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Huart J, Pozzi A, Bleedorn J, Lu TW, Knell S, Park B. Statistical shape modeling of the geometric morphology of the canine femur, tibia, and patella. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1366827. [PMID: 39051009 PMCID: PMC11266300 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1366827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone morphometry varies among dogs of different sizes and breeds. Studying these differences may help understand the predisposition of certain breeds for specific orthopedic pathologies. This study aimed to develop a statistical shape model (SSM) of the femur, patella, and tibia of dogs without any clinical orthopeadic abnormalities to analyze and compare morphological variations based on body weight and breed. A total of 97 CT scans were collected from different facilities and divided based on breed and body weight. The 3D models of the bones were obtained and aligned to a coordinate system. The SSM was created using principal component analysis (PCA) to analyze shape variations. The study found that the first few modes of variation accounted for a significant percentage of the total variation, with size/scale being the most prominent factor. The results provide valuable insights into normal anatomical variations and can be used for future research in understanding pathological bone morphologies and developing 3D imaging algorithms in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Huart
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Department for Small Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Pozzi
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Department for Small Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jason Bleedorn
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Tung-Wu Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sebastian Knell
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Department for Small Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Brian Park
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Department for Small Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Brühschwein A, Burg-Personnaz J, Zöllner M, Reese S, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Comparison of CT-measured angles of pelvic limbs without patellar luxation of six canine breeds. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1194167. [PMID: 37519994 PMCID: PMC10373893 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1194167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dogs with medial patellar luxation can be affected by pelvic limb deformities whose corrective osteotomies and associated biomechanical rebalancing might provide higher success rates than standard surgical procedures limited to the stifle joint. In bilaterally affected canine patients, comparison with the contralateral normal limb is impossible. Reference values are useful for orthopedic decision-making. Inconsistency of published reference values might depend on methodology or canine breed. We hypothesized that canine pelvic limb alignment is breed-specific. Methods CT scans of 42 pelvic limbs of dog breeds predisposed for medial patellar luxation, with an orthotopic patellar position and stability were studied. Several angleswere measured with an open-source 3D Slicer plugin using vector calculations. The breeds were compared with a general linear model with a Bonferonni adjustment using SPSS. Results Chihuahuas, Pomeranians, Jack Russel Terriers, Pugs, French Bulldogs, Maltese were examined. In the order of the listed breeds, the angles were as follows: 28.3°±10.7°, 20.1°±2.9°, 35.4°±6.9°, 32.8°±3.0°, 19.0°±7.1°, 26.6°±5.3° for the antetorsion, 5.3°±1.8°, 2.8°±2.8°, 8°±4.4°, 3.8 °±3.1°, 4.7°±3.3°, 2.3°±3.3° for the femoral varus, of -5.5°±6.2°, 1.1°±4.1°, -5.2°±9.5°, 6.1°±8.0°, -0.1°±5.9°, -9.2°±4.7° for the tibial torsion, 2.0°±2.9°, 2.1°±2.7°, 6.4°±6.8°, 0.0°±5.7°, 3.0°±5.8°, 8.8°±8.6° for the tibial valgus, 1.2°±10.4°, 1.8°±3.4°, -1.7°±4.9°, -1.7°±9.4°, 5.1°±8.8°, -0.2°±8.6° for the femorotibial rotation and -3.4°±2.2°, 1.1°±4.1°, -2.8°±3.4°, -5.2°±4.0°, -2.1°±4.4°, -5.4°±3.7° for the tibiotalar rotation. There were significant differences between breeds in femoral torsion, femoral varus, and tibial torsion angles, but no significant differences in tibial valgus, femorotibial, and tibiotalar rotation angles. Discussion Our hypothesis is therefore partially correct. Our results are limited to small dogs prone to medial patellar luxation and might not be generalized. To establish robust reference values larger case numbers and more breeds should be evaluated. In conclusion, canine pelvic limb alignment reference values for small dogs with a predisposition for medial patellar luxation should be considered breed-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brühschwein
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Centre of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Juliette Burg-Personnaz
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Centre of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Zöllner
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Centre of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Reese
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Centre of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Brühschwein A, Schmitz B, Zöllner M, Reese S, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Three-dimensional computed tomographic angular measurements of the canine tibia using a bone-centered coordinate system. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1154144. [PMID: 37323831 PMCID: PMC10267710 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1154144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Canine tibial alignment is determined by two-dimensional angular measurements, and tibial torsion is challenging. Aim of the study was the development and evaluation of a CT technique to measure canine tibial varus and torsion angles independent from positioning and truly three-dimensional. Materials and methods A bone-centered 3D cartesian coordinate system was introduced into the CT-scans of canine tibiae and aligned with the anatomical planes of the bone based on osseous reference points. Tibial torsion, and varus (or valgus) angles were calculated based on geometric definition of projection planes with VoXim® medical imaging software using 3D coordinates of the reference points. To test accuracy of the tibial torsion angle measurements, CT scans of a tibial torsion model were performed in 12 different hinge rotation setups ranging from the normal anatomical situation up to +/ 90° and compared to goniometer measurements. Independency of tibial positioning on the CT scanner table was evaluated in 20 normal canine tibiae that were scanned in a position parallel to the z-axis and two additional off-angle double oblique positions having 15° and 45° deviation in direction of the x- and y-axes. Angular measurements in oblique positions were compared with the normal parallel position by subtraction. Precision was tested using clinical CT scans of 34 canine patients with a clinical diagnosis of patellar luxation. Results Accuracy testing in the tibial torsional deformity model revealed a difference of 0.2° demonstrated by Passing-Bablok analysis and Bland-Altman-Plots. Testing for independency from tibial positioning resulted in mean differences less than 1.3°. Precision testing in clinical patients resulted in coefficients of variation for repeated measurements of 2.35% (intraobserver agreement) and 0.60% (interobserver agreement) for the tibial torsion angle, and 2.70% (intraobserver agreement) and 0.97% (interobserver agreement) for the tibial varus (or valgus) angle. Discussion The technique is lacking determination of bone deformities in the sagittal plane, and demonstration of accuracy in severe complex bone deformities in multiple planes.In conclusion, we developed a method to measure canine tibial torsional and varus or valgus deformities, that calculates in 3D space, and we demonstrated its accuracy in a torsional deformity model, and its precision in CT data of clinical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brühschwein
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Centre of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bronson Schmitz
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Centre of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Zöllner
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Centre of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Reese
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Centre of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Clark EA, Condon AM, Ogden DM, Bright SR. Accuracy of Caudocranial Canine Femoral Radiographs Compared to Computed Tomography Multiplanar Reconstructions for Measurement of Anatomic Lateral Distal Femoral Angle. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2023; 36:157-162. [PMID: 36796429 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1761242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the accuracy of sternal recumbency caudocranially obtained radiographs of canine femora to computed tomographic (CT) frontal plane reconstructions of the same femora for assessing anatomic distal lateral femoral angles (aLDFA). STUDY DESIGN Multicentre, retrospective study utilizing 81 matched radiographic and CT studies of clinical patients undergoing assessment for various issues were reviewed. Anatomic lateral distal femoral angles were measured, and accuracy assessed with descriptive statistics and Bland-Altman plot analysis, with CT considered the reference standard. Sensitivity and specificity of a cut-off for measured aLDFA (102 degrees) were determined to assess radiography as a screening tool for significant deformity. RESULTS Radiographs on average overestimated aLDFA by 1.8 degrees compared to CT. Bland-Altman analysis identified a 15.4 degrees 95% limit of agreement range and a tendency for greater overestimation at higher average measured value. Radiographic measurement of aLDFA of 102 degrees or less had a 90% sensitivity, 71.83% specificity, and 98.08% negative predictive value for the CT measurement being less than 102 degrees. CONCLUSION Accuracy of aLDFA measurement by caudocranial radiographs does not demonstrate sufficient accuracy when compared to CT frontal plane reconstructions with unpredictable differences. Radiographic assessment is a useful screening tool to exclude animals with a true aLDFA of greater than 102 degrees with a high degree of certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Maria Condon
- Manchester Veterinary Specialists, Worsley, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
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Brühschwein A, Schmitz B, Zöllner M, Reese S, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Computed tomographic angular measurements using a bone-centered three-dimensional coordinate system are accurate in a femoral torsional deformity model and precise in clinical canine patients. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1019216. [PMID: 37138905 PMCID: PMC10149667 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1019216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In small animal orthopedics, angular measurements in the canine femur are often applied in clinical patients with bone deformities and especially in complex and severe cases. Computed tomography (CT) has been shown to be more precise and accurate than two-dimensional radiography, and several methods are described. Measurement techniques evaluated in normal bones must prove accuracy in deformed bones in clinical settings. Objectives The goals of our study were to evaluate the accuracy of canine femoral torsion angle measurements in a femoral torsional deformity model and to test repeatability and reproducibility of canine femoral neck inclination, torsion, and varus angle measurements in CT datasets of dogs applying a CT-based technique using a three-dimensional (3D) bone-centered coordinate system. Materials and methods For precision testing, femoral torsion, femoral neck inclination, and femoral varus angles were measured in CT data of 68 canine hind limbs by two operators, and their results were compared. For accuracy testing, a femoral torsional deformity model was preset from 0° to +/-90° with a goniometer and scanned. Torsion angles were measured in the CT data and compared to the preset value. Results In the femoral torsion model, the Bland-Altman plots demonstrated a mean difference of 2.11°, and the Passing-Bablok analysis demonstrated a correlation between goniometer and CT-based measurements. In the clinical CT scans, intra- and interobserver agreement resulted in coefficients of variation for repeated measurements (%) between 1.99 and 8.26 for the femoral torsion, between 0.59 and 4.47 for the femoral neck inclination, and between 1.06 and 5.15 for the femoral varus angles. Discussion Evaluation of femoral malformations with torsional deformities is the target area of this technique. Further studies are required to assess its value in different types, degrees, and combinations of osseous deformities and to establish normal reference values and guidelines for corrective osteotomies. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, the accuracy of the torsion angle measurements and the precision of inclination, torsion, and the varus angle measurements were considered acceptable for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brühschwein
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Centre of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andreas Brühschwein
| | - Bronson Schmitz
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Centre of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Zöllner
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Centre of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Reese
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Centre of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Brühschwein A, Schmitz B, Zöllner M, Reese S, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Introduction of a bone-centered three-dimensional coordinate system enables computed tomographic canine femoral angle measurements independent of positioning. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1019215. [PMID: 36504862 PMCID: PMC9730830 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1019215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Measurement of torsional deformities and varus alignment in the canine femur is clinically and surgically important but difficult. Computed tomography (CT) generates true three-dimensional (3D) information and is used to overcome the limitations of radiography. The 3D CT images can be rotated freely, but the final view for angle measurements remains a subjective variable decision, especially in severe and complex angular and torsional deformities. The aim of this study was the development of a technique to measure femoral angles in a truly three-dimensional way, independent of femoral positioning. Methods To be able to set reference points in any image and at arbitrary positions of the CT series, the 3D coordinates of the reference points were used for mathematical calculation of the angle measurements using the 3D medical imaging Software VoXim®. Anatomical reference points were described in multiplanar reconstructions and volume rendering CT. A 3D bone-centered coordinate system was introduced and aligned with the anatomical planes of the femur. For torsion angle measurements, the transverse projection plane was mathematically defined by orthogonality to the longitudinal diaphyseal axis. For varus angle measurements, the dorsal plane was defined by a femoral retrocondylar axis. Independence positioning was tested by comparison of angle measurement results in repeated scans of 13 femur bones in different parallel and two double oblique (15/45°) positions in the gantry. Femoralvarus (or valgus), neck version (torsion), and inclination angles were measured, each in two variations. Results Resulting mean differences ranged between -0.9° and 1.3° for all six determined types of angles and in a difference of <1° for 17 out of 18 comparisons by subtraction of the mean angles between different positions, with one outlier of 1.3°. Intra- and inter-observer agreements determined by repeated measurements resulted in coefficients of variation for repeated measurements between 0.2 and 13.5%. Discussion The introduction of a bone-centered 3D coordinate system and mathematical definition of projection planes enabled 3D CT measurements of canine femoral varus and neck version and inclination angles. Agreement between angular measurements results of bones scanned in different positions on the CT table demonstrated that the technique is independent of femoral positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brühschwein
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Veterinary Faculty, Centre of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Munich, Munich, Germany,*Correspondence: Andreas Brühschwein
| | - Bronson Schmitz
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Veterinary Faculty, Centre of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Zöllner
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Veterinary Faculty, Centre of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Reese
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Veterinary Faculty, Centre of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Munich, Munich, Germany
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Longo F, Nicetto T, Knell SC, Evans RB, Isola M, Pozzi A. Three-dimensional volume rendering planning, surgical treatment, and clinical outcomes for femoral and tibial detorsional osteotomies in dogs. Vet Surg 2022; 51:1126-1141. [PMID: 36054415 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe a computed tomographic (CT) methodology for planning the correction of femoral and tibial torsion and report the clinical outcomes after femoral (FDO) and tibial (TDO) detorsional osteotomy in dogs affected by torsion malalignment and patellar luxation (PL). STUDY DESIGN Multicenter retrospective study. ANIMALS Eighteen client-owned dogs. METHODS Dogs underwent CT to measure femoral (FTA) and tibial torsion angle (TTA). Abnormal femoral external torsion was defined when FTA <20°, abnormal femoral internal torsion if FTA >35°; abnormal tibial external torsion was defined when TTA < -10°, and abnormal tibial internal torsion when TTA >2°. The cortical arch length (CAL) was measured with CT and used intraoperatively to determine the magnitude of correction. The medical records and radiographs were reviewed and used to report clinical and radiographic outcomes. Radiographs were reviewed to evaluate postoperative limb alignment, patellar position, and bone healing. RESULTS Twenty-two detorsional osteotomies were performed. Mean preoperative FTA was 14° for medial-PL and 45.2° for lateral-PL. Mean preoperative TTA was 11° for medial-PL. Physiological patellar tracking was restored in 22/22 of cases. CAL measurement allowed for correction of abnormal torsion in 19/22 of cases. Seventeen out 18 dogs had full or acceptable functional outcome. The median radiographic follow-up was 3 months. Major complications occurred in 2/22 cases, which suffered an iatrogenic abnormal femoral internal torsion and a persistent hindlimb lameness. CONCLUSIONS CAL can be measured with CT and used intraoperatively to guide the correction of abnormal torsion in dogs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Abnormal femoral and tibial torsion are predisposing factors for PL. A higher complication rate is expected when FDO and TDO are performed in the same hindlimb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Longo
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Nicetto
- Diagnostica Piccoli Animali, Clinica Veterinaria Pedrani, Vicenza, Italy
| | | | - Richard B Evans
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Maurizio Isola
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions, and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Pozzi
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Serck BM, Karlin WM, Kowaleski MP. Comparison of canine femoral torsion measurements using the axial and biplanar methods on three-dimensional volumetric reconstructions of computed tomography images. Vet Surg 2021; 50:1518-1524. [PMID: 34347885 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the results of the measurement of femoral torsion using the axial measurement method on three-dimensional (3D) volumetric reconstructions of computed tomography images AMM(CT), the biplanar measurement method on 3D volumetric reconstructions of computed tomography images BMM(CT) and a reference standard using the axial measurement method on stereolithographic bone models AMM (SBM). STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo study. SAMPLE POPULATIONS Three-dimensional volumetric reconstructions of computed tomography images and stereolithographic bone models from 23 femurs of 14 dogs with hind limb lameness presented for orthopedic evaluation. METHODS Three-dimensional volumetric reconstructions of computed tomography images and stereolithographic bone models of each femur were created from computed tomography data. Femoral torsion was measured using the AMM (CT) and the BMM (CT) and compared with a reference standard, the AMM (SBM). RESULTS No differences were noted among the measurement methods (P = .0863). Median measurement of femoral torsion using the AMM (CT) was 34.2°, the BMM (CT) was 36.7°, and the AMM (SBM) was 32.3°. CONCLUSION No differences existed among the AMM (CT), the BMM (CT), and the AMM (SBM). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Both AMM (CT) and BMM (CT) can be used to measure femoral torsion in dogs with orthopedic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris M Serck
- AniCura Diergeneeskundig Verwijscentrum Dordrecht en Haagelanden, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W Michael Karlin
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael P Kowaleski
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
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Al Aiyan A, Richardson K, Manchi G, Ginja M, Brunnberg L. Measurement of the Femoral Anteversion Angle in Medium and Large Dog Breeds Using Computed Tomography. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:540406. [PMID: 33748202 PMCID: PMC7973095 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.540406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To promote the development of an optimally functional total hip prosthesis for medium and large dog breeds, accurate measurements of the normal anatomy of the proximal femur and acetabular retroversion are essential. The aim of the current study was to obtain precise normal values of the femoral anteversion angle using computed tomography on cadavers of mature dogs with normal hip joints of both medium and large breeds. Based on the length of their femora 58 dogs were allocated either to group I: ≤195 mm or group II: >195 mm. In the study the femoral anteversion angle (FAA) was measured on each femur using multi-slice spiral computed tomography (CT). The data were processed as multi-planar and three-dimensional reconstructions using Advantage Workstation software. The CT measurements showed that the mean ± standard deviation (SD) FAA of group I was 31.34 ± 5.47° and in group II it was 31.02 ± 4.95°. There were no significant mean difference associations between the length of the femur and the femoral neck angle in either group (P > 0.05). The data suggest that a prosthesis FAA of 31 degrees would be suitable for a wide range of dog sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Al Aiyan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ken Richardson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - George Manchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Clinic, Freie University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mário Ginja
- Department of Veterinary Science, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Leo Brunnberg
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Clinic, Freie University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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An Easy and Economical Way to Produce a Three-Dimensional Bone Phantom in a Dog with Antebrachial Deformities. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091445. [PMID: 32824895 PMCID: PMC7552735 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Accurate planning, for corrective surgeries in case of bone cutting, is necessary to obtain a precise coordination of the skeleton and to achieve the owner’s satisfaction. The present experiment displays a simple and cost-effective technique for surgical planning, utilizing a 3-D bone phantom model in a dog with foreleg deformity. Abstract 3-D surgical planning for restorative osteotomy is costly and time-consuming because surgeons need to be helped from commercial companies to get 3-D printed bones. However, practitioners can save time and keep the cost to a minimum by utilizing free software and establishing their 3-D printers locally. Surgical planning for the corrective osteotomy of antebrachial growth deformities (AGD) is challenging for several reasons (the nature of the biapical or multiapical conformational abnormalities and lack of a reference value for the specific breed). Pre-operative planning challenges include: a definite description of the position of the center of rotation of angulation (CORA) and proper positioning of the osteotomies applicable to the CORA. In the present study, we demonstrated an accurate and reproducible bone-cutting technique using patient-specific instrumentations (PSI) 3-D technology. The results of the location precision showed that, by using PSIs, the surgeons were able to accurately replicate preoperative resection planning. PSI results also indicate that PSI technology provides a smaller standard deviation than the freehand method. PSI technology performed in the distal radial angular deformity may provide good cutting accuracy. In conclusion, the PSI technology may improve bone-cutting accuracy during corrective osteotomy by providing clinically acceptable margins.
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Disassembly Sequence Planning (DSP) Applied to a Gear Box: Comparison between Two Literature Studies. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10134591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work aims to analyze the characteristics and importance that design techniques for disassembly assume in the modern design phase of a mechanism. To this end, the study begins by considering a three-dimensional model of a gear motor, taken from the components of which the overall drawings are arranged and from the relief of those not available. Once the mechanism has been digitally reconstructed, the activity focuses on the study of the optimal disassembly sequence by comparing different methodologies, according to two evaluation criteria—minimizing the time taken and minimizing the number of tool changes necessary to complete the sequence. The main results of the work are (1) defining a standard methodology to improve disassembly sequence planning, (2) finding the best disassembly sequence for the specific component among the literature and eventually new methods, and (3) offering to the industrial world a way to optimize maintenance operations in mechanical products. Referring to the limitation of the present works, it can be affirmed that the results are limited to the literature explored and to the case study examined.
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Longo F, Savio G, Contiero B, Meneghello R, Concheri G, Franchini F, Isola M. Accuracy of an automated three-dimensional technique for the computation of femoral angles in dogs. Vet Rec 2019; 185:443. [PMID: 31292274 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of a three-dimensional (3D) automated technique (computer-aided design (aCAD)) for the measurement of three canine femoral angles: anatomical lateral distal femoral angle (aLDFA), femoral neck angle (FNA) and femoral torsion angle. METHODS Twenty-eight femurs equally divided intotwo groups (normal and abnormal) were obtained from 14 dogs of different conformations (dolicomorphic and chondrodystrophicCT scans and 3D scanner acquisitions were used to create stereolithographic (STL) files , which were run in a CAD platform. Two blinded observers separately performed the measurements using the STL obtained from CT scans (CT aCAD) and 3D scanner (3D aCAD), which was considered the gold standard method. C orrelation coefficients were used to investigate the strength of the relationship between the two measurements. RESULTS A ccuracy of the aCAD computation was good, being always above the threshold of R2 of greater than 80 per cent for all three angles assessed in both groups. a LDFA and FNA were the most accurate angles (accuracy >90 per cent). CONCLUSIONS The proposed 3D aCAD protocol can be considered a reliable technique to assess femoral angle measurements in canine femur. The developed algorithm automatically calculates the femoral angles in 3D, thus considering the subjective intrinsic femur morphology. The main benefit relies on a fast user-independent computation, which avoids user-related measurement variability. The accuracy of 3D details may be helpful for patellar luxation and femoral bone deformity correction, as well as for the design of patient- specific, custom-made hip prosthesis implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Longo
- Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Università degli Studi di Padova Scuola di Agraria e Medicina Veterinaria, Legnaro, Italy.,Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gianpaolo Savio
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Laboratory of Design Tools and Methods in Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Veneto, Italy
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Veneto, Italy
| | - Roberto Meneghello
- Department of Management and Engineering, Università degli Studi di Padova, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Gianmaria Concheri
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Laboratory of Design Tools and Methods in Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Veneto, Italy
| | - Federico Franchini
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Laboratory of Design Tools and Methods in Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Veneto, Italy
| | - Maurizio Isola
- Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Università degli Studi di Padova Scuola di Agraria e Medicina Veterinaria, Legnaro, Italy
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Todros S, de Cesare N, Pianigiani S, Concheri G, Savio G, Natali AN, Pavan PG. 3D surface imaging of abdominal wall muscular contraction. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 175:103-109. [PMID: 31104699 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The biomechanical analysis of the abdominal wall should take into account muscle activation and related phenomena, such as intra-abdominal pressure variation and abdomen surface deformation. The geometry of abdominal surface and its deformation during contraction have not been extensively characterized, while represent a key issue to be investigated. METHODS In this work, the antero-lateral abdominal wall surface of ten healthy volunteers in supine position is acquired via laser scanning in relaxed conditions and during abdominal muscles contraction, repeating each acquisition six times. The average relaxed and contracted abdominal surfaces are compared for each subject and displacements measured. RESULTS Muscular activation induces raising in the region adjacent to linea alba along the posterior-anterior direction and a simultaneous lowering along lateral-medial direction of the abdominal wall sides. Displacements reach a maximum value of 12.5 mm for the involved subjects. The coefficient of variation associated to the abdomen surface measurements in the same configuration (relaxed or contracted) is below 0.75%. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test highlights that the differences between relaxed and contracted abdominal wall surfaces are significant (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Laser scanning is an accurate and reliable method to evaluate surface changes on the abdominal wall during muscular contraction. The results of this experimental activity can be useful to validate numerical models aimed at describing abdominal wall biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Todros
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Niccolò de Cesare
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Silvia Pianigiani
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianmaria Concheri
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Laboratory of Design Tools and Methods in Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Savio
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Laboratory of Design Tools and Methods in Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Arturo N Natali
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Piero G Pavan
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Al Aiyan A, Richardson K, Manchi G, Plendl J, Brunnberg L. Measurement of the femoral neck angle in medium and large dog breeds using computed tomography. Acta Vet Hung 2019; 67:22-33. [PMID: 30922085 DOI: 10.1556/004.2019.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to get precise normal values of the femoral neck angle (FNA) in support of developing an optimally functioning total hip prosthesis for medium and large dog breeds. Accordingly, two- and three-dimensional computed tomographic images of the anatomical structures of the proximal femora of 58, hip-dysplasia-free, mature dogs of medium and large breeds were studied. Based on the length of their femora the dogs were allocated to Group I (from 145 to 195 mm) and Group II (from 196 to 240 mm). The FNA was measured on each femur using multi-slice spiral computed tomography (CT). The two- and three-dimensional image data were processed as multi-planar and threedimensional reconstructions using Advantage Workstation software. The CT measurements revealed that Group I had an average femoral neck angle of 147.59° (min. 144.05°, max. 153.35°), while in Group II the average FNA was 147.46° (min. 141°, max. 154.35°). There was no significant correlation between the length of the femur and the FNA in either group. The optimal FNA for a total hip prosthesis is 147.5° for medium and large dog breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Al Aiyan
- 1 Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kenneth Richardson
- 2 College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - George Manchi
- 3 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Clinic, Free University of Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Plendl
- 4 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Free University of Berlin, Germany
| | - Leo Brunnberg
- 3 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Clinic, Free University of Berlin, Germany
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Proximal and distal alignment of normal canine femurs: A morphometric analysis. Ann Anat 2018; 217:125-128. [PMID: 29567105 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Many researchers are interested in femoral conformation because most orthopaedic problems of the long bones occur in the femur and its joints. The neck-shaft (NSA) and the anteversion (AVA) angles are good predictors for understanding the orientation of the proximal end of the femur. The varus (aLDFA) and procurvatum (CDFA) angles have also been used to understand the orientation of the distal end of the femur. The purposes of this study were to investigate the relationship between the proximal and distal angles of the femur and to compare the distal femoral angles in male and female dogs in order to investigate the sexual dimorphism. The measurements of normal CDFAs, which have not been previously reported, may also provide a database of canine distal femoral morphology. A total of 75 cleaned healthy femora from different breeds or mixed breed of dogs were used. The three-dimensional images were reconstructed from computed tomographic images. The AVA, NSA, aLDFA and CDFA were measured on the 3D images. The correlation coefficients were calculated among the measured angles. The distal femoral angles were also compared between male and female femora. The 95% confidence intervals of the AVA and the NSA were calculated to be 24.22°-29.50° and 144.97°-147.50°, respectively. The 95% confidence intervals of the aLDFA and the CDFA for all studied dogs were 92.62°-94.08° and 89.09°-91.94°, respectively. The NSA showed no correlation with either the aLDFA or CDFA. There was a weak inverse correlation between the AVA and CDFA and a weak positive correlation between the AVA and aLDFA. The differences in the aLDFA and CDFA measurements between male and female dog were not significant. In conclusion, femoral version, regardless of the plane, might have little influence on distal femoral morphology in normal dogs. Besides this, there is no evidence of a sexual dimorphism in the varus and procurvatum angles of the dog distal femur. The data from this study may be used in both orthopaedic studies and for clinical applications related to the distal femur of dogs.
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Longo F, Nicetto T, Banzato T, Savio G, Drigo M, Meneghello R, Concheri G, Isola M. Automated computation of femoral angles in dogs from three-dimensional computed tomography reconstructions: Comparison with manual techniques. Vet J 2018; 232:6-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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