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Zhang X, Ding P, Chen Y, Lin Z, Zhao X, Xie H. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes combined with gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel to promote fractional laser injury wound healing. Int Wound J 2023; 20:4040-4049. [PMID: 37429607 PMCID: PMC10681517 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.14295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes combined with gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel are beneficial in promoting healing of laser-injured skin wounds in mice. Supernatants of cultured human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUC-MSCs) were collected to obtain human umbilical cord MSC-derived exosomes (HUC-MSCs-Exos), which were combined with GelMA hydrogel complex to treat a mouse fractional laser injury model. The study was divided into PBS group, EX (HUC-MSCs-Exos) group, GEL (GelMA hydrogel) group and EX+GEL (HUC-MSCs-Exos combined with GelMA hydrogel) group. The healing of laser-injured skin in each group was observed by gross view and dermatoscopy, and changes in skin structure, angiogenesis and proliferation-related indexes were observed during the healing process of laser-injured skin in each group. The results of the animal experiments showed that the EX and GEL groups alone and the EL+EX group exhibited less inflammatory response compared to the PBS group. The EX and GEL groups showed marked tissue proliferation and favourable angiogenesis, which promoted the wound healing well. The GEL+EX group had the most significant promotion of wound healing compared to the PBS group. qPCR results showed that the expression levels of proliferation-related factors, including KI67 and VEGF and angiogenesis-related factor CD31, were significantly higher in the GEL+EX group than in the other groups, with a time-dependent effect. The combination of HUC-MSCs-Exos and GelMA hydrogel is beneficial in reducing the early inflammatory response of laser-injured skin in mice and promoting its proliferation and angiogenesis, which in turn promotes wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Zhang
- Department of Plastic SurgeryPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Pengbing Ding
- Department of Plastic SurgeryPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Plastic SurgeryPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Zhiyu Lin
- Department of Plastic SurgeryPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Xun Zhao
- Department of Plastic SurgeryPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Hongbin Xie
- Department of Plastic SurgeryPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
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2
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Vaill M, Kawanishi K, Varki N, Gagneux P, Varki A. Comparative physiological anthropogeny: exploring molecular underpinnings of distinctly human phenotypes. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2171-2229. [PMID: 36603157 PMCID: PMC10151058 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00040.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogeny is a classic term encompassing transdisciplinary investigations of the origins of the human species. Comparative anthropogeny is a systematic comparison of humans and other living nonhuman hominids (so-called "great apes"), aiming to identify distinctly human features in health and disease, with the overall goal of explaining human origins. We begin with a historical perspective, briefly describing how the field progressed from the earliest evolutionary insights to the current emphasis on in-depth molecular and genomic investigations of "human-specific" biology and an increased appreciation for cultural impacts on human biology. While many such genetic differences between humans and other hominids have been revealed over the last two decades, this information remains insufficient to explain the most distinctive phenotypic traits distinguishing humans from other living hominids. Here we undertake a complementary approach of "comparative physiological anthropogeny," along the lines of the preclinical medical curriculum, i.e., beginning with anatomy and considering each physiological system and in each case considering genetic and molecular components that are relevant. What is ultimately needed is a systematic comparative approach at all levels from molecular to physiological to sociocultural, building networks of related information, drawing inferences, and generating testable hypotheses. The concluding section will touch on distinctive considerations in the study of human evolution, including the importance of gene-culture interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vaill
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kunio Kawanishi
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nissi Varki
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Pascal Gagneux
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ajit Varki
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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3
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Khan N, de Manuel M, Peyregne S, Do R, Prufer K, Marques-Bonet T, Varki N, Gagneux P, Varki A. Multiple Genomic Events Altering Hominin SIGLEC Biology and Innate Immunity Predated the Common Ancestor of Humans and Archaic Hominins. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 12:1040-1050. [PMID: 32556248 PMCID: PMC7379906 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-specific pseudogenization of the CMAH gene eliminated the mammalian sialic acid (Sia) Neu5Gc (generating an excess of its precursor Neu5Ac), thus changing ubiquitous cell surface “self-associated molecular patterns” that modulate innate immunity via engagement of CD33-related-Siglec receptors. The Alu-fusion-mediated loss-of-function of CMAH fixed ∼2–3 Ma, possibly contributing to the origins of the genus Homo. The mutation likely altered human self-associated molecular patterns, triggering multiple events, including emergence of human-adapted pathogens with strong preference for Neu5Ac recognition and/or presenting Neu5Ac-containing molecular mimics of human glycans, which can suppress immune responses via CD33-related-Siglec engagement. Human-specific alterations reported in some gene-encoding Sia-sensing proteins suggested a “hotspot” in hominin evolution. The availability of more hominid genomes including those of two extinct hominins now allows full reanalysis and evolutionary timing. Functional changes occur in 8/13 members of the human genomic cluster encoding CD33-related Siglecs, all predating the human common ancestor. Comparisons with great ape genomes indicate that these changes are unique to hominins. We found no evidence for strong selection after the Human–Neanderthal/Denisovan common ancestor, and these extinct hominin genomes include almost all major changes found in humans, indicating that these changes in hominin sialobiology predate the Neanderthal–human divergence ∼0.6 Ma. Multiple changes in this genomic cluster may also explain human-specific expression of CD33rSiglecs in unexpected locations such as amnion, placental trophoblast, pancreatic islets, ovarian fibroblasts, microglia, Natural Killer(NK) cells, and epithelia. Taken together, our data suggest that innate immune interactions with pathogens markedly altered hominin Siglec biology between 0.6 and 2 Ma, potentially affecting human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naazneen Khan
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego.,Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA),University of California San Diego
| | - Marc de Manuel
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephane Peyregne
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Raymond Do
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego.,Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA),University of California San Diego
| | - Kay Prufer
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tomas Marques-Bonet
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.,CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nissi Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego.,Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA),University of California San Diego
| | - Pascal Gagneux
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego.,Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA),University of California San Diego
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego.,Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA),University of California San Diego
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4
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Davis C, Savitz SI, Satani N. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Repairing the Neurovascular Unit after Ischemic Stroke. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040767. [PMID: 33807314 PMCID: PMC8065444 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a debilitating disease and one of the leading causes of long-term disability. During the early phase after ischemic stroke, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) exhibits increased permeability and disruption, leading to an influx of immune cells and inflammatory molecules that exacerbate the damage to the brain tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells have been investigated as a promising therapy to improve the recovery after ischemic stroke. The therapeutic effects imparted by MSCs are mostly paracrine. Recently, the role of extracellular vesicles released by these MSCs have been studied as possible carriers of information to the brain. This review focuses on the potential of MSC derived EVs to repair the components of the neurovascular unit (NVU) controlling the BBB, in order to promote overall recovery from stroke. Here, we review the techniques for increasing the effectiveness of MSC-based therapeutics, such as improved homing capabilities, bioengineering protein expression, modified culture conditions, and customizing the contents of EVs. Combining multiple techniques targeting NVU repair may provide the basis for improved future stroke treatment paradigms.
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5
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Li T, Chen W, Zhang Q, Deng C. Human-specific gene CHRFAM7A mediates M2 macrophage polarization via the Notch pathway to ameliorate hypertrophic scar formation. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110611. [PMID: 32890966 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars often cause great pain to patients. It is generally believed that anti-inflammatory scar therapies are the best strategies for treatment because excessive inflammation is observed in hypertrophic scar tissue. However, the results of such treatment are unsatisfactory. In recent studies, immune stimulatory therapies have been suggested to be a preferable method for ameliorating hypertrophic scars. In this study, the expression of the human-specific gene CHRFAM7A, which has been reported to be a promoter of inflammation, was found to be lower in human hypertrophic scars than in normotrophic scars. The CHRFAM7A gene was overexpressed in a hypertrophic scar mouse model using a lentivirus system. Scar fibrosis decreased in the CHRFAM7A transfection group compared to the control group, and the proportion of M2 macrophages decreased at 4 and 8 weeks after establishing the model. We also found that CHRFAM7A increased the activation of the Notch pathway, which eventually attenuated M2 polarization. In the CHRFAM7A-transfected hypertrophic scar mouse group, the number of M1 macrophages increased dramatically in the initial period. Moreover, the expression of the inflammatory gene TNFα was also increased in transfected mice. Our results demonstrate that CHRFAM7A can effectively ameliorate hypertrophic scar formation via regulation of macrophage phenotypic transition. CHRFAM7A might be a therapeutic target for hypertrophic scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianya Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Chenliang Deng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
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6
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Atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2-V41A has decreased CCL2 binding, scavenging, and activation, supporting sustained inflammation and increased Alzheimer's disease risk. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8019. [PMID: 32415244 PMCID: PMC7229167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 59 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins with a connection to Alzheimer's disease (AD) demonstrated an association between increased levels of chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) with an atypical chemokine receptor chemokine-binding protein 2 variant V41A (ACKR2-V41A; rs2228467). High levels of CCL2 are associated with increased risk of AD development as well as other inflammatory diseases. In this study we characterized the biological function of the ACKR2-V41A receptor compared to the wild type allele by measuring its ligand binding affinity, CCL2 scavenging efficiency, and cell activation sensitivity. We transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells with plasmids carrying wild type ACKR2 (ACKR2-WT) or the mutant ACKR2-V41A receptor. Binding affinity assays showed that ACKR2-V41A has a lower binding affinity for CCL2 and CCL4 than ACKR2-WT. CCL2 scavenging results aligned with binding affinity assays, with ACKR2-V41A cells scavenging CCL2 with a lower efficiency than ACKR2-WT. Cell activation assays also showed that ACKR2-V41A cells had significantly lower receptor upregulation (β-Arrestin-dependent signaling pathway) upon stimulation compared to ACKR2-WT cells. These findings provide molecular and biological mechanistic insights into the GWAS association of ACKR2-V41A with increased levels of CCL2 in CSF and possibly other chemokine ligands. Increased CCL2 levels are associated with accelerated cognitive decline and increased risk of AD. Understanding how this atypical chemokine receptor allele increases serum markers of inflammation could lead to novel therapeutic solutions for AD.
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7
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Andjelkovic AV, Xiang J, Stamatovic SM, Hua Y, Xi G, Wang MM, Keep RF. Endothelial Targets in Stroke: Translating Animal Models to Human. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:2240-2247. [PMID: 31510792 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia (stroke) induces injury to the cerebral endothelium that may contribute to parenchymal injury and worsen outcome. This review focuses on current preclinical studies examining how to prevent ischemia-induced endothelial dysfunction. It particularly focuses on targets at the endothelium itself. Those include endothelial tight junctions, transcytosis, endothelial cell death, and adhesion molecule expression. It also examines how such studies are being translated to the clinic, especially as adjunct therapies for preventing intracerebral hemorrhage during reperfusion of the ischemic brain. Identification of endothelial targets may prove valuable in a search for combination therapies that would specifically protect different cell types in ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuska V Andjelkovic
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (A.V.A., J.X., Y.H., G.X., R.F.K.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Department of Veterans Affairs, Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, MI.,Pathology (A.V.A., S.M.S.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Department of Veterans Affairs, Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, MI
| | - Jianming Xiang
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (A.V.A., J.X., Y.H., G.X., R.F.K.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Department of Veterans Affairs, Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, MI
| | - Svetlana M Stamatovic
- Pathology (A.V.A., S.M.S.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Department of Veterans Affairs, Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, MI
| | - Ya Hua
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (A.V.A., J.X., Y.H., G.X., R.F.K.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Department of Veterans Affairs, Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, MI
| | - Guohua Xi
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (A.V.A., J.X., Y.H., G.X., R.F.K.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Department of Veterans Affairs, Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, MI
| | - Michael M Wang
- Neurology (M.M.W.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Department of Veterans Affairs, Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, MI.,Molecular and Integrative Physiology (M.M.W., R.F.K.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Department of Veterans Affairs, Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, MI
| | - Richard F Keep
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (A.V.A., J.X., Y.H., G.X., R.F.K.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Department of Veterans Affairs, Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, MI.,Molecular and Integrative Physiology (M.M.W., R.F.K.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and Department of Veterans Affairs, Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, MI
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8
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Jiang Y, Yuan H, Huang L, Hou X, Zhou R, Dang X. Global proteomic profiling of the uniquely human CHRFAM7A gene in transgenic mouse brain. Gene 2019; 714:143996. [PMID: 31348980 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.143996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The uniquely human α7-nAChR gene (CHRFAM7A) is evolved from the fusion of two partially duplicated genes, FAM7 and α7-nAChR gene (CHRNA7), and is inserted on same chromosome 15, 5' end of the CHRNA7 gene. Transcription of CHRFAM7A gene produces a 1256-bp open reading frame encoding dup-α7-nAChR, where a 27-aminoacid residues from FAM7 replaced the 146-aminoacid residues of the N-terminal extracellular ligand binding domain of α7-nAChR. In vitro, dup-α7-nAChR has been shown to form hetero-pentamer with α7-nAChR and dominant-negatively regulates the channel functions of α7-nAChR. However, the contribution of CHRFAM7A gene to the biology of α7-nAChR in the brain in vivo remains largely a matter of conjecture. CHRFAM7A transgenic mouse was created and differentially expressed proteins were profiled from the whole brain using iTRAQ-2D-LC-MS/MS proteomic technology. Proteins with a fold change of ≥1.2 or ≤0.83 and p < 0.05 were considered to be significant. Bioinformatics analysis showed that over-expression of the CHRFAM7A gene significantly modulated the proteins commonly involved in the signaling pathways of α7-nAChR-mediated neuropsychiatric disorders including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and alcoholism, suggesting that the CHRFAM7A gene contributes to the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders mostly likely through fine-tuning the functions of α7-nAChR in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000,China
| | - Haiyang Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000,China
| | - Li Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000,China
| | - Xiaojie Hou
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000,China
| | - Xitong Dang
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000,China; Division of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
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9
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Uniquely human CHRFAM7A gene increases the hematopoietic stem cell reservoir in mice and amplifies their inflammatory response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:7932-7940. [PMID: 30944217 PMCID: PMC6475388 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821853116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of uniquely human genes during hominid speciation enabled numerous human-specific adaptations that presumably included changes in resilience to disease but potentially increased susceptibility as well. Here we show that the transgenic expression of one such gene, called CHRFAM7A, changes the mouse reservoir of hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow and amplifies the mouse inflammatory response in a model of human systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Because the CHRFAM7A gene is a dominant-negative inhibitor of ligand binding to α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), a neurotransmitter receptor implicated in immunity, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and cognitive function, the results underscore the importance of understanding the contribution of species-specific genes to human disease and the impact they may have on the fidelity of animal models for translational medicine. A subset of genes in the human genome are uniquely human and not found in other species. One example is CHRFAM7A, a dominant-negative inhibitor of the antiinflammatory α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR/CHRNA7) that is also a neurotransmitter receptor linked to cognitive function, mental health, and neurodegenerative disease. Here we show that CHRFAM7A blocks ligand binding to both mouse and human α7nAChR, and hypothesized that CHRFAM7A-transgenic mice would allow us to study its biological significance in a tractable animal model of human inflammatory disease, namely SIRS, the systemic inflammatory response syndrome that accompanies severe injury and sepsis. We found that CHRFAM7A increased the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) reservoir in bone marrow and biased HSC differentiation to the monocyte lineage in vitro. We also observed that while the HSC reservoir was depleted in SIRS, HSCs were spared in CHRFAM7A-transgenic mice and that these mice also had increased immune cell mobilization, myeloid cell differentiation, and a shift to inflammatory monocytes from granulocytes in their inflamed lungs. Together, the findings point to a pathophysiological inflammatory consequence to the emergence of CHRFAM7A in the human genome. To this end, it is interesting to speculate that human genes like CHRFAM7A can account for discrepancies between the effectiveness of drugs like α7nAChR agonists in animal models and human clinical trials for inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease. The findings also support the hypothesis that uniquely human genes may be contributing to underrecognized human-specific differences in resiliency/susceptibility to complications of injury, infection, and inflammation, not to mention the onset of neurodegenerative disease.
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10
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Shao Y, Chen C, Shen H, He BZ, Yu D, Jiang S, Zhao S, Gao Z, Zhu Z, Chen X, Fu Y, Chen H, Gao G, Long M, Zhang YE. GenTree, an integrated resource for analyzing the evolution and function of primate-specific coding genes. Genome Res 2019; 29:682-696. [PMID: 30862647 PMCID: PMC6442393 DOI: 10.1101/gr.238733.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The origination of new genes contributes to phenotypic evolution in humans. Two major challenges in the study of new genes are the inference of gene ages and annotation of their protein-coding potential. To tackle these challenges, we created GenTree, an integrated online database that compiles age inferences from three major methods together with functional genomic data for new genes. Genome-wide comparison of the age inference methods revealed that the synteny-based pipeline (SBP) is most suited for recently duplicated genes, whereas the protein-family–based methods are useful for ancient genes. For SBP-dated primate-specific protein-coding genes (PSGs), we performed manual evaluation based on published PSG lists and showed that SBP generated a conservative data set of PSGs by masking less reliable syntenic regions. After assessing the coding potential based on evolutionary constraint and peptide evidence from proteomic data, we curated a list of 254 PSGs with different levels of protein evidence. This list also includes 41 candidate misannotated pseudogenes that encode primate-specific short proteins. Coexpression analysis showed that PSGs are preferentially recruited into organs with rapidly evolving pathways such as spermatogenesis, immune response, mother–fetus interaction, and brain development. For brain development, primate-specific KRAB zinc-finger proteins (KZNFs) are specifically up-regulated in the mid-fetal stage, which may have contributed to the evolution of this critical stage. Altogether, hundreds of PSGs are either recruited to processes under strong selection pressure or to processes supporting an evolving novel organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Shen
- College of Computers, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou Hunan 412007, China
| | - Bin Z He
- FAS Center for Systems Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Daqi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Center for Bioinformatics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shilei Zhao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhiqiang Gao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,National Center for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Key Laboratory of Random Complex Structures and Data Science, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhenglin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan 430072, China.,Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yan Fu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,National Center for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Key Laboratory of Random Complex Structures and Data Science, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hua Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Ge Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Center for Bioinformatics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Manyuan Long
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Yong E Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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11
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Pastar I, Wong LL, Egger AN, Tomic-Canic M. Descriptive vs mechanistic scientific approach to study wound healing and its inhibition: Is there a value of translational research involving human subjects? Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:551-562. [PMID: 29660181 PMCID: PMC6374114 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The clinical field of wound healing is challenged by numerous hurdles. Not only are wound-healing disorders complex and multifactorial, but the corresponding patient population is diverse, often elderly and burdened by multiple comorbidities such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The care of such patients requires a dedicated, multidisciplinary team of physicians, surgeons, nurses and scientists. In spite of the critical clinical need, it has been over 15 years since a treatment received approval for efficacy by the FDA in the United States. Among the reasons contributing to this lack of effective new treatment modalities is poor understanding of mechanisms that inhibit healing in patients. Additionally, preclinical models do not fully reflect the disease complexity of the human condition, which brings us to a paradox: if we are to use a "mechanistic" approach that favours animal models, we can dissect specific mechanisms using advanced genetic, molecular and cellular technologies, with the caveat that it may not be directly applicable to patients. Traditionally, scientific review panels, for either grant funding or manuscript publication purposes, favour such "mechanistic" approaches whereby human tissue analyses, deemed "descriptive" science, are characterized as a "fishing expedition" and are considered "fatally flawed." However, more emerging evidence supports the notion that the use of human samples provides significant new knowledge regarding the molecular and cellular mechanisms that control wound healing and contribute to inhibition of the process in patients. Here, we discuss the advances, benefits and challenges of translational research in wound healing focusing on human subject research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School Of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lulu L Wong
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School Of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Andjela N Egger
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School Of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School Of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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12
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Okerblom J, Varki A. Biochemical, Cellular, Physiological, and Pathological Consequences of Human Loss of N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1155-1171. [PMID: 28423240 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
About 2-3 million years ago, Alu-mediated deletion of a critical exon in the CMAH gene became fixed in the hominin lineage ancestral to humans, possibly through a stepwise process of selection by pathogen targeting of the CMAH product (the sialic acid Neu5Gc), followed by reproductive isolation through female anti-Neu5Gc antibodies. Loss of CMAH has occurred independently in some other lineages, but is functionally intact in Old World primates, including our closest relatives, the chimpanzee. Although the biophysical and biochemical ramifications of losing tens of millions of Neu5Gc hydroxy groups at most cell surfaces remains poorly understood, we do know that there are multiscale effects functionally relevant to both sides of the host-pathogen interface. Hominin CMAH loss might also contribute to understanding human evolution, at the time when our ancestors were starting to use stone tools, increasing their consumption of meat, and possibly hunting. Comparisons with chimpanzees within ethical and practical limitations have revealed some consequences of human CMAH loss, but more has been learned by using a mouse model with a human-like Cmah inactivation. For example, such mice can develop antibodies against Neu5Gc that could affect inflammatory processes like cancer progression in the face of Neu5Gc metabolic incorporation from red meats, display a hyper-reactive immune system, a human-like tendency for delayed wound healing, late-onset hearing loss, insulin resistance, susceptibility to muscular dystrophy pathologies, and increased sensitivity to multiple human-adapted pathogens involving sialic acids. Further studies in such mice could provide a model for other human-specific processes and pathologies involving sialic acid biology that have yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Okerblom
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California in San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0687, USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, GRTC) and, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, CARTA), Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California in San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0687, USA
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13
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Okerblom JJ, Schwarz F, Olson J, Fletes W, Ali SR, Martin PT, Glass CK, Nizet V, Varki A. Loss of CMAH during Human Evolution Primed the Monocyte-Macrophage Lineage toward a More Inflammatory and Phagocytic State. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2366-2373. [PMID: 28148732 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Humans and chimpanzees are more sensitive to endotoxin than are mice or monkeys, but any underlying differences in inflammatory physiology have not been fully described or understood. We studied innate immune responses in Cmah-/- mice, emulating human loss of the gene encoding production of Neu5Gc, a major cell surface sialic acid. CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) loss occurred ∼2-3 million years ago, after the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, perhaps contributing to speciation of the genus HomoCmah-/- mice manifested a decreased survival in endotoxemia following bacterial LPS injection. Macrophages from Cmah-/- mice secreted more inflammatory cytokines with LPS stimulation and showed more phagocytic activity. Macrophages and whole blood from Cmah-/- mice also killed bacteria more effectively. Metabolic reintroduction of Neu5Gc into Cmah-/- macrophages suppressed these differences. Cmah-/- mice also showed enhanced bacterial clearance during sublethal lung infection. Although monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages from humans and chimpanzees exhibited marginal differences in LPS responses, human monocyte-derived macrophages killed Escherichia coli and ingested E. coli BioParticles better. Metabolic reintroduction of Neu5Gc into human macrophages suppressed these differences. Although multiple mechanisms are likely involved, one cause is altered expression of C/EBPβ, a transcription factor affecting macrophage function. Loss of Neu5Gc in Homo likely had complex effects on immunity, providing greater capabilities to clear sublethal bacterial challenges, possibly at the cost of endotoxic shock risk. This trade-off may have provided a selective advantage when Homo transitioned to butchery using stone tools. The findings may also explain why the Cmah-/- state alters severity in mouse models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Okerblom
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Flavio Schwarz
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Josh Olson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - William Fletes
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Initiative for Maximizing Student Development Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Syed Raza Ali
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Paul T Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 42305.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210; and.,Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Victor Nizet
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; .,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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14
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Baird A, Deng C, Eliceiri MH, Haghi F, Dang X, Coimbra R, Costantini TW, Torbett BE, Eliceiri BP. Mice engrafted with human hematopoietic stem cells support a human myeloid cell inflammatory response in vivo. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 24:1004-1014. [PMID: 27663454 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mice engrafted with human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (CD34+ -HSPCs) have been used to study human infection, diabetes, sepsis, and burn, suggesting that they could be highly amenable to characterizing the human inflammatory response to injury. To this end, human leukocytes infiltrating subcutaneous implants of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sponges were analyzed in immunodeficient NSG mice reconstituted with CD34+ -HSPCs. It was reported that human CD45+ (hCD45+ ) leukocytes were present in PVA sponges 3 and 7 days postimplantation and could be localized within the sponges by immunohistochemistry. The different CD45+ subtypes were characterized by flow cytometry and the profile of human cytokines they secreted into PVA wound fluid was assessed using a human-specific multiplex bead analyses of human IL-12p70, TNFα, IL-10, IL-6, IL1β, and IL-8. This enabled tracking the functional contributions of HLA-DR+ , CD33+ , CD19+ , CD62L+ , CD11b+ , or CX3CR1+ hCD45+ infiltrating inflammatory leukocytes. PCR of cDNA prepared from these cells enabled the assessment and differentiation of human, mouse, and uniquely human genes. These findings support the hypothesis that mice engrafted with CD34+ -HSPCs can be deployed as precision avatars to study the human inflammatory response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Baird
- Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns, and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Chenliang Deng
- Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns, and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Matthew H Eliceiri
- Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns, and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Fatima Haghi
- Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns, and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Xitong Dang
- Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns, and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California.,The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Raul Coimbra
- Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns, and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Todd W Costantini
- Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns, and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Bruce E Torbett
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Brian P Eliceiri
- Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns, and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
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15
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Taverna D, Pollins AC, Sindona G, Caprioli RM, Nanney LB. Imaging mass spectrometry for accessing molecular changes during burn wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 24:775-785. [PMID: 27256813 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal analysis of the proteomic profile during human wound healing is a critical investigative step that can establish the complex interplay of molecular events that comprise the local response to burn injury. Partial-thickness wound samples with adjacent "normal" skin were collected from twenty-one patients with burn wounds and examined across a time spectrum ranging from the acute injury period at 3, 6, 11 days to the later hypertrophic scar period at 7 and 15 months. The techniques used for histology-directed tissue analyses highlighted inflammatory protein markers at the early time points after injury with diminished expression as burn wounds progressed into the proliferative phase. The datasets show the usefulness of MALDI MS and imaging mass spectrometry as discovery approaches to identify and map the cutaneous molecular sequence that is activated in response to the unique systemic inflammatory response following burn trauma. This information has the potential to define the unique factors that predispose human burn victims to disfiguring hypertrophic scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Taverna
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Della Calabria, Arcavacata Di Rende, Italy. .,Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - Alonda C Pollins
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Giovanni Sindona
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Della Calabria, Arcavacata Di Rende, Italy
| | - Richard M Caprioli
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lillian B Nanney
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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