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Huang J, Fan Q, Shi L, Shen J, Wang H. A novel chlorin derivative Shengtaibufen (STBF) mediated photodynamic therapy combined with iodophor for the treatment of chronic superficial leg wounds infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A retrospective clinical study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 48:104300. [PMID: 39097252 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic wounds are costly and difficult to treat, resulting in morbidity and even mortality in some cases due to a high methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) burden contributing to chronicity. We aimed to observe the antimicrobial activity and healing-promoting effect of a novel photosensitizer Shengtaibufen (STBF)-mediated antibacterial photodynamic therapy (PDT) on MRSA-infected chronic leg ulcers. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a retrospective, comparative, single-center clinical study. A total of 32 patients with chronic lower limb wounds infected with MRSA from January 2022 to December 2023 were finally included in this study by searching the electronic medical records of the dermatology department of Huadong Hospital, including a group of red light combined with iodophor (control+iodophor, n=16, receiving red light once a week for 8 weeks and routine dressing change with iodophor once a day) and a group of STBF-mediated PDT (STBF-PDT) combined with iodophor (STBF-PDT+iodophor, n=16, receiving STBF-PDT and routine dressing change with iodophor once a day). STBF-PDT was performed once a week (1 mg/ml STBF, 1 h incubation, 630 nm red light, 80 J/cm2) for 8 weeks. The primary endpoints included wound clinical signs, wound size, wound-related pain, re-epithelialization score, MRSA load and wound-related quality of life (wound-QoL). Any adverse events were also recorded. RESULTS We found that STBF-PDT+iodophor could effectively alleviate clinical infection symptoms, accelerate wound closure, reduce average biological burden and improve wound-QoL without severe adverse events in comparison to the control+iodophor group. The STBF-PDT+iodophor group obtained a mean percentage reduction of 65.22% in wound size (from 18.96±11.18 cm2 to 6.59±7.94 cm2) and excellent re-epithelialization scores, as compared with a decrease of 30.17% (from 19.23±9.80 cm2 to 13.43±9.32 cm2) for the control+iodophor group. Significant differences in wound area were observed at week 6 (p=0.028*) and week 8 (p=0.002**). The bacterial load decreased by 99.86% (from 6.45 × 107±2.69 × 107 to 8.94 × 104±1.92 × 105 CFU/cm2, p<0.0001) in the STBF-PDT+iodophor group and 1.82% (from 6.61 × 107±2.13 × 107 to 6.49 × 107±2.01 × 107 CFU/cm2, p=0.029) in the control+iodophor group. The wound-QoL in STBF-PDT+iodophor group had a 51.62% decrease in overall score (from 29.65±9.33 at the initial to 14.34±5.17 at week 8, p<0.0001) compared to those receiving red light and routine wound care (from 30.73±17.16 to 29.32±15.89 at week 8, p=0.003). Moreover, patients undergoing STBF-PDT+iodophor exhibited great improvements in all domains of wound-QoL (physical, psychological and everyday-life), whereas the control+iodophor group ameliorated in only one field (everyday-life). CONCLUSION Our data confirmed that a novel photosensitizer, STBF-mediated PDT, when combined with iodophor, served as a potential modality for MRSA infection and a possible therapy for other drug-resistant microorganisms, and as a promising alternative for chronic cutaneous infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Qing Fan
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Fengxian District Hospital, Shanghai 201499, PR China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China.
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Iacopetti I, Perazzi A, Patruno M, Contiero B, Carolo A, Martinello T, Melotti L. Assessment of the quality of the healing process in experimentally induced skin lesions treated with autologous platelet concentrate associated or unassociated with allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells: preliminary results in a large animal model. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1219833. [PMID: 37559892 PMCID: PMC10407250 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1219833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine for the treatment of skin lesions is an innovative and rapidly developing field that aims to promote wound healing and restore the skin to its original condition before injury. Over the years, different topical treatments have been evaluated to improve skin wound healing and, among them, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) have shown promising results for this purpose. This study sought to evaluate the quality of the healing process in experimentally induced full-thickness skin lesions treated with PRP associated or unassociated with MSCs in a sheep second intention wound healing model. After having surgically created full-thickness wounds on the back of three sheep, the wound healing process was assessed by performing clinical evaluations, histopathological examinations, and molecular analysis. Treated wounds showed a reduction of inflammation and contraction along with an increased re-epithelialization rate and better maturation of the granulation tissue compared to untreated lesions. In particular, the combined treatment regulated the expression of collagen types I and III resulting in a proper resolution of the granulation tissue contrary to what was observed in untreated wounds; moreover, it led to a better maturation and organization of skin adnexa and collagen fibers in the repaired skin compared to untreated and PRP-treated wounds. Overall, both treatments improved the wound healing process compared to untreated wounds. Wounds treated with PRP and MSCs showed a healing progression that qualitatively resembles a restitutio ad integrum of the repaired skin, showing features typical of a mature healthy dermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Iacopetti
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Perazzi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Patruno
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Carolo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Luca Melotti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
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Othman EM, Hamada HA, Mohamed GI, Abdallah GA, Ahmed ZS, Al-Shenqiti AM, Kadry AM. Clinical and histopathological responses to bee venom phonophoresis in treating venous and diabetic ulcers: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1085544. [PMID: 37153087 PMCID: PMC10157245 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1085544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic venous and diabetic ulcers are hard to treat that cause patients long time of suffering as well as significant healthcare and financial costs. Purpose The conducted study was to evaluate the efficacy of bee venom (BV) phonophoresis on the healing of chronic unhealed venous and/or diabetic foot ulcers Also, to compare the healing rate of diabetic and venous ulcers. Methodology The study included 100 patients (71 males and 29 females) with an age range of 40-60 years' old who had chronic unhealed venous leg ulcers of grade I, grade II, or diabetic foot ulcers with type II diabetes mellitus. They randomly assigned into four equal groups of 25: Group A (diabetic foot ulcer study group) and group C (venous ulcer study group) who both received conservative treatment of medical ulcer care and phonophoresis with BV gel, in addition to group B (diabetic foot ulcer control group) and group D (venous ulcer control group) who both received conservative treatment of medical ulcer care and received ultrasound sessions only without BV gel. Wound surface area (WSA) and ulcer volume measurement (UVM) were used to assess the ulcer healing pre-application (P0), post-6 weeks of treatment (P1), and after 12 weeks of treatment (P2). In addition to Ki-67 immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the cell proliferative in the granulation tissue of ulcers pre-application (P0) and after 12 weeks of treatment (P2) for all groups. Results This research revealed a statistical significance improvement (p ≤ 0.0) in the WSA, and UVM with no significant difference between study groups after treatment. Regarding Ki-67 immunohistochemistry showed higher post treatment values in the venous ulcer group in comparison to the diabetic foot ulcer group. Conclusion Bee venom (BV) provided by phonophoresis is effective adjuvant treatment in accelerating venous and diabetic foot ulcer healing with higher proliferative effect on venous ulcer. Clinical trial registration www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT05285930.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M. Othman
- Department for Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hamada Ahmed Hamada
- Department for Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada I. Mohamed
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada A. Abdallah
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zeinab S. Ahmed
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory Disorder and Geriatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed Mahmoud Kadry
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr el-Sheikh, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Ahmed Mahmoud Kadry
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Sergeenko Pavlova MO, Korostelev YM, Shikhaleva GN, Savin MD, Filatov YE, Ryabykh OS. Negative pressure wound therapy in cases of spinal surgery and exposed dura: a case-based review. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:2975-2981. [PMID: 34312707 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-021-05302-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Study of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) safety for patients with intraoperative exposure of the dura. METHODS We analyzed the literature on the NPWT usage after spinal surgery in patients with exposure of the dura. We also described our experience of NPWT in 3 pediatric patients with spinal dysraphism. Due to the peculiarities of the anatomy (spina bifida), all of these patients had dural sac exposure during spinal surgery. RESULTS The reasons for NPWT in all three cases were different. In the first patient with segmental spinal dysgenesis, surgery was complicated by extensive postoperative wound necrosis and the formation of soft tissue deficiency. The second patient with post-myelomeningocele kyphosis had a deficiency of soft tissues during spinal surgery due to a large bedsore at the apex of the deformity. And in the third patient also with post-myelomeningocele kyphosis, NPWT was applied with surgical site infection. In all three cases, NPWT was used when the dura was exposed, without complications and with satisfactory results. The observation period for the patients was 3 years, 2.5 years, and 2 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The usage of NPWT in cases of wound complications in the spinal surgery may be a useful option, which allows saving implants. NPWT is not contraindicated in cases of intraoperative dural exposure if there are no signs of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M Dmitry Savin
- Division of Spinal Surgery, Ilizarov Center, 6, M.Ulyanova street, Kurgan, 640014, Russia
| | - Yu Egor Filatov
- Division of Spinal Surgery, Ilizarov Center, 6, M.Ulyanova street, Kurgan, 640014, Russia
| | - O Sergey Ryabykh
- Division of Spinal Surgery, Ilizarov Center, 6, M.Ulyanova street, Kurgan, 640014, Russia
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Mohammad H, Abutaleb NS, Dieterly AM, Lyle LT, Seleem MN. Investigating auranofin for the treatment of infected diabetic pressure ulcers in mice and dermal toxicity in pigs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10935. [PMID: 34035383 PMCID: PMC8149385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection of pressure ulcers (PUs) are a notable source of hospitalization for individuals with diabetes. This study evaluated the safety profile and efficacy of auranofin to treat diabetic PUs infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). PUs were infected with MRSA in diabetic TALLYHO/JngJ mice and then treated with topical auranofin (2%), topical mupirocin (2%), or oral clindamycin (30 mg/kg) for four days. PUs were harvested post-treatment to enumerate bacterial burden and determine expression of cytokines/growth factors. Landrace cross pigs were exposed topically to auranofin (1%, 2%, and 3%) for 4-14 days and evaluated for signs of localized or systemic toxicity. Auranofin eradicated MRSA in PUs within four days (7.92-log10 reduction) in contrast to mupirocin (2.15-log10 reduction) and clindamycin (0.73-log10 reduction). Additionally, auranofin treatment resulted in decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased expression of biomarkers associated with re-epithelization of wounded tissue, confirmed with histopathologic analysis. No significant histopathologic lesions were present on porcine skin sites exposed to topical auranofin. Additionally, minimal accumulation of plasma gold and no systemic toxicity was observed in pigs exposed to topical auranofin. Auranofin appears to be a potent and safe topical agent to further investigate for treatment of mild-to-moderate MRSA-infected diabetic PUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Mohammad
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Nader S Abutaleb
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for One Health Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1410 Prices Fork Rd, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Alexandra M Dieterly
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - L Tiffany Lyle
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for Comparative Translational Research, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Center for One Health Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1410 Prices Fork Rd, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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Evaluation of ebselen in resolving a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection of pressure ulcers in obese and diabetic mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247508. [PMID: 33617589 PMCID: PMC7899319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pressure ulcers (PUs) are a source of morbidity in individuals with restricted mobility including individuals that are obese or diabetic. Infection of PUs with pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), impairs ulcers from healing. The present study evaluated ebselen as a topical antibacterial to treat MRSA-infected PUs. Against two different S. aureus strains, including MRSA USA300, resistance to ebselen did not emerge after 14 consecutive passages. Resistance to mupirocin emerged after only five passages. Additionally, ebselen was found to exert a modest postantibiotic effect of five hours against two MRSA strains. Ebselen was subsequently evaluated in MRSA-infected PUs in two models using obese and diabetic mice. In obese mice, topical ebselen (89.2% reduction) and oral linezolid (84.5% reduction) similarly reduced the burden of MRSA in infected PUs. However, in diabetic mice, topical ebselen (45.8% reduction in MRSA burden) was less effective. Histopathological evaluation of ulcers in diabetic mice determined that ebselen treatment resulted in fewer bacterial colonies deep within the dermis and that the treatment exhibited evidence of epithelial regeneration. Topical mupirocin was superior to ebselen in reducing MRSA burden in infected PUs both in obese (98.7% reduction) and diabetic (99.3% reduction) mice. Ebselen’s antibacterial activity was negatively impacted as the bacterial inoculum was increased from 105 CFU/mL to 107 CFU/mL. These results suggest that a higher dose of ebselen, or a longer course of treatment, may be needed to achieve a similar effect as mupirocin in topically treating MRSA-infected pressure ulcers.
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Could cold plasma act synergistically with allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells to improve wound skin regeneration in a large size animal model? Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:97-110. [PMID: 33596495 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Skin wound healing may sometimes lead to open sores that persist for long periods and expensive hospitalization is needed. Among different kinds of therapeutic innovative approaches, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and low-temperature atmospheric pressure cold plasma (ionized gas) have been recently tested to improve this regenerative process. To optimize wound healing the present study intended to combine, for the first time, these two novel approaches in a large size animal wound healing model with the aim of assessing the putative dual beneficial effects. Based on clinical, histopathological, and molecular results a synergistic action in a second intention healing wound in sheep has been observed. Experimental wounds treated with cold plasma and MSCs showed a slower but more effective healing compared to the single treatment, as observed in previous studies. The combined treatment improved the correct development of skin appendages and structural proteins of the dermis showing the potential of the dual combination as a safe and effective tool for skin regeneration in the veterinary clinical field.
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Auranofin Rapidly Eradicates Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in an Infected Pressure Ulcer Mouse Model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7251. [PMID: 32350417 PMCID: PMC7190694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64352-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pressure ulcers (PUs) frequently occur in individuals with limited mobility including patients that are hospitalized or obese. PUs are challenging to resolve when infected by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In this study, we investigated the potential of repurposing auranofin to treat pressure ulcers infected with MRSA. Auranofin’s in vitro activity against strains of S. aureus (including MRSA) was not affected in the presence of higher bacterial inoculum (107 CFU/mL) or by lowering the pH in standard media to simulate the environment present on the surface of the skin. Additionally, S. aureus did not develop resistance to auranofin after repeated exposure for two weeks via a multi-step resistance selection experiment. In contrast, S. aureus resistance to mupirocin emerged rapidly. Moreover, auranofin exhibited a long postantibiotic effect (PAE) in vitro against three strains of S. aureus tested. Remarkably, topical auranofin completely eradicated MRSA (8-log10 reduction) in infected PUs of obese mice after just four days of treatment. This was superior to both topical mupirocin (1.96-log10 reduction) and oral clindamycin (1.24-log10 reduction), which are used to treat infected PUs clinically. The present study highlights auranofin’s potential to be investigated further as a treatment for mild-to-moderate PUs infected with S. aureus.
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Dijksteel GS, Ulrich MMW, Vlig M, Nibbering PH, Cordfunke RA, Drijfhout JW, Middelkoop E, Boekema BKHL. Potential factors contributing to the poor antimicrobial efficacy of SAAP-148 in a rat wound infection model. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2019; 18:38. [PMID: 31796055 PMCID: PMC6891976 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-019-0336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the efficacy of a synthetic antimicrobial peptide SAAP-148, which was shown to be effective against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on tape-stripped mice skin. Unexpectedly, SAAP-148 was not effective against MRSA in our pilot study using rats with excision wounds. Therefore, we investigated factors that might have contributed to the poor efficacy of SAAP-148. Subsequently, we optimised the protocol and assessed the efficacy of SAAP-148 in an adapted rat study. METHODS We incubated 100 µL of SAAP-148 with 1 cm2 of a wound dressing for 1 h and determined the unabsorbed volume of peptide solution. Furthermore, 105 colony forming units (CFU)/mL MRSA were exposed to increasing dosages of SAAP-148 in 50% (v/v) human plasma, eschar- or skin extract or PBS. After 30 min incubation, the number of viable bacteria was determined. Next, ex vivo skin models were inoculated with MRSA for 1 h and exposed to SAAP-148. Finally, excision wounds on the back of rats were inoculated with 107 CFU MRSA overnight and treated with SAAP-148 for 4 h or 24 h. Subsequently, the number of viable bacteria was determined. RESULTS Contrary to Cuticell, Parafilm and Tegaderm film, < 20% of peptide solution was recovered after incubation with gauze, Mepilex border and Opsite Post-op. Furthermore, in plasma, eschar- or skin extract > 20-fold higher dosages of SAAP-148 were required to achieve a 2-log reduction (LR) of MRSA versus SAAP-148 in PBS. Exposure of ex vivo models to SAAP-148 for 24 h resulted in a 4-fold lower LR than a 1 h or 4 h exposure period. Additionally, SAAP-148 caused a 1.3-fold lower mean LR at a load of 107 CFU compared to 105 CFU MRSA. Moreover, exposure of ex vivo excision wound models to SAAP-148 resulted in a 1.5-fold lower LR than for tape-stripped skin. Finally, SAAP-148 failed to reduce the bacterial counts in an adapted rat study. CONCLUSIONS Several factors, such as absorption of SAAP-148 by wound dressings, components within wound exudates, re-colonisation during the exposure of SAAP-148, and a high bacterial load may contribute to the poor antimicrobial effect of SAAP-148 against MRSA in the rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle S. Dijksteel
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres, Zeestraat 29, 1941 AJ Beverwijk, The Netherlands
- Dept. of Plastic Reconstructive & Hand Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Free University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Magda M. W. Ulrich
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres, Zeestraat 29, 1941 AJ Beverwijk, The Netherlands
- Dept. of Plastic Reconstructive & Hand Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Free University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Vlig
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres, Zeestraat 29, 1941 AJ Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H. Nibbering
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A. Cordfunke
- Dept. of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan W. Drijfhout
- Dept. of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Middelkoop
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres, Zeestraat 29, 1941 AJ Beverwijk, The Netherlands
- Dept. of Plastic Reconstructive & Hand Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Free University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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