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Krämer AL, Seehusen F, Nolff MC. [Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder as a rare cause for melena and hematemesis in dogs]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2023; 51:194-200. [PMID: 37567183 DOI: 10.1055/a-2110-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
A 9-year-old male Malinois was presented for further workup of acute melena, hematemesis and chronic weight loss for a duration of one month. Clinically, the patient presented with a mildly reduced general condition. Blood tests revealed mild non-regenerative anemia as well as a mild elevation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Ultrasonography showed signs of an early mucocele. Treatment with gastroprotectants failed to lead to clinical improvement and the dog developed progressive anemia. Gastroduodenoscopy was unremarkable. Due to persistent clinical signs, exploratory laparotomy was performed. An ulcerated bleeding mass was detected at the gallbladder neck. Histopathological examination led to the diagnosis of a neuroendocrine carcinoma. There was no evidence of a mucocele on histopathology. Melena and hematemesis subsided postoperatively and 13 months after cholecystectomy, the dog remains without clinical signs. Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the gallbladder should be considered as a rare cause of melena and hematemesis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Krämer
- Klinik für Kleintiermedizin, Department für Klinische Tiermedizin, Vetsuisse-Fakultät, Universität Zürich, Schweiz
| | - Frauke Seehusen
- Institut für Veterinärpathologie, Vetsuisse-Fakultät, Universität Zürich, Schweiz
| | - Mirja Christine Nolff
- Klinik für Kleintierchirurgie, Department für Klinische Tiermedizin, Vetsuisse-Fakultät, Universität Zürich, Schweiz
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2
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Sinagra L, Orlandi R, Caspanello T, Troisi A, Iannelli NM, Vallesi E, Pettina G, Bargellini P, De Majo M, Boiti C, Cristarella S, Quartuccio M, Polisca A. Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography (CEUS) in Imaging of the Reproductive System in Dogs: A Literature Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101615. [PMID: 37238045 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has been widely reported for reproductive imaging in humans and animals. This review aims to analyze the utility of CEUS in characterizing canine reproductive physiology and pathologies. In September 2022, a search for articles about CEUS in canine testicles, prostate, uterus, placenta, and mammary glands was conducted on PubMed and Scopus from 1990 to 2022, showing 36 total results. CEUS differentiated testicular abnormalities and neoplastic lesions, but it could not characterize tumors. In prostatic diseases, CEUS in dogs was widely studied in animal models for prostatic cancer treatment. In veterinary medicine, this diagnostic tool could distinguish prostatic adenocarcinomas. In ovaries, CEUS differentiated the follicular phases. In CEH-pyometra syndrome, it showed a different enhancement between endometrium and cysts, and highlighted angiogenesis. CEUS was shown to be safe in pregnant dogs and was able to assess normal and abnormal fetal-maternal blood flow and placental dysfunction. In normal mammary glands, CEUS showed vascularization only in diestrus, with differences between mammary glands. CEUS was not specific for neoplastic versus non-neoplastic masses and for benign tumors, except for complex carcinomas and neoplastic vascularization. Works on CEUS showed its usefulness in a wide spectrum of pathologies of this non-invasive, reliable diagnostic procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Sinagra
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Riccardo Orlandi
- Anicura Tyrus Clinica Veterinaria, Via Bartocci 1G, 05100 Terni, Italy
| | - Tiziana Caspanello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Macerata, Italy
| | - Nicola Maria Iannelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Clinica Veterinaria Camagna-VetPartners, Via Fortunato Licandro 13, 89124 Reggio di Calabria, Italy
| | - Emanuela Vallesi
- Anicura Tyrus Clinica Veterinaria, Via Bartocci 1G, 05100 Terni, Italy
- Anicura CMV Clinica Veterinaria, Via G.B. Aguggiari 162, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Giorgia Pettina
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Paolo Bargellini
- Anicura Tyrus Clinica Veterinaria, Via Bartocci 1G, 05100 Terni, Italy
| | - Massimo De Majo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Cristiano Boiti
- Tyrus Science Foundation, Via Bartocci 1G, 05100 Terni, Italy
| | - Santo Cristarella
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Quartuccio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Polisca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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MacLeod AN, Reichle JK, Szabo D, Cohen EB, Artiles C, Fulkerson CV, Kurihara M, Mattoon J. Ultrasonographic Appearance of Gallbladder Neoplasia in 14 Dogs and 1 Cat. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023. [PMID: 36867397 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonography is the most commonly used diagnostic imaging tool for gallbladder disease in veterinary medicine. Primary gallbladder neoplasia is an uncommon finding with variable prognosis for which no studies have been published describing their ultrasonographic appearance and diagnosis. This retrospective, multicenter, case series study examines the ultrasonographic appearance of gallbladder neoplasia with histologically or cytologically confirmed diagnoses. A total of 14 dogs and 1 cat were analyzed. All discrete masses were sessile in shape and varied in size, echogenicity, location, and gallbladder wall thickening. All studies with images showing Doppler interrogation exhibited vascularity. Cholecystoliths were an uncommon finding, being present in only one case in this study, unlike in humans. The final diagnosis of the gallbladder neoplasia was neuroendocrine carcinoma (8), leiomyoma (3), lymphoma (1), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (1), extrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma (1), and adenoma (1). Findings from this study indicate that primary gallbladder neoplasms have variable sonographic appearances and cytologic and histologic diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eli B Cohen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, NC State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC
| | - Charles Artiles
- Purdue University Veterinary Hospital, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Caroline V Fulkerson
- Purdue University Veterinary Hospital, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Manabu Kurihara
- Cummings Veterinary Medical Center, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA
| | - John Mattoon
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, WSU College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, WA
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Lee J, Kang J, Heo S, Lee K, Yoon H. Case Report: Imaging Features of Gallbladder Sessile Polyp Confirmed by Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography and Dynamic Computed Tomography in a Dog With Asymptomatic Chronic Cholecystitis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:836414. [PMID: 35433918 PMCID: PMC9011056 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.836414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 6-year-old dog was presented for health screening. It never suffered from any disease. Ultrasonography confirmed mass-like thickening with irregular margins protruding toward the gallbladder (GB) lumen. On contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) and dynamic computed tomography (CT), contrast enhancement of the corresponding structures was confirmed in arterial phase. After cholecystectomy, cauliflower-like sessile polyps were identified. Histopathological examination revealed chronic lymphoplasmacytic cholecystitis. Bile culture revealed Escherichia coli growth. Our novel findings suggest that chronic cholecystitis should be considered as a differential diagnosis if contrast-enhanced sessile polyps of the GB are found on CEUS and dynamic CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, South Korea
| | - Jinsu Kang
- Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, South Korea
| | - Suyoung Heo
- Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, South Korea
| | - Kichang Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, South Korea
| | - Hakyoung Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hakyoung Yoon
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Jaffey JA. Canine extrahepatic biliary disease: what have we learned? J Small Anim Pract 2021; 63:247-264. [PMID: 34935155 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Extrahepatic biliary disease in dogs is commonly encountered in clinical practice worldwide. Diseases in this segment of the biliary tract are diverse and can manifest with mild clinical signs or can be life-threatening. In the last decade there have been advances in diagnostic tests, imaging modalities and therapeutic interventions as well as the identification of novel prognostic variables that could improve outcomes in dogs with extrahepatic biliary disease. Therefore, the objective of this review was to summarise clinically relevant updates of extrahepatic biliary disease in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Jaffey
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Midwestern University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Glendale, AZ, 85308, USA
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Chronic Cholecystitis of Dogs: Clinicopathologic Features and Relationship with Liver. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113324. [PMID: 34828055 PMCID: PMC8614729 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study on the gallbladders and livers of 219 client-owned dogs provides a benchmark for future studies on chronic canine cholecystitis. The statistical evaluation of clinical data; histopathology; histochemistry; and immunohistochemistry in this report provides insight into the etiology of chronic cholecystitis in dogs Abstract (1) Background: Chronic cholecystitis of dogs has not been vigorously investigated histopathologically. In addition, the relationship between gallbladder and liver diseases is not known. (2) Methods: We aimed to provide a hallmark for canine chronic cholecystitis using clinical data, histopathology, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and statistical analysis. (3) Results: Our investigation of 219 ultrasonographically abnormal surgically resected canine gallbladders revealed 189 cases (86.3%) of mucosal lymphoplasmacytic infiltration (chronic cholecystitis). Sludge, a gravity-dependent or nondependent fine granular hyperechoic material, was more prevalent (105/219, 47.9%) than mucocele (51/219, 23.2%) in this cohort. Mucosal lymphoid follicles were detected in 68/219 cases (31%), suggesting the influence of long-standing antigenic stimulation. Bacteria were histochemically detected in 41/60 (68.3%) of heavily inflamed gallbladders, 18/129 (14%) of lightly inflamed, and 3/18 (16.7%) of uninflamed gallbladders, suggesting a possible relationship between bacteria and chronic cholecystitis. Simultaneous liver biopsies revealed mild or no inflammation, changes consistent with primary portal vein hypoplasia, and mild hepatocellular degeneration. (4) Conclusions: Based on the results of our statistical analysis, we conclude that canine chronic cholecystitis is a long-standing inflammatory process of unknown (but possibly bacterial) etiology and that liver pathology is unlikely the cause of chronic cholecystitis in dogs.
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Brand EM, Lim CK, Heng HG, Grosso FV, Hanlon J, Jones-Hall Y. Computed tomographic features of confirmed gallbladder pathology in 34 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 61:667-679. [PMID: 32918854 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder pathology is common in dogs, but published studies describing the computed tomographic (CT) appearance of many gallbladder pathologies are currently lacking. This retrospective, multicenter, cases series, descriptive study evaluated the CT features of confirmed gallbladder pathology in 34 dogs. In this subset of dogs, the most common pathologies included cystic mucosal hyperplasia (15/34, 44.1%), gallbladder wall edema (9/34, 26.5%), gallbladder mucocele (8/34, 23.5%), bactibilia (7/34, 20.6%), cholecystitis (6/34, 17.6%), white bile (6/34, 17.6%), and cholelithiasis (4/34, 11.8%). The presence of intraluminal nodules, gallbladder wall thickening, hyperattenuating material (35-100 HU), and mineral attenuating material (>100 HU) were the most common abnormalities detected. However, overlap of each of these findings with a variety of gallbladder pathologies showed that none of the findings were pathognomonic for any of these pathologies. The presence of any of these CT abnormalities should increase the suspicion of gallbladder pathology and prompt further evaluation of the gallbladder for definitive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Brand
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Chee Kin Lim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Hock Gan Heng
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Federico Vilaplana Grosso
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jessica Hanlon
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Yava Jones-Hall
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Banzato T, Rubini G, Orlandi R, Bargellini P, Bonsembiante F, Zotti A. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound features of hepatocellular carcinoma in dogs. Vet Rec 2019; 186:187. [PMID: 31662577 PMCID: PMC7035695 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background This study aimed to describe the contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) features of canine hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in relation to cellular differentiation and lesion size. Methods Sixty dogs with a cytological diagnosis of HCC and that underwent a CEUS examination were retrospectively selected. The wash-in and wash-out patterns of contrast enhancement, along with the time to wash-in and the time to wash-out, of each lesion were recorded. A dimensional cut-off value of 3 cm was adopted for classification. Results Cellular differentiation had a significant influence on both wash-in (chi-squared=16.99; P<0.001) and wash-out (chi-squared=10.9; P=0.004) patterns of contrast enhancement. Lesion size had a lower, but still significant, influence on both wash-in (chi-squared=12.7; P=0.005) and wash-out (chi-squared=7.42; P=0.024) patterns. A homogeneous hyperenhancement in the arterial phase followed by homogeneous wash-out were suggestive of a well-differentiated HCC. The cellular differentiation of lesions with inhomogeneous hyperenhancement or hypoenhancement/no enhancement as well as an inhomogeneous wash-out or no wash-out could not be inferred. Conclusions No significant difference in the time to wash-in and the time to wash-out in relation to cellular differentiation or lesion size was evident. CEUS has the potential to improve efficiency in the diagnosis of HCCs in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Banzato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions, and Health, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zotti
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions, and Health, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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Banzato T, Burti S, Rubini G, Orlandi R, Bargellini P, Bonsembiante F, Zotti A. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography features of hepatobiliary neoplasms in cats. Vet Rec 2019; 186:320. [PMID: 31582574 PMCID: PMC7079193 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) features of primary hepatobiliary neoplasms have been reported in dogs but no information is available in cats. METHODS Qualitative and quantitative features of bile duct adenomas (BDAs, n=20), bile duct carcinomas (BDCs, n=16), and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs, n=8) are described in 44 cats. RESULTS There was an overlap in CEUS qualitative features between different histotypes, both in wash-in and wash-out phases. Distinction between different neoplasms based only on the CEUS qualitative features was not possible. At peak of enhancement, the BDAs, BDCs and HCCs showed a large range of echogenicities, from hypoenhancement to hyperenhancement, in comparison to the liver parenchyma. Eight of 20 BDAs showed inhomogeneous hyperenhancement during wash-in, which is a feature reported as typical of malignant lesions in dogs. BDC had a significantly faster wash-in compared with both BDA and HCC but the diagnostic accuracy of all the included quantitative variables was only moderate. No significant differences in the wash-out quantitative features of BDA and BDC were evident. CONCLUSION There is poor evidence that CEUS may be used to distinguish between different primary hepatobiliary neoplasms in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Banzato
- Animal Medicine, Productions, and Health, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Burti
- Animal Medicine, Productions, and Health, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Animal Medicine, Productions, and Health, University of Padua, Padova, Italy.,Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zotti
- Animal Medicine, Productions, and Health, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
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Orlandi R, Vallesi E, Boiti C, Polisca A, Troisi A, Righi C, Bargellini P. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of maternal and fetal blood flows in pregnant bitches. Theriogenology 2018; 125:129-134. [PMID: 30414566 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the potential usefulness of CEUS to assess fetal-maternal circulation during pregnancy in dogs. Nine bitches were examined at 23, 30, and 45 days of gestation using an ultrasound machine (LOGIQ E9) and SonoVue® contrast media as echo-signal enhancer. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of contrast enhancement patterns of uterine artery and utero/placental vessels were performed on recorded images. Independently of the gestational periods, the qualitative evaluation showed the initial wash-in phase from the first appearance of the uterine artery to the rapid distribution in embryonic vesicles or placenta to the progressive washout, whilst there was no enhancement of either embryos or fetuses in any bitch. Independent of gestational age, parameters derived from quantitative analysis of time intensity-curves of contrast enhancement (peak intensity, time to peak, rise time, washout) did not vary between proximal placenta, distal placenta, and uterine artery. With the progression of gestation, AUC values did not change in both proximal and distal placenta, but in the uterine artery it was lower (P ≤ 0.05) at day 30 than at day 23 (464.8 ± 16.1 vs.596.4 ± 28.1, respectively). In conclusion, CEUS appears to safely permit evaluation of the maternal and fetal vessels in the first two third of gestation, without any clinically relevant adverse effects. Further studies in a larger number of bitches in different stages of pregnancy are needed to establish standard parameters for normal pregnancies that can be used to detect abnormalities of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Orlandi
- Tyrus Veterinary Clinic, Via A. Bartocci 1/G, 05100, Terni (TR), Italy.
| | - Emanuela Vallesi
- Tyrus Veterinary Clinic, Via A. Bartocci 1/G, 05100, Terni (TR), Italy
| | - Cristiano Boiti
- Tyrus Veterinary Clinic, Via A. Bartocci 1/G, 05100, Terni (TR), Italy
| | - Angela Polisca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia (PG), Italy
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia (PG), Italy
| | - Cecilia Righi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126, Perugia (PG), Italy
| | - Paolo Bargellini
- Tyrus Veterinary Clinic, Via A. Bartocci 1/G, 05100, Terni (TR), Italy
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