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Nappo D, Massarenti C, Andreis ME, Zini E, Lacava G, Rabba S, Auriemma E. Computed tomographic anatomic variations of the phrenicoabdominal veins in cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2024; 65:640-644. [PMID: 38979844 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
There are no published reports describing the anatomic variations of the phrenicoabdominal (PhAbd) veins in cats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomic variations of the PhAbd veins in cats without adrenal disease. This is an anatomic study. Abdominal CT images of cats acquired from January 2021 to February 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion criteria were the presence of pre- and postcontrast CT images of the abdomen and the absence of any abdominal diseases that compromise the left and right PhAbd veins visualization. A total of 128 cats were included. Three different vascular anatomic variations were found in the distal pericaval segment of the left phrenicoabdominal (LPhAbd) vein. In the first type, found in 65 cases (50.8%), the LPhAbd vein drained directly into the caudal vena cava. In the second type defined IIa, found in 25 cases (19.5%), the LPhAbd vein drained into the distal third of the left renal vein, less than 5 mm from its opening into the caudal vena cava. In the third type defined IIb, found in 38 cases (29.7%), the LPhAbd vein drained into the distal third of the left renal vein, more than 5 mm from its opening into the caudal vena cava. The right phrenicoabdominal vein had a consistent path and drained into the caudal vena cava in all cases. The knowledge of these vascular variations is expected to help the surgeon during adrenalectomy due to masses with vascular invasion in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Nappo
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Massarenti
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Eric Zini
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Lacava
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - Silvia Rabba
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - Edoardo Auriemma
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
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Piegols HJ, Abrams BE, Lapsley JM, Cray MT, Dornbusch JA, Murphy C, Wustefeld-Janssens BG, Souza CH, Traverson M, Amsellem P, Williams E, Skinner OT, Liptak JM, Stephens JA, Selmic LE. Risk factors influencing death prior to discharge in 302 dogs undergoing unilateral adrenalectomy for treatment of primary adrenal gland tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:673-684. [PMID: 37652746 PMCID: PMC10842000 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Adrenalectomies for canine adrenal tumours are associated with peri-operative morbidity and mortality. Objectives of this study included assessing the prognostic value of tumour- or surgery-related variables in predicting peri-operative mortality and overall survival in dogs undergoing adrenalectomies for primary adrenal tumours as well as pre-treatment with phenoxybenzamine on survival to discharge with pheochromocytomas specifically. A multi-institutional retrospective cohort study was performed across nine institutions. Electronic medical record searches identified 302 dogs which met the inclusion criteria. Data collected included dog-related, tumour-related, treatment-related, surgery-related, and outcome variables. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression and cox proportional hazards models were used to identify variables associated with death prior to discharge and tumour-related survival. Overall, 87% of dogs survived to discharge with a tumour-related survival time of 3.96 years. Post-operative complications were reported in 25%. Increased surgical time (p = 0.002) and pre-surgical medical treatment other than phenoxybenzamine (p = 0.024) were significantly associated with increased peri-operative mortality while ureteronephrectomy (p = 0.021), post-operative pancreatitis (p = 0.025), and post-operative aspiration pneumonia (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with decreased overall survival. Phenoxybenzamine pretreatment had no effect on peri-operative mortality. Thirty-seven of 45 (82%) dogs with pheochromocytomas not pretreated survived to discharge, and 50 of 59 (85%) dogs with pheochromocytomas pretreated with phenoxybenzamine survived to discharge (p = 0.730). This study provides information on risk factors for death prior to discharge and tumour-related survival that may help guide clinical management and owner expectations. In addition, the study findings challenge the previously reported benefit of phenoxybenzamine for pretreatment of dogs undergoing adrenalectomies for pheochromocytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter J Piegols
- The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brittany E Abrams
- The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Ryan Veterinary Hospital, Unviersity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Janis M Lapsley
- The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Megan T Cray
- The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Josephine A Dornbusch
- The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Carlos H Souza
- UF Small Animal Hospital, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marine Traverson
- NC State Veterinary Hospital, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pierre Amsellem
- The University of Minnesota Veterinary Medical Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elroy Williams
- University of Missouri Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Owen T Skinner
- University of Missouri Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Julius M Liptak
- VCA Canada Alta Vista Animal Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie A Stephens
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura E Selmic
- The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Valls SM, Cantatore M. Partial pancreatectomy and en bloc excision of thrombosed vessels in a dog with insulinoma of the right limb of the pancreas. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Martínez Valls
- Department of Small Animal Surgery Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialist Winchester UK
- Department of Small Animal Surgery Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists Ringwood UK
| | - Matteo Cantatore
- Department of Small Animal Surgery Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialist Winchester UK
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Watanabe N, Ono S. Anatomical variations of the canine adrenal vessels. Anat Histol Embryol 2022; 51:802-809. [PMID: 36047693 PMCID: PMC9826083 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The canine adrenal glands receive blood from the celiac artery, cranial mesenteric artery, caudal phrenic artery, cranial abdominal artery, phrenicoabdominal trunk, abdominal aorta, renal artery and lumbar artery. These are classified into three types: cranial, middle and caudal adrenal branches. It is also known that the adrenal vein flows into the phrenicoabdominal vein. However, individual differences in the branching pattern of adrenal vessels have not been systematically analysed. We evaluated adrenal vessels in dogs that underwent contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT). There were 255 arteries travelling to the adrenal glands in 47 cases, with 1-6 arteries travelling per adrenal gland. The arteries included 67 caudal phrenic arteries, 62 aortic arteries, 60 cranial abdominal arteries, 39 renal arteries, 12 phrenicoabdominal trunks, 8 cranial mesenteric arteries, 6 celiac arteries and 1 lumbar artery. Most of the branches were from the aorta and caudal phrenic artery on the left side, and the cranial abdominal and caudal phrenic artery on the right side. A total of 110 adrenal veins were identified. Inflow into the phrenicoabdominal vein and into the right and left renal veins was observed, and we identified no inflow into other veins. This study demonstrated two points: laterality and individual differences in adrenal blood vessels. When evaluating adrenal blood vessels with abdominal contrast-enhanced CT, it is recommended to take images under general anaesthesia with breath-holding and observe them using multiplanar reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Watanabe
- SkyvetsInagi‐cityJapan,Japan Small Animal Medical CenterSaitamaJapan
| | - Shin Ono
- SkyvetsInagi‐cityJapan,Japan Small Animal Medical CenterSaitamaJapan
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Young KM, Stanley BJ, Degner DA. Balloon catheter as an extraction device for caudal vena cava adrenal tumor thrombectomy in a dog: A case report. Vet Surg 2022; 51:1016-1022. [PMID: 35546325 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the use of a balloon catheter as an extraction device for a posthepatic caval thrombus in a dog with a right adrenal tumor. ANIMALS Twelve-year-old male neutered Chihuahua mix dog. STUDY DESIGN Case report METHODS: The dog presented for the evaluation of a hepatic mass. Computed tomography of thorax and abdomen was performed, and a right lateral liver lobe mass and a right adrenal mass were noted. The adrenal mass had a caval thrombus extending almost to the level of the right atrium. Traditional methods of tumor thrombectomy were unsuccessful. Extraction of the thrombus was facilitated by passing a balloon catheter through the caudal vena cavotomy until it was cranial to the thrombus, inflating the balloon and slowly withdrawing the catheter. RESULTS A malignant pheochromocytoma was diagnosed on histology. The dog had a subjectively assessed good quality of life until it was euthanized 118 days postoperatively for acute dyspnea. CONCLUSION Balloon catheter-assisted thrombectomy was successful in removing an extensive caval thrombus that was otherwise difficult to extract via conventional methods. This technique can be considered in cases with extensive tumor thrombus either as a method of choice or when other methods of thrombus extraction have failed.
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