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Kim CS, Reisbig NA, Carmalt JL. Contrast arthrography of the equine temporomandibular joint. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1368131. [PMID: 38562918 PMCID: PMC10983794 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1368131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Disorders of the equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) cause clinical problems and detailed investigations of this joint are becoming more common. Specialist radiographic projections have the potential to highlight osseous abnormalities; however, the ability to assess the intra-articular soft tissue structures is currently limited to computed tomography (with, or without contrast enhancement) or magnetic resonance imaging. Both modalities are expensive and not readily accessible. Objective To develop a technique of contrast arthrography of both compartments of the equine TMJ in cadavers and then perform the refined technique in three living horses as a proof-of-principle. Study design A descriptive, experimental, study. Methods Contrast arthrography of the discomandibular and discotemporal joint compartments of both TMJs was performed in 12 cadaveric equine heads using needles placed in the caudal pouches of the respective joint compartments. Radiographs were taken using previously published techniques, repeated with the mouth open and after air had been injected into the joints, to perform a double-contrast study. The TMJs of three healthy horses were subsequently examined to determine the validity of the procedure in live animals. Results Single and double-contrast arthrography allowed delineation of the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the intra-articular disc in addition to filling the rostral and caudal joint pouches of the independent joint compartments. Contrast extravasation was common, and in two instances iatrogenic disc penetration resulted in the false diagnosis of pathologic disc perforation. The techniques were well tolerated in all three live horses. Main limitations Low number of horses. Conclusion Contrast arthrography allows interpretation of intra-articular soft tissue structures, but caution is advised in diagnosing intra-articular disc perforation. Even with experience, accessing the discomandibular joint can be challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James L. Carmalt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Carmalt JL, Pimentel KL. The Equine Temporomandibular Joint: Comparisons Between Standard and Needle Arthroscopic Examination of Cadaver Specimens and Standing Horses. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:876041. [PMID: 35558885 PMCID: PMC9087581 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.876041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Definitive diagnosis of equine temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) may require advanced diagnostic imaging. Arthroscopy is a modern, minimally invasive, diagnostic, and treatment modality. Standing arthroscopic treatment of joint disease is a relatively recent advance in equine surgery, despite which there are few published comparisons between the available arthroscopic systems. Objective To compare and contrast two arthroscopic systems for assessing the equine temporomandibular joint compartments in cadavers and standing horses. Study design Experimental study. Methods Phase I involved the assessment of the discotemporal joint (DTJ) and discomandibular (DMJ) joint compartments of both temporomandibular joints (TMJ) of 14 cadaveric equine heads using a caudally placed arthroscopy portal. Joints were initially examined using the needle arthroscope and the results compared to the findings of examination using a 2.5 mm 30° arthroscope system (standard). Three healthy horses were subsequently examined to determine the validity of the procedure in live animals in Phase II. Results Needle and standard arthroscopy, in combination with mandibular manipulation, allowed evaluation of the caudal aspects of both joint compartments of the TMJ in Phase I. However, the extreme margins of the joint were more commonly visualized using standard arthroscopy. Live horses in phase II were restrained in stocks and both the rostral and caudal aspects of the DTJ and DMJ compartments of both TMJs were examined successfully understanding sedation and local analgesia. The use of a modified Guenther speculum allowed the mandible to be manipulated and offset, which facilitated a complete examination of the joint compartments. Despite adverse behavior encountered during the procedure in one horse, no surgical complications ensued. Main Limitations Not blinded-bias; learning curve. Conclusions The needle arthroscope system is a relatively inexpensive diagnostic tool, which can be used to evaluate the TMJ in the absence of advanced diagnostic imaging such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. However, if arthroscopic treatment is required after advanced imaging and pre-operative diagnosis, superior image quality and ease of manipulation may favor the use of the standard equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Carmalt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Stieger-Vanegas SM, Hanna AL. The Role of Computed Tomography in Imaging Non-neurologic Disorders of the Head in Equine Patients. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:798216. [PMID: 35321060 PMCID: PMC8936190 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.798216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) imaging of the head in equine patients is now commonly performed as CT scanners are more readily available. Head CT has proven valuable in evaluating spatially complex anatomic structures, where radiographic superimposition, or restricted access via endoscopy or ultrasound, limit complete evaluation of the disease process. Head CT has been demonstrated to be incredibly valuable in the evaluation of dental and paranasal sinus disease, disease of the hyoid apparatus and ear, and in evaluation of skull trauma. CT is an excellent modality for assessment of both osseous and soft tissue structures; however, evaluation of complex vascular anatomy and determination of tissue viability is limited without the use of contrast agents. Therefore, various contrast agent protocols including intravenous and intraarterial iodinated contrast administration techniques have been established. CT also has limitations in the evaluation of brain and spinal cord disease, for which magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has major advantages. Head CT images are most commonly evaluated in transverse planes. However, standard multiplanar reconstructions of the head including dorsal and parasagittal planes improve the understanding of spatially complex disease processes. These reconstructions can be crucial for accurate identification of diseased teeth and determination of the extent and severity of osseous and paranasal sinus disease. Head CT examinations are becoming an increasingly important diagnostic tool in the evaluation of horses with head disorders, and CT imaging findings are an important aspect in the clinical decision-making process. The following review discusses the indications, benefits, and technical considerations for the use of computed tomography (CT) in evaluating non-neurologic head pathologies in equine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M. Stieger-Vanegas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- *Correspondence: Susanne M. Stieger-Vanegas
| | - Ashley L. Hanna
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Lee S, Lee EB, Park KW, Jeong H, Shin KY, Kweon YP, Seo JP. Computed tomographic features of the temporomandibular joint in 10 Jeju horses. J Vet Sci 2022; 23:e44. [PMID: 35466600 PMCID: PMC9149492 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.21318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyoung Lee
- Department of Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Eun-Bee Lee
- Department of Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Kyung-Won Park
- Department of Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Hyohoon Jeong
- Department of Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Kwang-Yun Shin
- Institute for Livestock Promotion, Jeju-Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju 63078, Korea
| | - Young-Park Kweon
- Institute for Livestock Promotion, Jeju-Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju 63078, Korea
| | - Jong-Pil Seo
- Department of Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
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Carmalt JL, Reisbig NA. Arthroscopic treatment of bilateral mandibular condylar cysts and associated osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joints in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Carmalt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan SaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - N. A. Reisbig
- Southwest Animal Health Centre (2013) Swift Current Saskatchewan Canada
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Pimentel KL, Carmalt JL. The Frequency of Communication Between the Synovial Compartments of the Equine Temporomandibular Joint: A Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomographic Assessment. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:753983. [PMID: 34760960 PMCID: PMC8573115 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.753983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is conflicting evidence regarding communication between the two compartments of the equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Understanding the inter-relationship between TMJ compartments is critical for diagnostic and clinical management purposes. Objective: To determine the frequency of communication between the discotemporal joint (DTJ) and the discomandibular joint (DMJ) of the equine TMJ in horses free of overt disease. Study Design: A randomized, blinded, controlled cadaveric study. Methods: Equine cadaver heads (n = 20), with no reported history of potential TMJ disease, were collected and stored frozen until use. Horses were randomized to the treatment group, such that Group A horses (n = 10) underwent arthrocentesis of the left DTJ and the right DMJ compartments, while Group B (n = 10) underwent arthrocentesis of the left DMJ and the right DTJ compartments of the TMJ, for a total of 40 joints. Computed tomography (CT) imaging was performed before, and after, intra-articular injection of contrast media in each head. Two observers, blinded to the treatment group, independently interpreted CT images. Results: Communication between synovial compartments occurred in the left TMJ of two horses. Arthroscopic evaluation revealed that both horses had a perforation of the intra-articular disc in the region of the caudomedial fibrous expansion. Mild anterior displacement of the abnormal disc in the joint of one horse was demonstrated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Main Limitations: Sample size, the use of owner provided animals' history, and frozen specimens. Conclusions: No physiological communication was present between the DTJ and the DMJ in the equine TMJ of the cases studied, regardless of which compartment underwent arthrocentesis. Two joints had pathological communications. These results suggest that diagnostic, and medical, treatment of intra-articular disease may be most effective when both joint compartments are injected. Furthermore, this study illustrates the value of contrast enhancement while imaging the equine TMJ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James L. Carmalt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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McKay RM, Vapniarsky N, Hatcher D, Carr N, Chen S, Verstraete FJM, Cissell DD, Arzi B. The Diagnostic Yield of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for Degenerative Changes of the Temporomandibular Joint in Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:720641. [PMID: 34422949 PMCID: PMC8371634 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.720641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative changes of the temporomandibular joint (DTMJ) may be diagnosed via cone - beam computed tomography (CBCT). However, despite advancement in CBCT imaging, correlation of DTMJ features identified on CBCT with gross and histological findings is currently limited. This study aimed to correlate CBCT findings of DTMJ of dogs with gross and histopathologic changes. Temporomandibular joints (TMJ) (n = 38) from fresh cadaver heads of asymptomatic dogs (n = 19) were examined radiologically, macroscopically, and microscopically. Association of CBCT - detected DTMJ changes with gross and histological findings were statistically evaluated via kappa statistics and ordinal logistic mixed-effects models. The radiological changes observed on CBCT included joint space narrowing, subchondral/cortical bone changes (i.e., erosions or lysis), osteophytes, and subchondral bone sclerosis. Upon macroscopic evaluation, the majority of examined specimens had mild changes with cartilage defects and osteophytes affecting <10% of the total articular surface area. Histopathologic changes comprised splitting and degeneration of the fibrous cartilage layers, subchondral bone exposure, subchondral bone sclerosis, focal subchondral bone lysis, and occasional cell death. Subchondral sclerosis was the most prevalent finding radiologically and histologically with a fair to excellent agreement. Importantly, the more severe the TMJ degenerative changes, the higher the agreement between CBCT and histology. Based on the correlative results of statistical analysis, CBCT was found to be a suitable modality to evaluate DTMJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Marie McKay
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Natalia Vapniarsky
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - David Hatcher
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Nicole Carr
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Shuai Chen
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Frank J M Verstraete
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Derek D Cissell
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Rodríguez MJ. Unusual pathogen in an unusual joint: Implications on antimicrobial resistance. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Elzer EJ, Wulster KB, Richardson DW, Ortved KF. Standing Arthroscopic Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Sepsis in a Horse. J Vet Dent 2020; 37:94-99. [PMID: 32815477 DOI: 10.1177/0898756420948269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A 15-year-old Thoroughbred gelding was presented for investigation of fever, right temporomandibular region swelling, and progressive pain when opening the mouth. Right temporomandibular joint (TMJ) sepsis was diagnosed based on synovial fluid analysis, sonographic imaging, and standing robotic cone-beam computed tomography. Concurrent otitis media and temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO) were also noted. The horse was treated with arthroscopic debridement and lavage during standing sedation followed by local and systemic antimicrobial therapy. There were no complications associated with the surgical procedure and the gelding's clinical signs resolved. Arthroscopy of the TMJ can be accomplished in the standing horse and should be considered when arthroscopic exploration or debridement of this joint is indicated. This is also the first case report of concurrent otitis media, TMJ sepsis, and THO; due to their close anatomic relationship, it is possible that septic otitis media could lead to pathology in the TMJ and temporohyoid joint, as described in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn B Wulster
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, 6572University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Dean W Richardson
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, 6572University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Kyla F Ortved
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, 6572University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
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Carmalt JL, Tucker ML. Arthroscopic approach and intra-articular anatomy of the equine discomandibular joint compartment of the temporomandibular joint. Vet Surg 2020; 49:1326-1333. [PMID: 32633420 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an arthroscopic approach to the discomandibular joint (DMJ), the ventral compartment of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of the horse. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. SAMPLE POPULATION Nine cadaveric equine heads and two live horses. METHODS A 2.5-mm 30° arthroscope was used to explore the DMJ after joint distension. The first portal was created caudally, allowing placement of a rostral portal under visual guidance. Nasotracheal intubation of the live horses allowed mandibular manipulation, which is required for complete visualization of the joint. RESULTS A novel injection technique allowed consistent arthrocentesis of the DMJ. The joint could be completely explored by using both portals and manipulation of the mandible. Variations in the medial joint capsule were observed between horses along with a cyst of the mandibular condyle in one horse. The only complication consisted of damage to the parotid salivary gland, which occurred in three cadaver heads. No communication was found between the joint compartments of the TMJ. CONCLUSION Correct portal placement and intraoperative manipulation of the mandible were critical and allowed complete exploration and debridement of the DMJ. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Determining the independence of the TMJ joint compartments has clinical ramifications for the diagnosis and treatment of clinical disorders. Most TMJ pathology, notwithstanding sepsis, is identified within the DMJ. Arthroscopic exploration of the DMJ is possible and may help manage these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Carmalt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Michelle L Tucker
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Smyth TT, Allen AL, Carmalt JL. Histologic assessment of age-related changes in the temporomandibular joints of horses. Am J Vet Res 2020; 80:1107-1113. [PMID: 31763947 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.12.1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe histologic changes in the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) of horses of various ages. SAMPLE 22 TMJs from cadavers of 11 horses. PROCEDURES Horses were categorized into 3 age groups (group 1, 2 to 10 years old [n = 3]; group 2, 11 to 20 years old [3]; and group 3, > 20 years old [5]). Each TMJ was sectioned into 5-mm slices, preserved in formalin, decalcified in formic acid, and routinely processed for histologic analysis. Joints were systematically assessed by use of previously described methods. Multilevel mixed-effects models were used to examine the data. RESULTS The number of changes was significantly fewer and degree of changes was significantly less within the TMJs of group 1 horses, compared with those of group 3 horses. Comparison among groups revealed that the combination of temporal and mandibular scores for group 1 was significantly lower than for groups 2 or 3. Disk score did not differ significantly between groups 1 and 2, but disk scores of groups 1 and 2 were significantly lower than the disk score of group 3. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The assessed lesions were associated with osteoarthritis, and they accumulated in the TMJs as horses aged. In the absence of signs of pain manifested as changes in mastication, behavior, or performance, it would be difficult to determine the point at which accrued pathological changes represented the onset of clinically important osteoarthritis of the TMJs.
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Lawson AL, Carslake HB, Kane‐Smyth J, Maddox TW, Talbot AM. Mineralisation of the longitudinal odontoid ligament in three horses identified on computed tomographic examination. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Lawson
- Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Neston UK
| | - H. B. Carslake
- Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Neston UK
| | - J. Kane‐Smyth
- Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Neston UK
| | - T. W. Maddox
- Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Neston UK
| | - A. M. Talbot
- Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Neston UK
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Norvall A, Cota JG, Pusterla N, Cissell D. Ultrasound-guided arthrocentesis of the temporomandibular joint in healthy adult horses is equivalent to blind arthrocentesis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 61:346-352. [PMID: 31896164 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) diseases are increasingly recognized as a problem for the well-being and performance of horses. Diagnosis is confounded by overlap of clinical signs associated with pathology of the oral cavity, poll, and cervical vertebrae. Arthrocentesis for intra-articular analgesia, sampling of synovial fluid, and medication is needed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Ultrasound features of the normal TMJ and a blind arthrocentesis technique have been described, but a systematic approach to ultrasound-guided (USG) arthrocentesis has not been reported. Ultrasound guidance allows visualization of the TMJ that may prove beneficial in cases when pathology, abnormal anatomy, or clinician inexperience make blind arthrocentesis difficult. We hypothesized that USG arthrocentesis would result in fewer needle repositions than blind arthrocentesis. We also aimed to assess synovial fluid parameters for normal equine TMJs. A prospective randomized method comparison with crossover experimental design compared the number of needle positionings required for accurate injection of the TMJ using each technique. Arthrocentesis technique and operator experience were tested using cadavers and two operators. Injection success was confirmed using CT. The radiologist then applied both techniques in normal live horses. No statistically significant difference was noted between arthrocentesis techniques or operators (P > .05). No complications were observed in live horses following either technique. Synovial fluid parameters were largely within the normal range expected for other synovial joints. Either blind or USG arthrocentesis of the equine TMJ can be performed with minimal prior operator experience. Ultrasound-guided arthrocentesis is an alternative method and can be considered in cases with altered anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Norvall
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jose Guerrero Cota
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Derek Cissell
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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Almarza AJ, Mercuri LG, Arzi B, Gallo LM, Granquist E, Kapila S, Detamore MS. Temporomandibular Joint Bioengineering Conference: Working Together Toward Improving Clinical Outcomes. J Biomech Eng 2019; 142:2737113. [PMID: 31233104 DOI: 10.1115/1.4044090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The sixth temporomandibular joint (TMJ) Bioengineering Conference (TMJBC) was held on June 14-15 2018, in Redondo Beach, California, 12 years after the first TMJBC. Speakers gave 30 presentations and came from the United States, Europe, Asia, and Australia. The goal of the conference has remained to foster a continuing forum for bioengineers, scientists, and surgeons and veterinarians to advance technology related to TMJ disorders. These collective multidisciplinary interactions over the past decade have made large strides in moving the field of TMJ research forward. Over the past 12 years, in vivo approaches for tissue engineering have emerged, along with a wide variety of degeneration models, as well as with models occurring in nature. Furthermore, biomechanical tools have become more sensitive and new biologic interventions for disease are being developed. Clinical directives have evolved for specific diagnoses, along with patient-specific biological and immunological responses to TMJ replacement devices alloplastic and/or bioengineered devices. The sixth TMJBC heralded many opportunities for funding agencies to advance the field: (1) initiatives on TMJ that go beyond pain research, (2) more training grants focused on graduate students and fellows, (3) partnership funding with government agencies to translate TMJ solutions, and (4) the recruitment of a critical mass of TMJ experts to participate on grant review panels. The TMJ research community continues to grow and has become a pillar of dental and craniofacial research, and together we share the unified vision to ultimately improve diagnoses and treatment outcomes in patients affected by TMJ disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro J Almarza
- Departments of Oral Biology and Bioengineering, Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Louis G Mercuri
- Visiting Professor Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612; TMJ Concepts, Ventura, CA 93003
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Luigi M Gallo
- Clinic of Masticatory Disorders, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8031, Switzerland
| | - Eric Granquist
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sunil Kapila
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Michael S Detamore
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
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Balducci J, Ruby J, Hall C, Williams J. Arthrotomy, curettage and medical management of septic arthritis and osteomyelitis of the temporomandibular joint in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Balducci
- Department of Large Animal Medicine University of Georgia College of Veterinary MedicineAthens Georgia USA
| | - J. Ruby
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine AthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - C. Hall
- Central Georgia Equine Services Fort Valley Georgia USA
| | - J. Williams
- Department of Large Animal Medicine University of Georgia College of Veterinary MedicineAthens Georgia USA
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Manso‐Díaz G, Taeymans O, García‐López JM, Weller R. Application and indications of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the equine head. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Manso‐Díaz
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
- The Royal Veterinary College Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | | | - J. M. García‐López
- Department of Clinical Sciences Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University North Grafton Massachusetts USA
| | - R. Weller
- The Royal Veterinary College Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
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Frietman SK, van Proosdij ER, Veraa S, de Heer N, Ter Braake F. A minimally invasive partial condylectomy and temporal bone resection for the treatment of a suspected chronic synovial sepsis of the temporomandibular joint in a 3.5-year-old paint horse gelding. Vet Q 2019; 38:118-124. [PMID: 30773124 PMCID: PMC6830993 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2018.1535216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S K Frietman
- a Equine Department , Equine Veterinary Clinic Emmeloord , Espelerlaan 77 , Emmeloord 8302 DC , the Netherlands
| | - E R van Proosdij
- b Equine Department , DAP VUG , Evertsenlaan 18 , Voorthuizen 3781 TB , the Netherlands
| | - S Veraa
- c Division of Diagnostic Imaging , Utrecht University , Yalelaan 108 , Utrecht 3584 CM , the Netherlands
| | - N de Heer
- a Equine Department , Equine Veterinary Clinic Emmeloord , Espelerlaan 77 , Emmeloord 8302 DC , the Netherlands
| | - F Ter Braake
- a Equine Department , Equine Veterinary Clinic Emmeloord , Espelerlaan 77 , Emmeloord 8302 DC , the Netherlands
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Guerrero Cota JM, Leale DM, Arzi B, Cissell DD. Regional and disease-related differences in properties of the equine temporomandibular joint disc. J Biomech 2019; 82:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Adams K, Schulz-Kornas E, Arzi B, Failing K, Vogelsberg J, Staszyk C. Functional anatomy of the equine temporomandibular joint: Histological characteristics of the articular surfaces and underlining tissues. Vet J 2018; 239:35-41. [PMID: 30197107 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
It has been assumed that dental conditions cause disorders of the equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ), due to biomechanical overload or aberrant loading. However, the incidence of published TMJ disorders in horses is low and this leads to the question whether the equine TMJ is adapted well to its biomechanical requirements or is able to remodel its articular surfaces in response to modified loading conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the histological characteristics of healthy equine TMJs. The tissue components of the articular surfaces of 10 TMJs obtained from horses without any clinical history of dental or TMJ disorders were analysed. Apart from the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone, the osseous aspects of the TMJ exhibited a uniform zoning pattern. The articular surfaces were composed of three tissue layers: (1) a superficial cell-rich dense connective tissue layer; (2) a middle fibrocartilage layer; and (3) a deep hyaline-like cartilage layer. The articular disc was composed of an inner core of fibrocartilage and hyaline-like cartilage meshwork covered with both cell-rich dense connective tissue and fibrocartilage at its dorsal and ventral aspects. In contrast, the mandibular fossa was only covered by a dense connective tissue, frequently supplemented by a synovial membrane, suggesting low biomechanical stress. Glycosaminoglycans, which are indicative of compressive loads, were predominantly present within the rostral part of the articular tubercle and the retroarticular process, the dorsal part of articular disc and the entire mandibular head, but were absent within the mandibular fossa. The results of this study suggest the presence of different biomechanical demands in the dorsal and ventral compartment of the equine TMJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Adams
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - E Schulz-Kornas
- Max Planck Weizmann Centre for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - B Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - K Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - J Vogelsberg
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - C Staszyk
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
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20
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Carmalt JL, Henderson KV, Rawlinson JE, Waldner CL. Use of crown height of the maxillary first molar tooth to approximate the age of horses. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:867-873. [PMID: 30058851 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.8.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify whether age, sex, or breed is associated with crown height of the left and right maxillary first molar tooth (M1) measured on CT images, to develop a mathematical model to determine age of horses by use of M1 crown height, and to determine the correlation between M1 crown height measured on radiographic and CT images. SAMPLE CT (n = 735) and radiographic images (35) of the heads of horses. PROCEDURES Crown height of left and right M1 was digitally measured on axial CT views. Height was measured on a lateral radiographic image when available. Linear regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with crown height. Half the data set was subsequently used to generate a regression model to predict age on the basis of M1 crown height, and the other half was used to validate accuracy of the predictions. RESULTS M1 crown height decreased with increasing age, but the rate of decrease slowed with increasing age. Height also differed by sex and breed. The model most accurately reflected age of horses < 10 years old, although age was overestimated by a mean of 0.1 years. The correlation between radiographic and CT crown height of M1 was 0.91; the mean for radiographic measurements was 2.5 mm greater than for CT measurements. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE M1 crown height can be used to predict age of horses. Results for CT images correlated well with those for radiographic images. Studies are needed to develop a comparable model with results for radiographic images.
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Almarza AJ, Brown BN, Arzi B, Ângelo DF, Chung W, Badylak SF, Detamore M. Preclinical Animal Models for Temporomandibular Joint Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2018; 24:171-178. [PMID: 29121815 PMCID: PMC5994143 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2017.0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
There is a paucity of in vivo studies that investigate the safety and efficacy of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) tissue regeneration approaches, in part due to the lack of established animal models. Review of disease models for study of TMJ is presented herein with an attempt to identify relevant preclinical animal models for TMJ tissue engineering, with emphasis on the disc and condyle. Although degenerative joint disease models have been mainly performed on mice, rats, and rabbits, preclinical regeneration approaches must employ larger animal species. There remains controversy regarding the preferred choice of larger animal models between the farm pig, minipig, goat, sheep, and dog. The advantages of the pig and minipig include their well characterized anatomy, physiology, and tissue properties. The advantages of the sheep and goat are their easier surgical access, low cost per animal, and its high tissue availability. The advantage of the dog is that the joint space is confined, so migration of interpositional devices should be less likely. However, each species has limitations as well. For example, the farm pig has continuous growth until about 18 months of age, and difficult surgical access due to the zygomatic arch covering the lateral aspect of joint. The minipig is not widely available and somewhat costly. The sheep and the goat are herbivores, and their TMJs mainly function in translation. The dog is a carnivore, and the TMJ is a hinge joint that can only rotate. Although no species provides the gold standard for all preclinical TMJ tissue engineering approaches, the goat and sheep have emerged as the leading options, with the minipig as the choice when cost is less of a limitation; and with the dog and farm pig serving as acceptable alternatives. Finally, naturally occurring TMJ disorders in domestic species may be harnessed on a preclinical trial basis as a clinically relevant platform for translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro J. Almarza
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bryan N. Brown
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - David Faustino Ângelo
- Stomatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar de Setúbal, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - William Chung
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen F. Badylak
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Detamore
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
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22
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Reardon R. Managing dysmastication in horses: an update. IN PRACTICE 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.k1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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23
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Carmalt JL, Simhofer H, Bienert-Zeit A, Rawlinson JE, Waldner CL. The association between oral examination findings and computed tomographic appearance of the equine temporomandibular joint. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:780-783. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Carmalt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Canada
| | - H. Simhofer
- Department of Small Animals and Horses; University of Veterinary Medicine; Vienna Austria
| | - A. Bienert-Zeit
- Clinic for Horses; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - J. E. Rawlinson
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - C. L. Waldner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Canada
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Adams K, Schulz-Kornas E, Arzi B, Failing K, Vogelsberg J, Staszyk C. Functional anatomy of the equine temporomandibular joint: Collagen fiber texture of the articular surfaces. Vet J 2016; 217:58-64. [PMID: 27810212 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the equine masticatory apparatus has received much attention. Numerous studies have emphasized the importance of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in the functional process of mastication. However, ultrastructural and histological data providing a basis for biomechanical and histopathological considerations are not available. The aim of the present study was to analyze the architecture of the collagen fiber apparatus in the articular surfaces of the equine TMJ to reveal typical morphological features indicating biomechanical adaptions. Therefore, the collagen fiber alignment was visualized using the split-line technique in 16 adult warmblood horses without any history of TMJ disorders. Within the central two-thirds of the articular surfaces of the articular tubercle, the articular disc and the mandibular head, split-lines ran in a correspondent rostrocaudal direction. In the lateral and medial aspects of these articular surfaces, the split-line pattern varied, displaying curved arrangements in the articular disc and punctual split-lines in the bony components. Mediolateral orientated split-lines were found in the rostral and caudal border of the articular disc and in the mandibular fossa. The complex movements during the equine chewing cycle are likely assigned to different areas of the TMJ. The split-line pattern of the equine TMJ is indicative of a relative movement of the joint components in a preferential rostrocaudal direction which is consigned to the central aspects of the TMJ. The lateral and medial aspects of the articular surfaces provide split-line patterns that indicate movements particularly around a dorsoventral axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Adams
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 98, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - E Schulz-Kornas
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - B Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - K Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 95, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - J Vogelsberg
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 98, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - C Staszyk
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 98, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
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Wright S. Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Pereira TP, Staut FT, Machado TS, Brossi PM, Baccarin RY, Michelotto PV. Effects of the Oral Examination on the Equine Temporomandibular Joint. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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