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Ercolin ACM, Uchôa AS, Aires LPN, Gomes DR, Tinto ST, Feliciano GSM, Feliciano MAR. Use of New Ultrasonography Methods for Detecting Neoplasms in Dogs and Cats: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:312. [PMID: 38275771 PMCID: PMC10812759 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this literature review was to present the novel imaging modalities elastography and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. We provided an overview of the concepts and applications of each technique for the investigation of neoplastic and metastatic tumors in dogs and cats. Studies on elastography are based on the elasticity and deformation of the evaluated tissue. The information obtained from the different types of elastography can aid in the detection and differentiation of malignant and benign structures. Descriptions of elastography studies in several organs and tissue in veterinary medicine reported that, in general, malignant tumors tend to be more rigid and, therefore, less deformable than benign lesions or in comparison to the healthy parenchyma. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography is based on the intravenous injection of contrast media constituted by microbubbles. This imaging modality can be performed in nonsedated animals and provides information on the tissue perfusion, allowing the investigation of macro- and micro-circulation. Studies on different organs and tissues were performed in dogs and cats and revealed a tendency of malignant tumors to present faster transit of the contrast media (time to wash-in, peak and wash-out). These advanced techniques can be associated with other imaging modalities, aiding important information to the well-established exams of B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography. They can be used as screening tests, potentially representing an alternative to the invasive sampling methods required for cytological and histopathological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carolina Mazeto Ercolin
- Laboratory of Veterinary, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo 13635-900, Brazil; (A.C.M.E.); (A.S.U.); (D.R.G.); (S.T.T.); (G.S.M.F.)
| | - Alex Silveira Uchôa
- Laboratory of Veterinary, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo 13635-900, Brazil; (A.C.M.E.); (A.S.U.); (D.R.G.); (S.T.T.); (G.S.M.F.)
| | - Luiz Paulo Nogueira Aires
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Sao Paulo 14884-900, Brazil;
| | - Diego Rodrigues Gomes
- Laboratory of Veterinary, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo 13635-900, Brazil; (A.C.M.E.); (A.S.U.); (D.R.G.); (S.T.T.); (G.S.M.F.)
| | - Stefany Tagliatela Tinto
- Laboratory of Veterinary, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo 13635-900, Brazil; (A.C.M.E.); (A.S.U.); (D.R.G.); (S.T.T.); (G.S.M.F.)
| | - Giovanna Serpa Maciel Feliciano
- Laboratory of Veterinary, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo 13635-900, Brazil; (A.C.M.E.); (A.S.U.); (D.R.G.); (S.T.T.); (G.S.M.F.)
| | - Marcus Antônio Rossi Feliciano
- Laboratory of Veterinary, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo 13635-900, Brazil; (A.C.M.E.); (A.S.U.); (D.R.G.); (S.T.T.); (G.S.M.F.)
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Feliciano MAR, de Miranda BDSP, Aires LPN, Lima BB, de Oliveira APL, Feliciano GSM, Uscategui RAR. The Importance of Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Mammary Tumors in Bitches. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1742. [PMID: 37889644 PMCID: PMC10252055 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The high incidence of mammary tumors in small animals is concerning. Patient history, clinical examination, physical evaluation, and imaging studies are important for clinical staging. Ultrasonography is commonly applied to investigate the presence of abdominal metastasis. However, it has been shown to provide important information regarding mammary tumors' architecture and advanced sonographic techniques can provide information regarding neovascularization, stiffness, and perfusion. Different techniques have been investigated to determine accuracy to predict the lesions' histological classification. This paper reviews the information regarding each sonographic technique in the evaluation of mammary tumors, describing the most common findings and their potential to accurately assess and predict malignancy. Even though the gold standard for the diagnosis of mammary lesions is the histopathological examination, some ultrasonographic features described can predict the potential of a lesion being malignant. Among the different sonographic techniques, elastography can be considered the most reliable modality to accurately differentiate benign from malignant tumors when malignant lesions present increased stiffness. However, the combination of all sonographic techniques can provide important information that can lead to a better therapeutic approach and clinical staging. Furthermore, the potential of the sonographic study, especially CEUS to monitor therapeutic progression, demonstrate the need of further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Antônio Rossi Feliciano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Imaginology, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), Sao Paulo University (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brenda dos Santos Pompeu de Miranda
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Paulo Nogueira Aires
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bressianini Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Luiz de Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Serpa Maciel Feliciano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Imaginology, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), Sao Paulo University (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Sinagra L, Orlandi R, Caspanello T, Troisi A, Iannelli NM, Vallesi E, Pettina G, Bargellini P, De Majo M, Boiti C, Cristarella S, Quartuccio M, Polisca A. Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography (CEUS) in Imaging of the Reproductive System in Dogs: A Literature Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101615. [PMID: 37238045 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has been widely reported for reproductive imaging in humans and animals. This review aims to analyze the utility of CEUS in characterizing canine reproductive physiology and pathologies. In September 2022, a search for articles about CEUS in canine testicles, prostate, uterus, placenta, and mammary glands was conducted on PubMed and Scopus from 1990 to 2022, showing 36 total results. CEUS differentiated testicular abnormalities and neoplastic lesions, but it could not characterize tumors. In prostatic diseases, CEUS in dogs was widely studied in animal models for prostatic cancer treatment. In veterinary medicine, this diagnostic tool could distinguish prostatic adenocarcinomas. In ovaries, CEUS differentiated the follicular phases. In CEH-pyometra syndrome, it showed a different enhancement between endometrium and cysts, and highlighted angiogenesis. CEUS was shown to be safe in pregnant dogs and was able to assess normal and abnormal fetal-maternal blood flow and placental dysfunction. In normal mammary glands, CEUS showed vascularization only in diestrus, with differences between mammary glands. CEUS was not specific for neoplastic versus non-neoplastic masses and for benign tumors, except for complex carcinomas and neoplastic vascularization. Works on CEUS showed its usefulness in a wide spectrum of pathologies of this non-invasive, reliable diagnostic procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Sinagra
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Riccardo Orlandi
- Anicura Tyrus Clinica Veterinaria, Via Bartocci 1G, 05100 Terni, Italy
| | - Tiziana Caspanello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Macerata, Italy
| | - Nicola Maria Iannelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Clinica Veterinaria Camagna-VetPartners, Via Fortunato Licandro 13, 89124 Reggio di Calabria, Italy
| | - Emanuela Vallesi
- Anicura Tyrus Clinica Veterinaria, Via Bartocci 1G, 05100 Terni, Italy
- Anicura CMV Clinica Veterinaria, Via G.B. Aguggiari 162, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Giorgia Pettina
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Paolo Bargellini
- Anicura Tyrus Clinica Veterinaria, Via Bartocci 1G, 05100 Terni, Italy
| | - Massimo De Majo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Cristiano Boiti
- Tyrus Science Foundation, Via Bartocci 1G, 05100 Terni, Italy
| | - Santo Cristarella
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Quartuccio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Polisca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Barbagianni MS, Gouletsou PG. Modern Imaging Techniques in the Study and Disease Diagnosis of the Mammary Glands of Animals. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020083. [PMID: 36851387 PMCID: PMC9965774 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of the structure and function of the animals' mammary glands is of key importance, as it reveals pathological processes at their onset, thus contributing to their immediate treatment. The most frequently studied mammary diseases are mastitis in cows and ewes and mammary tumours in dogs and cats. Various imaging techniques such as computed tomography, positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonographic techniques (Doppler, contrast-enchanced, three-dimensional and elastography) are available and can be applied in research or clinical practice in order to evaluate possible abnormalities in mammary glands, as well as to assist in the differential diagnosis. In this review, the above imaging technologies are described, and the perspectives of each method are highlighted. It is inferred that ultrasonographic modalities are the most frequently used imaging techniques for the diagnosis of clinical or subclinical mastitis and treatment guidance on a farm. In companion animals, a combination of imaging techniques should be applied for a more accurate diagnosis of mammary tumours. In any case, the confirmation of the diagnosis is provided by laboratory techniques.
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Nogueira Aires LP, Gasser B, Silva P, Del’Aguila-Silva P, Yamada DI, Carneiro RK, Bressianini Lima B, Padilha-Nakaghi LC, Ramirez Uscategui RA, Spada S, Russo M, Rossi Feliciano MA. Ovarian contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and Doppler fluxometry in bitches during the postovulatory estrus and corpora lutea formation. Theriogenology 2022; 194:162-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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B-Mode and Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography Aspects of Benign and Malignant Superficial Neoplasms in Dogs: A Preliminary Study. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202765. [PMID: 36290151 PMCID: PMC9597709 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In dogs, superficial neoplasms are common, and it is crucial to determine their malignancy, as this will have an impact on treatment and prognosis. So far, the diagnostic value of ultrasound modalities, such as B-mode and contrast enhanced ultrasound, for superficial neoplasms in dogs is still unclear, despite promising studies in humans. B-mode ultrasound enables assessment of the size, shape and arrangement of the neoplastic tissue, whereas contrast enhanced ultrasound enables the assessment of blood flow intensity and pattern. The aim of this study was to identify B-mode and contrast enhanced ultrasound characteristics that may be used to distinguish benign and malignant superficial neoplasms in dogs. Ultrasonographic characteristics, for which a significant difference was observed between benign and malignant neoplasms, were border definition, echogenicity, echotexture, blood flow pattern at wash-in and blood flow intensity during wash-out at the center of the neoplasm. Despite these significant differences, there was a considerable overlap in ultrasonographic characteristics between benign and malignant neoplasms. In conclusion, B-mode and contrast enhanced ultrasound might contribute to malignancy prediction; however, based on individual ultrasonographic characteristics, they seem unable to replace cytology or histopathology. Abstract Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) is considered a promising technique for differentiation of benign and malignant tumors in humans. However, few studies have assessed superficial neoplasms in dogs by means of CEUS. The aim of this study was to identify ultrasonographic criteria evaluated by B-mode ultrasound (US) and CEUS that may be used to distinguish benign and malignant superficial neoplasms in dogs. A total of 63 superficial neoplasms from 59 dogs were evaluated using B-mode US and CEUS prior to histopathologic examination. Qualitative and quantitative parameters were compared between benign and malignant neoplasms by Fischer’s exact test or fixed effects model. With B-mode US, a significant difference was found for border definition, echogenicity and echotexture. With CEUS, a significant difference was found for the enhancement pattern at wash-in and the wash-out area under the curve at the center of the neoplasm. Malignant neoplasms had on average a lower regional blood volume during the wash-out phase compared to benign neoplasms. Despite these significant differences, there was a considerable overlap in B-mode and CEUS parameters between benign and malignant neoplasms. In conclusion, B-mode US and CEUS might contribute to malignancy prediction; however, based on individual ultrasonographic parameters, they seem unable to replace cytology or histopathology.
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Burti S, Zotti A, Rubini G, Orlandi R, Bargellini P, Bonsembiante F, Contiero B, Banzato T. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound features of focal pancreatic lesions in dogs. Vet Rec 2022; 191:e2080. [PMID: 36000675 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) features of pancreatic lesions are poorly reported in veterinary literature. METHODS Qualitative and quantitative features of pancreatic benign (nodular hyperplasia [NH], cyst and abscess) and malignant (adenocarcinoma and insulinoma) lesions during B-mode and CEUS examinations are described in 75 dogs. RESULTS Adenocarcinomas (n = 23) had mixed echogenicity at B-mode, and they were hypoenhancing or non-enhancing at CEUS, with a non-homogeneous and cystic enhancement pattern. Insulinomas (n = 23) appeared as hypoechoic lesions at B-mode, and as hyperenhancing, homogeneous and solid lesions at CEUS. NH (n = 17) had an constant appearance, being hypoechoic at ultrasound (US) and isoenhancing at CEUS. Cysts (n = 7) were all anechoic, with acoustic enhancement clearly detectable at US, but were non-enhancing at CEUS. Lastly, abscesses (n = 5) had mixed echogenicity, and they showed both hyperenhancement and non-enhancement at CEUS. Hypoenhancement and non-homogeneous appearance had a moderate diagnostic accuracy in the detection of adenocarcinomas. In particular, hyperenhancement was evident only in malignant lesions (adenocarcinomas and insulinomas). CONCLUSION CEUS, in combination with B-mode US features, is a valuable tool for distinction of benign and malignant abnormalities of the pancreas and can potentially differentiate insulinomas from adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Burti
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zotti
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Tommaso Banzato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Kaszak I, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Domrazek K, Jurka P. The Novel Diagnostic Techniques and Biomarkers of Canine Mammary Tumors. Vet Sci 2022; 9:526. [PMID: 36288138 PMCID: PMC9610006 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are considered a serious clinical problem in older bitches. Due to the high malignancy rate and poor prognosis, an early diagnosis is essential. This article is a summary of novel diagnostic techniques as well as the main biomarkers of CMTs. So far, CMTs are detected only when changes in mammary glands are clinically visible and surgical removal of the mass is the only recommended treatment. Proper diagnostics of CMT is especially important as they represent a very diverse group of tumors and therefore different treatment approaches may be required. Recently, new diagnostic options appeared, like a new cytological grading system of CMTs or B-mode ultrasound, the Doppler technique, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and real-time elastography, which may be useful in pre-surgical evaluation. However, in order to detect malignancies before macroscopic changes are visible, evaluation of serum and tissue biomarkers should be considered. Among them, we distinguish markers of the cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, metastatic potential and prognosis, hormone receptors, inflammatory and more recent: metabolomic, gene expression, miRNA, and transcriptome sequencing markers. The use of a couple of the above-mentioned markers together seems to be the most useful for the early diagnosis of neoplastic diseases as well as to evaluate response to treatment, presence of tumor progression, or further prognosis. Molecular aspects of tumors seem to be crucial for proper understanding of tumorigenesis and the application of individual treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Kaszak
- Laboratory of Small Animal Reproduction, Department of Small Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Witkowska-Piłaszewicz
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Domrazek
- Laboratory of Small Animal Reproduction, Department of Small Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Jurka
- Laboratory of Small Animal Reproduction, Department of Small Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
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Massimini M, Gloria A, Romanucci M, Della Salda L, Di Francesco L, Contri A. Strain and Shear-Wave Elastography and Their Relationship to Histopathological Features of Canine Mammary Nodular Lesions. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090506. [PMID: 36136722 PMCID: PMC9500971 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland tumours have a significant impact on the health of dogs, requiring diagnostic tools to support clinicians to develop appropriate therapeutic strategies. Sonoelastography is an emerging technology that is able to define the stiffness of the tissue and has promising applications in the evaluation of mammary gland lesions. In the present study, strain elastography (STE) and shear-wave (SWE) elastography were compared in 38 mammary nodular lesions for their ability to define the histopathological features of canine mammary lesions. Among the techniques, SWE showed better repeatability (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.876), whereas STE was found to be only acceptable (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.456). Mammary nodular lesions showed a wide range of tissue stiffening with a similar mean value for STE and SWE in benign (4 ± 0.3 and 115.4 ± 12.6 kPa, respectively) and malignant lesions (3.8 ± 0.1 and 115.5 ± 4.5 kPa, respectively). A significant correlation was found between lesion fibrosis and STE (STE-I: r = 0.513, p < 0.001; STE-R: r = 0.591, p < 0.001) or SWE-S (r = 0.769; p < 0.001). In conclusion, SWE was reliable and correlated with fibrosis and was similar for both benign and malignant lesions, suggesting that other collateral diagnostic techniques should be considered in conjunction with SWE to characterize mammary nodular lesions in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Massimini
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessia Gloria
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (L.D.S.)
| | - Mariarita Romanucci
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Leonardo Della Salda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (L.D.S.)
| | - Lucia Di Francesco
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Alberto Contri
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technologies for Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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Comparison between Histological Features and Strain Elastographic Characteristics in Canine Mammary Carcinomas. Vet Sci 2021; 9:vetsci9010009. [PMID: 35051093 PMCID: PMC8779832 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastography is a sonographic technique that provides a noninvasive evaluation of the stiffness of a lesion. The objective of this work was to evaluate the accuracy of strain elastography, the most accessible modality in clinical practice, to discriminate between different histological types of malignant mammary neoplasms in the canine species, which can provide complementary information in real time to the diagnosis and thus help in the choice of surgical technique. A total of 34 females with 56 mammary carcinomas were selected and classified into three histological groups according to their aggressiveness. The histological and elastographic characteristics of these malignant tumors were analyzed and compared to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of strain elastography. Visual score presented a sensitivity of 88.0%, specificity of 58.1%, and accuracy of 71.43% in distinguishing the most aggressive group of carcinomas. The strain ratio had a sensitivity of 84.0%, specificity of 61.1%, and accuracy of 69.64%. On the other hand, intratumoral strain ratio obtained a sensitivity of 71.40% and specificity of 61.90% when intratumoral fibrosis was taken as reference, with an accuracy of 66.07%. Similarly, peritumoral strain ratio was also positively related to fibrosis in the periphery of lesions (p ≤ 0.001), with a sensitivity of 93.80%, specificity of 77.50% and an accuracy of 92.87%. In conclusion, accuracy of this elastographic modality can be a useful method to differentiate more aggressive histological types. Therefore, it represents an additional diagnostic technique useful in the daily clinic thanks to the short time required for the examination, which allows real-time visualization and immediate interpretation of the results.
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Castelló CM, Miguel MP, Silveira-Lacerda EDP, Bakuzis AF, Borges NC. B-Mode and Doppler Ultrasonography in a Murine Model of Ehrlich Solid Carcinoma With Different Growth Patterns. Front Oncol 2020; 10:560413. [PMID: 33251133 PMCID: PMC7673667 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.560413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehrlich solid carcinoma (ESC) is one of the tumor models used in cancer research. Although it is widely used, it has no ultrasonographic descriptions. In this study, serial B-mode and Doppler ultrasonographic examinations were performed for 23 days for ESCs inoculated into 18 Swiss albino mice. The growth patterns were analyzed, and on the basis of their growth curve, the tumors were classified into two groups: fast growth (FG) and slow growth (SG). Ultrasonographic characteristics of the tumor’s capsule, margins, echogenicity, echotexture, vascular index (VI), distribution of vascular flow, and Doppler indices such as the resistive index, pulsatility index, and peak systolic velocity (SV) were analyzed and compared between the two groups. A high VI and earlier blood flow were noted in the FG group (p<0.05). Additionally, SV was higher in the FG group than in the SG group (13.28 ± 0.38 cm/s vs. 8.43 ± 0.26 cm/s). In contrast, a change in echogenicity and flow distribution patterns were observed, especially in FG tumors. Therefore, ESC presented with few ultrasonographic differences between FG and SG tumors, especially vascularization during the initial stages of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Martí Castelló
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Marina Pacheco Miguel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Setor de Patologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Naida Cristina Borges
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Thanaboonnipat C, Sutayatram S, Buranakarl C, Choisunirachon N. Renal ultrasonographic shear-wave elastography and urinary procollagen type III amino-terminal propeptide in chronic kidney disease dogs. Vet World 2020; 13:1955-1965. [PMID: 33132611 PMCID: PMC7566241 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1955-1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Renal fibrosis is a well-established pathological alteration associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in several species and progresses as CKD advances. Although a renal biopsy is the gold standard for determining renal fibrosis, it is an invasive, impractical method for clinical practice. In humans, ultrasonographic shear-wave elastography (SWE), a novel advanced diagnostic imaging tool, can evaluate renal parenchyma stiffness, and urinary procollagen type III amino-terminal propeptide (uPIIINP), a promising renal fibrosis biomarker in humans, has increasingly been use applied to reduce the biopsies. This study compares renal tissue elasticity observed through SWE Young’s modulus (E) values between healthy dogs (HD) and those with CKD. Materials and Methods: The E value acquired by SWE, uPIIINP levels, and renal function were evaluated in 15 CKD dogs and 15 HD. Results: The renal cortical E values were significantly higher than the renal medullary E values in both groups (p<0.001). Renal cortical and medullary E values in CKD dogs were significantly higher than in HD (p<0.01). Cortical E values had greater significant correlations with renal functional parameters than the medullary E values and had a significant positive correlation with concentrations of plasma creatinine (Cr) (p<0.001); blood urea nitrogen (p<0.01); urine protein Cr ratio (p<0.01); and fractional excretions of sodium (p<0.05), potassium (p<0.05), chloride (p<0.05), and magnesium (p<0.001) while they had a negative correlation with urine specific gravity (p<0.05) and urine osmolality to plasma osmolality ratio (p<0.05). The uPIIINP to Cr (uPIIINP/Cr) ratios of CKD dogs were higher than those of HD (p<0.001). Moreover, the uPIIINP/Cr levels presented significant correlations with the renal cortical E values (p<0.01) and also the renal functional parameters. Conclusion: SWE offers a complementary, non-invasive diagnostic imaging tool for evaluating renal tissue stiffness in CKD dogs with renal function deterioration. In addition, uPIIINP levels are associated with renal function and structural changes in dogs. Therefore, the uPIIINP level might be a non-invasive, complementary, and promising biomarker for evaluating renal fibrosis in canine CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutimon Thanaboonnipat
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Saikaew Sutayatram
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chollada Buranakarl
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nan Choisunirachon
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Mantziaras G, Luvoni GC. Advanced ultrasound techniques in small animal reproduction imaging. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 55 Suppl 2:17-25. [PMID: 31913545 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasonography is the imaging technology of choice for the evaluation of the reproduction system and of pregnancy in both humans and animals. Over the past 10 years, there have been significant technological improvements of the equipment, while new technologies have been developed. Doppler, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, elastography, and 3D/4D ultrasonography are advanced ultrasound techniques that have been designed as methods to increase the diagnostic sensitivity of two-dimensional (b-mode) ultrasound, and not as stand-alone tests. The basic physics as well as the advantages and limitations of these advanced ultrasound methods are briefly described. In the reproductive diagnostics of small animals, these techniques have gained an increased popularity as proved by the increased publication of several reports that are also briefly summarized in this review. Clinical applicability is to date limited because of a lack of research on the diagnostic value in concrete situations. Future research projects should focus also on standardization of the used techniques, on determination of thresholds to discriminate between healthy or diseases or fertile versus infertile and on the predictive value of advanced ultrasound findings. Continuing development and optimization of different ultrasound techniques as well as the increase of related scientific interest and worldwide research promises that the clinical interest on the use of advanced ultrasound techniques will increase in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaia Cecilia Luvoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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14
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Banzato T, Rubini G, Orlandi R, Bargellini P, Bonsembiante F, Zotti A. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound features of hepatocellular carcinoma in dogs. Vet Rec 2019; 186:187. [PMID: 31662577 PMCID: PMC7035695 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background This study aimed to describe the contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) features of canine hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in relation to cellular differentiation and lesion size. Methods Sixty dogs with a cytological diagnosis of HCC and that underwent a CEUS examination were retrospectively selected. The wash-in and wash-out patterns of contrast enhancement, along with the time to wash-in and the time to wash-out, of each lesion were recorded. A dimensional cut-off value of 3 cm was adopted for classification. Results Cellular differentiation had a significant influence on both wash-in (chi-squared=16.99; P<0.001) and wash-out (chi-squared=10.9; P=0.004) patterns of contrast enhancement. Lesion size had a lower, but still significant, influence on both wash-in (chi-squared=12.7; P=0.005) and wash-out (chi-squared=7.42; P=0.024) patterns. A homogeneous hyperenhancement in the arterial phase followed by homogeneous wash-out were suggestive of a well-differentiated HCC. The cellular differentiation of lesions with inhomogeneous hyperenhancement or hypoenhancement/no enhancement as well as an inhomogeneous wash-out or no wash-out could not be inferred. Conclusions No significant difference in the time to wash-in and the time to wash-out in relation to cellular differentiation or lesion size was evident. CEUS has the potential to improve efficiency in the diagnosis of HCCs in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Banzato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions, and Health, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zotti
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions, and Health, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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15
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Banzato T, Burti S, Rubini G, Orlandi R, Bargellini P, Bonsembiante F, Zotti A. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography features of hepatobiliary neoplasms in cats. Vet Rec 2019; 186:320. [PMID: 31582574 PMCID: PMC7079193 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) features of primary hepatobiliary neoplasms have been reported in dogs but no information is available in cats. METHODS Qualitative and quantitative features of bile duct adenomas (BDAs, n=20), bile duct carcinomas (BDCs, n=16), and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs, n=8) are described in 44 cats. RESULTS There was an overlap in CEUS qualitative features between different histotypes, both in wash-in and wash-out phases. Distinction between different neoplasms based only on the CEUS qualitative features was not possible. At peak of enhancement, the BDAs, BDCs and HCCs showed a large range of echogenicities, from hypoenhancement to hyperenhancement, in comparison to the liver parenchyma. Eight of 20 BDAs showed inhomogeneous hyperenhancement during wash-in, which is a feature reported as typical of malignant lesions in dogs. BDC had a significantly faster wash-in compared with both BDA and HCC but the diagnostic accuracy of all the included quantitative variables was only moderate. No significant differences in the wash-out quantitative features of BDA and BDC were evident. CONCLUSION There is poor evidence that CEUS may be used to distinguish between different primary hepatobiliary neoplasms in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Banzato
- Animal Medicine, Productions, and Health, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Burti
- Animal Medicine, Productions, and Health, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Animal Medicine, Productions, and Health, University of Padua, Padova, Italy.,Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zotti
- Animal Medicine, Productions, and Health, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
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Thanaboonnipat C, Sutayatram S, Buranakarl C, Choisunirachon N. Renal shear wave elastography and urinary procollagen type III amino-terminal propeptide (uPIIINP) in feline chronic kidney disease. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:54. [PMID: 30744640 PMCID: PMC6371591 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1801-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most common diseases occurring in cats. It is characterized by renal fibrosis, which is strongly correlated with impairment of renal function. Since renal biopsy is not performed routinely in clinical practice, the non-invasive method of ultrasonographic shear-wave elastography (SWE) was used to determine renal parenchymal stiffness. Currently, urinary procollagen type III amino-terminal propeptide (uPIIINP) is a renal fibrosis biomarker in humans. Moreover, PIIINP is increasingly applied for identification of fibrosis in various organs in animals. RESULTS The Young's modulus (E) value on SWE, uPIIINP, and renal function were evaluated in 23 CKD cats and 25 healthy cats (HC). The renal cortical E values were significantly higher than those of the renal medulla in both groups (P < 0.001). The E values of the renal cortex and medulla were significantly higher in CKD cats than in HC (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). The E values, especially of the cortex, showed a significant positive correlation with concentrations of plasma creatinine (P < 0.001), blood urea nitrogen (P < 0.05), while they had a negative correlation with urine specific gravity (P < 0.001) and urine osmolality per plasma osmolality ratio (P < 0.01). The uPIIINP to creatinine ratios (uPIIINP/Cr) were significantly higher in CKD cats than in HC (P < 0.01) and were highly correlated with renal cortical E values (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS SWE might be an additively useful and non-invasive diagnostic imaging tool to evaluate renal parenchymal stiffness, which correlates with renal functional impairment in CKD cats. Moreover, the uPIIINP/Cr might be a promissing biomarker for adjunctive assessing the renal fibrosis in feline CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutimon Thanaboonnipat
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henri-Dunant Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Saikaew Sutayatram
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chollada Buranakarl
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nan Choisunirachon
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henri-Dunant Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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