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Geraldes C, Tavares L, Gil S, Oliveira M. Biocides in the Hospital Environment: Application and Tolerance Development. Microb Drug Resist 2023; 29:456-476. [PMID: 37643289 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2023.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hospital-acquired infections are a rising problem with consequences for patients, hospitals, and health care workers. Biocides can be employed to prevent these infections, contributing to eliminate or reduce microorganisms' concentrations at the hospital environment. These antimicrobials belong to several groups, each with distinct characteristics that need to be taken into account in their selection for specific applications. Moreover, their activity is influenced by many factors, such as compound concentration and the presence of organic matter. This article aims to review some of the chemical biocides available for hospital infection control, as well as the main factors that influence their efficacy and promote susceptibility decreases, with the purpose to contribute for reducing misusage and consequently for preventing the development of resistance to these antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Geraldes
- Department of Animal Health, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- Department of Animal Health, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Solange Gil
- Department of Animal Health, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Animal Health, Biological Isolation and Containment Unit (BICU), Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- Department of Animal Health, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
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Leal M, Morais C, Ramos B, Pomba C, Abrantes P, Costa SS, Couto I. Exploring Efflux as a Mechanism of Reduced Susceptibility towards Biocides and Fluoroquinolones in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1270. [PMID: 37048526 PMCID: PMC10093712 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is the main bacterial cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in companion animals, particularly dogs. The emergence of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) strains, frequently with multidrug resistance phenotypes is a public health concern. This study aimed to evaluate efflux, a resistance mechanism still poorly characterized in S. pseudintermedius, as a contributor to biocide and fluoroquinolone resistance. Susceptibility to the efflux pump substrates ethidium bromide (EtBr), tetraphenylphosphonium bromide (TPP) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) was evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination for 155 SSTIs-related S. pseudintermedius in companion animals. EtBr and TPP MIC distributions were analyzed to estimate cut-off (COWT) values. The effect of the efflux inhibitors (EIs) thioridazine and verapamil was assessed upon MICs and fluorometric EtBr accumulation assays, performed with/without glucose and/or EIs. This approach detected a non-wild type population towards TPP with increased efflux, showed to be strain-specific and glucose-dependent. Resistance to fluoroquinolones was mainly linked to target gene mutations, yet a contribution of efflux on CIP resistance levels could not be ruled out. In sum, this study highlights the relevance of efflux-mediated resistance in clinical S. pseudintermedius, particularly to biocides, and provides a methodological basis for further studies on the efflux activity on this important pathogen of companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Leal
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Morais
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Ramos
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Constança Pomba
- CIISA, Centre of Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- GeneVet, Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular Veterinário, Rua Quinta da Nora Loja 3B, 2790-140 Carnaxide, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Abrantes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sofia Santos Costa
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Couto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
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Breyer GM, Saggin BF, de Carli S, da Silva MERJ, da Costa MM, Brenig B, Azevedo VADC, Cardoso MRDI, Siqueira FM. Virulent potential of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in dogs. Acta Trop 2023; 242:106911. [PMID: 36965612 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a zoonotic pathogen responsible for several infectious diseases in pet animals, yet its pathogenic potential is not fully understood. Thus, this study aims to unravel the virulence profile of S. pseudintermedius from canine origin. Methicillin-resistant (MRSP) and methicillin-susceptible (MSSP) strains were isolated from different infection sites and their genotypic and phenotypic features were compared to determine the clinical implications of MRSP and MSSP strains. Bacterial identification was performed using MALDI-TOF and 16S-rDNA sequencing. In addition, we used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) for strains' sequence type (ST) determination and phylogenetic relationship. The strains were screened for toxin genes, including cytotoxins (lukS, lukF), exfoliative toxin (siet), enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec, secCanine, sel, sem, and seq) and toxic shock syndrome toxin (tst-1). In vitro phenotypic analyses assessing antimicrobial susceptibility profile, biofilm formation ability, and expression of extracellular matrix components were performed. The investigated S. pseudintermedius strains belong to 17 unique ST, most of which were classified as ST71. MSSP and MRSP strains shared siet, lukS, and lukF virulence markers. Our findings showed that some MSSP strains also harbored sel, seq, and sem enterotoxin genes, suggesting a more diverse virulence profile. All MRSP strains and 77% of MSSP strains were classified as multidrug resistant (MDR). Moreover, all investigated S. pseudintermedius strains showed strong biofilm formation ability. In summary, our findings highlight the wide spread of highly virulent and drug-resistant zoonotic S. pseudintermedius strains, being a potential concern for One Health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Merker Breyer
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária (LaBacVet), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bianca Fagundes Saggin
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária (LaBacVet), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Silvia de Carli
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária (LaBacVet), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Rocha Jacques da Silva
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária (LaBacVet), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mateus Matiuzzi da Costa
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Bertram Brenig
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology of Livestock, Georg August University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vasco Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular e Celular (LGCM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marisa Ribeiro de Itapema Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Franciele Maboni Siqueira
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária (LaBacVet), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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