion on three tracks (13/20). Both imaging modalities enabled evaluation of periarticular osteophytes (correlation coefficient r = 0.64; p = 0.003). Additionally, radiography allowed detection of irregular joint spaces, subchondral bone opacity changes and femoral head flattening/tapering. Inter-observer (Cκ = 0.846) and intra-observer (Cκ = 0.853 and Cκ = 0.842) agreement was excellent. If treated, mostly intra-articular corticosteroids were administered (16/18). Nine horses were euthanised immediately or during follow-up examination. Post-mortem, the Ligamentum capitis ossis femoris was commonly found ruptured. All surviving horses remained lame. MAIN LIMITATIONS Retrospective analysis of clinical records and subjective outcome assessment based on owner follow-up with potential recall bias. Due to overall disease severity, associations between different grades of clinical findings, radiographic abnormalities and outcome could not be evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Typical clinical signs may indicate CFJOA. Standardised evaluation of ventrodorsal radiographs allows a comprehensive diagnosis. Postmortem findings suggest joint instability as a possible causative factor that may contribute to the poor prognosis and resistance to medical therapy of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fay J Sauer
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren Hellige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Geburek
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Todd-Donato AB, Porter IR, VanDeventer GM, Krotscheck U. Ultrasound is an accurate method compared to radiography for diagnosing the presence of acute hip luxation in cadaver dogs and can identify the direction of luxation with variable reliability. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2022; 63:779-789. [PMID: 35959964 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hip luxation is a common musculoskeletal injury in dogs, with radiographs being the preferred imaging modality for confirming the diagnosis. In large animal and human medicine, ultrasound is often utilized for this purpose. The objectives of this three-part study were to utilize a canine cadaver model to establish ultrasonographic features of hip luxation and evaluate the accuracy and reliability for diagnosing hip luxation with ultrasound. For the first prospective, exploratory study, a cadaver model was developed that allowed manual luxation and subsequent ultrasonography of the hip joint while in four directions of luxation. For the second prospective, anatomic study, a description of the ultrasonographic features for each direction of luxation was created. For the third prospective diagnostic accuracy, observer agreement study, 16 residency-trained and intern veterinarians without prior experience in this technique performed randomized, repeated ultrasound exams on cadaver hips assigned as normal or luxated (equally distributed between the 4 directions). A total of 1140 hip ultrasounds were performed with good accuracy (median, 90.8%; range, 61.4-100%), sensitivity (89.5%), and specificity (80.0%) for diagnosing the presence of hip luxation. Accuracy for identifying the correct quadrant of luxation was significantly lower (mean, 58.6%; range, 24.6-90.8%; P < 0.001). Intraobserver accuracy agreement varied widely from none to almost perfect agreement, and interobserver agreement ranged from slight to moderate agreement. The results of this study supported the use of ultrasound for diagnosing the presence of hip luxation but did not support replacing radiographs for diagnosing the direction of luxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B Todd-Donato
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Ian R Porter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Gretchen M VanDeventer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Ursula Krotscheck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Abdelbaset-Ismail A, Aref M, Ezzeldein S, Eisa E, Gugjoo MB, Abdelaal A, Emam H, Al Syaad K, Ahmed AE, Alshati A, Abd El Raouf M. Ultrasound, Dacryocystorhinography and Morphological Examination of Normal Eye and Lacrimal Apparatus of the Donkey (Equus asinus). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12020132. [PMID: 35049756 PMCID: PMC8772537 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated normal macromorphological and ultrasonographic features of the eye and lacrimal gland, as well as normal dacryocystorhinography of the donkey (Equus asinus) in Egypt. A total of 36 donkeys of different ages, weights, and sexes were included in the study: 21 live animals for ultrasonography and dacryocystorhinography, and 15 cadaver skulls for morphological anatomy of the lacrimal apparatus. The ultrasound biometric values of the eye were 33.7 ± 1.7 mm for axial globe length (AGL), 39.8 ± 2.1 mm for globe diameter (GD), 10.8 ± 0.7 mm for lens thickness (LT), 3.2 ± 0.7 mm for anterior chamber depth (ACD), and 19.3 ± 1.6 mm for vitreous chamber depth (VCD). The lacrimal gland was recognized as a hypoechogenic structure with an anechoic core, located at the dorsolateral aspect of the orbit, and ovoid in shape. The mean NLD length was 193.0 ± 9.8 mm by radiography and 206.0 ± 20.4 mm by gross assessment. One NL orifice (NLO) was noticed on each side, with a diameter of 3.0 ± 0.1 mm and located 12.1 ± 2.1 mm from the dorsal commissure of the nostril. These results may act as the baseline for proper management of conditions of the eye and lacrimal apparatus in the donkey in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelbaset-Ismail
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.A.-I.); (S.E.); (E.E.)
| | - Mohamed Aref
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.A.); (H.E.)
| | - Shimaa Ezzeldein
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.A.-I.); (S.E.); (E.E.)
| | - Eslam Eisa
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.A.-I.); (S.E.); (E.E.)
| | - Mudasir Bashir Gugjoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu & Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India;
| | - Ahmed Abdelaal
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Hassan Emam
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.A.); (H.E.)
| | - Khalid Al Syaad
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;
- Director of the Research Center, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; (A.E.A.); (A.A.)
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Ali Alshati
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; (A.E.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Mustafa Abd El Raouf
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.A.-I.); (S.E.); (E.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-01141-151863
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Crecente P, Argüelles D, Cifuentes M. Freehand magnetic needle guidance technology for intra‐articular cervical injection in horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - D. Argüelles
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario de Córdoba Universidad de Córdoba Córdoba Spain
| | - M. Cifuentes
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences University Santiago de Compostela Lugo Spain
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Al-Sobayil F, Sadan MA, El-Shafaey EA, Allouch J. Intra-articular injection in the hind limb joints of dromedary camels ( Camelus dromedarius) using anatomical and arthrographic-guided landmarks. Vet World 2021; 14:2055-2063. [PMID: 34566321 PMCID: PMC8448646 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2055-2063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: A healthy joint is an important structure for the proper movement of the camel limb. Intra-articular (IA) injection is frequently used in veterinary practice for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes of joint injuries. Thus, the current study aimed to describe the injection of the hindlimb joints in dromedary camels based on the anatomical and arthrographic-guided landmarks. Materials and Methods: Eighteen orthopedically sound adult camels (mean±standard deviation age: 78±12 months) of both sexes were included in this study. Three camels were euthanized to identify anatomical features in the hindlimb joints and related structures. IA injections were performed in the hindlimbs of 5 camel cadavers to evaluate the optimal IA injection site, which was confirmed by arthrography. The optimized IA injection technique was applied in 10 live camels and confirmed by arthrocentesis and arthrography. For each joint, injection criteria (number of attempts, difficulty of injection, and successful injection) were assessed, scored, and statistically compared to the other joints. Results: The summation of IA injection criteria scores was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the femorotibial, femoropatellar, tibiotarsal, fetlock, pastern, and coffin joints in comparison to the hip joint. Conclusion: Anatomical and arthrographic-guided techniques offer considerable advantages for the characterization of anatomical landmarks and selection of the appropriate IA injection site in the hindlimb in dromedary camels. Furthermore, a reference approach for camels was established that is different from the approach for cattle and horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahd Al-Sobayil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Madeh A Sadan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Elsayed A El-Shafaey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Jamal Allouch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy, AL-Baath University, Syria
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Aleman M, Berryhill E, Woolard K, Easton-Jones CA, Kozikowski-Nicholas T, Dyson S, Kilcoyne I. Sidewinder gait in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2122-2131. [PMID: 32820825 PMCID: PMC7517494 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sidewinder gait in horses is poorly understood and characterized by walking with the trunk and pelvic limbs drifting to 1 side. Hypothesis/objectives To report causes, clinical and diagnostic features. Animals Horses examined at 2 institutions. Materials and Methods Retrospective study (2000‐2019). Cases with sidewinder gait, neurological and orthopedic examination, and diagnostic work up or postmortem evaluation were included. Descriptive statistics were performed. Results Twenty‐four horses (mean age 18.9 years) of various breeds and both sexes were included. Onset was acute (N = 10), subacute (N = 6), and insidious (N = 8). Electromyography and muscle biopsy supported neurologic disease and further aided in localizing site of lesion (N = 9/9). Neurologic causes included dynamic thoracolumbar spinal cord compression (N = 5), equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (N = 4, confirmed and presumed [2 each]), thoracic myelopathy of unknown etiology (N = 4), gliosis (N = 2), and thrombosis of thoracic spinal cord segments (N = 1). Non‐neurologic causes included osteoarthritis of the coxofemoral joint (N = 4), multiple displaced pelvic fractures (N = 2), bilateral rupture of the ligamentum capitis ossis femoris (N = 1), and severe myonecrosis of multiple pelvic limb muscles (N = 1). Case fatality was 79%. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Sidewinder gait is usually observed in older horses and can have neurologic or musculoskeletal etiologies. Electromyography can be used as a diagnostic aid to determine neurologic versus non‐neurologic disease and further localize those of neurologic origin. The condition often has a poor prognosis for function and life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Aleman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Emily Berryhill
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kevin Woolard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Charlotte A Easton-Jones
- The William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Tania Kozikowski-Nicholas
- The William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sue Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom.,The Cottage, Church Road, Market Weston, Diss IP22 2NX, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Kilcoyne
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Various 3D printed materials mimic bone ultrasonographically: 3D printed models of the equine cervical articular process joints as a simulator for ultrasound guided intra-articular injections. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220332. [PMID: 31386687 PMCID: PMC6684155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the equine racehorse industry, reduced athletic performance due to joint injury and lameness has been extensively reviewed. Intra-articular injections of glucocorticoids are routinely used to relieve pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis. Intra-articular injections of pharmaceutical agents require practice for precise needle placement and to minimize complications. Training on simulators or models is a viable alternative for developing these technical skills. The purpose of this study was to compare the qualitative ultrasonographic characteristics of three-dimensional (3D) printed models of equine cervical articular process joints to that of a dissected equine cervical spine (gold standard). Methods A randomized complete block design study was conducted in which a total of thirteen cervical articular process joint models were printed using several materials, printers, and printing technologies. Ultrasound video clips with the models immersed in water were recorded. Two board certified veterinary radiologists and three veterinary radiology residents reviewed the videos and responded to a survey assessing and comparing the ultrasonographic characteristics of the 3D printed models to those of the gold standard. Results Six 3D printed models had ultrasonographic characteristics similar to the gold standard. These six models were (material, printer, printing technology): nylon PA 12, EOS Formiga P100, selective laser sintering (P = 0.99); Onyx nylon with chopped carbon fiber, Markforged Onyx Two, fused deposition modeling (P = 0.48); polycarbonate, Ultimaker 3, fused deposition modeling (P = 0.28); gypsum, ProJet CJP 660 Pro, ColorJet Printing (P = 0.28); polylactic acid, Prusa I3, fused deposition modeling (P = 0.23); and high temperature V1 resin, Form 2, stereolithography (P = 0.22). Conclusion When assessed in water, it is possible to replicate the qualitative ultrasonographic characteristics of bone using three dimensional printed models made by combining different materials, printing technologies, and printers. However, not all models share similar qualitative ultrasonographic characteristics with bone. We suggest that the aforementioned six models be used as proxy for simulating bones or joints for use with ultrasound. In order to replicate the resistance and acoustic window provided by soft tissues, further work testing the ability of these models to withstand embedding in material such as ballistic gelatin is required.
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García-López JM. Neck, Back, and Pelvic Pain in Sport Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2018; 34:235-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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