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Borges MF, Maurmann N, Pranke P. Easy-to-Assembly System for Decellularization and Recellularization of Liver Grafts in a Bioreactor. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:449. [PMID: 36838149 PMCID: PMC9962055 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Decellularization of organs creates an acellular scaffold, ideal for being repopulated by cells. In this work, a low-cost perfusion system was created to be used in the process of liver decellularization and as a bioreactor after recellularization. It consists of a glass chamber to house the organ coupled to a peristaltic pump to promote liquid flow through the organ vascular tree. The rats' liver decellularization was made with a solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The recellularization was made with 108 mesenchymal stromal/stem cells and cultivated for seven days. The decellularized matrices showed an absence of DNA while preserving the collagen and glycosaminoglycans quantities, confirming the efficiency of the process. The functional analyses showed a rise in lactate dehydrogenase levels occurring in the first days of the cultivation, suggesting that there is cell death in this period, which stabilized on the seventh day. Histological analysis showed conservation of the collagen web and some groups of cells next to the vessels. It was possible to establish a system for decellularization and a bioreactor to use for the recellularization method. It is easy to assemble, can be ready to use in little time and be easily sterilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Felisberto Borges
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Natasha Maurmann
- Postgraduate Program in Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pranke
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil
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2
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Bio-Artificial Liver Support System: A Prospective Future Therapy. LIVERS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/livers3010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether acute or chronic, liver failure is a state of liver dysfunction that can progress to multiorgan failure. Mortality in liver failure patients is approximately 80–90% and is caused by detoxification failure, which triggers other immediate complications, such as encephalopathy, coagulopathy, jaundice, cholestasis, and acute kidney failure. The ideal treatment for liver failure is liver transplantation, but the long waiting period for the right donor match causes unavoidable deaths in most patients. Therefore, new therapies, such as tissue engineering, hepatocyte transplantation, and stem cells, are now being studied to anticipate the patient’s condition while waiting for liver transplantation. This literature review investigated the effectiveness of some bio-artificial liver support systems using review methods systematically from international publication sites, including PubMed, using keywords, such as bio-artificial liver, acute and chronic liver failure, extracorporeal liver support system (ECLS), MARS, single-pass albumin dialysis (SPAD). Artificial and bioartificial liver systems can show specific detoxification abilities and pathophysiological improvements in liver failure patients but cannot reach the ideal criteria for actual liver function. The liver support system must provide the metabolic and synthetic function as in the actual liver while reducing the pathophysiological changes in liver failure. Aspects of safety, cost efficiency, and practicality are also considered. Identifying the technology to produce high-quality hepatocytes on a big scale is essential as a medium to replace failing liver cells. An increase in detoxification capacity and therapeutic effectiveness must also focus on patient survival and the ability to perform liver transplantation.
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Li K, Tharwat M, Larson EL, Felgendreff P, Hosseiniasl SM, Rmilah AA, Safwat K, Ross JJ, Nyberg SL. Re-Endothelialization of Decellularized Liver Scaffolds: A Step for Bioengineered Liver Transplantation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:833163. [PMID: 35360393 PMCID: PMC8960611 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.833163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioengineered livers (BELs) are an attractive therapeutic alternative to address the donor organ shortage for liver transplantation. The goal of BELs technology aims at replacement or regeneration of the native human liver. A variety of approaches have been proposed for tissue engineering of transplantable livers; the current review will highlight the decellularization-recellularization approach to BELs. For example, vascular patency and appropriate cell distribution and expansion are critical components in the production of successful BELs. Proper solutions to these components of BELs have challenged its development. Several strategies, such as heparin immobilization, heparin-gelatin, REDV peptide, and anti-CD31 aptamer have been developed to extend the vascular patency of revascularized bioengineered livers (rBELs). Other novel methods have been developed to enhance cell seeding of parenchymal cells and to increase graft functionality during both bench and in vivo perfusion. These enhanced methods have been associated with up to 15 days of survival in large animal (porcine) models of heterotopic transplantation but have not yet permitted extended survival after implantation of BELs in the orthotopic position. This review will highlight both the remaining challenges and the potential for clinical application of functional bioengineered grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Li
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mohammad Tharwat
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- General Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ellen L. Larson
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Philipp Felgendreff
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department for General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Anan Abu Rmilah
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Khaled Safwat
- General Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Scott L. Nyberg
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Scott L. Nyberg,
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4
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Janani G, Priya S, Dey S, Mandal BB. Mimicking Native Liver Lobule Microarchitecture In Vitro with Parenchymal and Non-parenchymal Cells Using 3D Bioprinting for Drug Toxicity and Drug Screening Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:10167-10186. [PMID: 35171571 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Bioengineering an in vitro liver model recapitulating the native liver microarchitecture consisting of parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells is crucial in achieving cellular crosstalk and hepatic metabolic functions for accurate hepatotoxicity prediction. Bioprinting holds the promise of engineering constructs with precise control over the spatial distribution of multiple cells. Two distinct tissue-specific liver extracellular matrix (ECM)-based bioinks with excellent printability and rheological attributes are formulated for supporting parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells. A physiologically relevant human vascularized liver model is bioprinted with a novel liver ECM-based bioink laden with human adipose mesenchymal stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and human hepatic stellate cells (HHSCs) using an extrusion-based bioprinting approach and validated for hepatotoxicity assessment. The HLC/HUVEC/HHSC-laden liver model resembles native alternate cords of hepatocytes with a functional sinusoidal lumen-like network in both horizontal and vertical directions, demonstrating enhanced albumin production, urea synthesis, and cytochrome P450 (CPR) activity. Furthermore, the liver model is evaluated for drug toxicity assessment following 24 h exposure to different concentrations of (i) non-hepatotoxicants aspirin and dexamethasone, (ii) idiosyncratic hepatotoxicant trovafloxacin mesylate, and (iii) clinical hepatotoxicant acetaminophen and troglitazone. A follow-up cell viability and metabolic competence evaluation by estimating DNA concentration, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and CPR activity revealed a dose-dependent clinically relevant hepatotoxic response. These results corroborated that the developed clinically relevant vascularized liver model is affordable and would aid pharmaceutical companies in speeding up the drug development and provide a robust platform for hepatotoxicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Janani
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Smriti Priya
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Souradeep Dey
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Biman B Mandal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
- School of Health Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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5
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Dai Q, Jiang W, Huang F, Song F, Zhang J, Zhao H. Recent Advances in Liver Engineering With Decellularized Scaffold. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:831477. [PMID: 35223793 PMCID: PMC8866951 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.831477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is currently the only effective treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease; however, donor liver scarcity is a notable concern. As a result, extensive endeavors have been made to diversify the source of donor livers. For example, the use of a decellularized scaffold in liver engineering has gained considerable attention in recent years. The decellularized scaffold preserves the original orchestral structure and bioactive chemicals of the liver, and has the potential to create a de novo liver that is fit for transplantation after recellularization. The structure of the liver and hepatic extracellular matrix, decellularization, recellularization, and recent developments are discussed in this review. Additionally, the criteria for assessment and major obstacles in using a decellularized scaffold are covered in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Dai
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery and Organ Transplantation Center, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fan Huang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery and Organ Transplantation Center, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fei Song
- Department of Urology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jiqian Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Jiqian Zhang, ; Hongchuan Zhao,
| | - Hongchuan Zhao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery and Organ Transplantation Center, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Jiqian Zhang, ; Hongchuan Zhao,
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Ebrahim N, Badr OAM, Yousef MM, Hassouna A, Sabry D, Farid AS, Mostafa O, Saihati HAA, Seleem Y, Abd El Aziz E, Khalil AH, Nawar A, Shoulah AA, Aljasir M, Mohamed AZ, El-Sherbiny M, Elsherbiny NM, Eladl MA, Forsyth NR, Salim RF. Functional Recellularization of Acellular Rat Liver Scaffold by Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Molecular Evidence for Wnt/B-Catenin Upregulation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112819. [PMID: 34831042 PMCID: PMC8616374 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver transplantation remains the only viable therapy for liver failure but has a severely restricted utility. Here, we aimed to decellularize rat livers to form acellular 3D bio-scaffolds suitable for seeding with induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) as a tool to investigate the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in liver development and generation. METHODS Dissected rat livers were randomly divided into three groups: I (control); II (decellularized scaffolds) and III (recellularized scaffolds). Liver decellularization was established via an adapted perfusion procedure and assessed through the measurement of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and DNA content. Liver recellularization was assessed through histological examination and measurement of transcript levels of Wnt/β-catenin pathway, hepatogenesis, liver-specific microRNAs and growth factors essential for liver development. Adult rat liver decellularization was confirmed by the maintenance of ECM proteins and persistence of growth factors essential for liver regeneration. RESULTS iPSCs seeded rat decellularized livers displayed upregulated transcript expression of Wnt/β-catenin pathway-related, growth factors, and liver specification genes. Further, recellularized livers displayed restored liver-specific functions including albumin secretion and urea synthesis. CONCLUSION This establishes proof-of-principle for the generation of three-dimensional liver organ scaffolds as grafts and functional re-establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Ebrahim
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Banha 13511, Egypt; (N.E.); (M.M.Y.); (O.M.)
- Stem Cell Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Banha 13511, Egypt
| | - Omnia A. M. Badr
- Department of Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Banha 13511, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed M. Yousef
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Banha 13511, Egypt; (N.E.); (M.M.Y.); (O.M.)
| | - Amira Hassouna
- School of Public Health and Interdisciplinary Studies, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, AUT University, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
| | - Dina Sabry
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt;
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bader University in Cairo, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Ayman Samir Farid
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Banha 13511, Egypt;
| | - Ola Mostafa
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Banha 13511, Egypt; (N.E.); (M.M.Y.); (O.M.)
| | - Hajir A. Al Saihati
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Albatin, Hafar Al Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yasmin Seleem
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Banha 13511, Egypt; (Y.S.); (E.A.E.A.)
| | - Eman Abd El Aziz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Banha 13511, Egypt; (Y.S.); (E.A.E.A.)
| | - Ahmed Hassan Khalil
- Department of Surgery & Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Banha 13511, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed Nawar
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Banha 13511, Egypt; (A.N.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Ahmed A. Shoulah
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Banha 13511, Egypt; (A.N.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Mohammad Aljasir
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amira Zaki Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh 71666, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Anatomy, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Nehal M. Elsherbiny
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47512, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: or (N.M.E.); (M.A.E.); (R.F.S.)
| | - Mohamed Ahmed Eladl
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: or (N.M.E.); (M.A.E.); (R.F.S.)
| | - Nicholas Robert Forsyth
- Guy Hilton Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Rabab F. Salim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Banha 13511, Egypt
- Correspondence: or (N.M.E.); (M.A.E.); (R.F.S.)
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Janani G, Mandal BB. Mimicking Physiologically Relevant Hepatocyte Zonation Using Immunomodulatory Silk Liver Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds toward a Bioartificial Liver Platform. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:24401-24421. [PMID: 34019382 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mimicking nativelike metabolic zonation is indispensable to develop an efficient bioartificial liver model, as it facilitates physiological cues, hepatocyte polarity, and phenotypic functions. The present study shows the first evidence of hepatocyte metabolic heterogeneity in an in vitro liver model encompassing liver extracellular matrix (ECM)-functionalized silk scaffolds (LECM-SF) by altering ECM proportion. Upon static culture, individual LECM-SF scaffold supports differential synthetic and metabolic functions of cultured primary neonatal rat hepatocytes (PNRHs), owing to discrete biophysical attributes. A single in vitro liver system comprising PNRHs seeded LECM-SF scaffolds assisting periportal to pericentral gradient functions is stacked and matured in a perfusion bioreactor to simulate oxygen gradient. The scaffold with high ECM supports periportal-specific albumin synthesis, urea secretion, and bile duct formation, albeit scaffold with low ECM supports pericentral-specific cytochrome P450 activity. Extensive physicochemical characterizations confirmed the stability and interconnected porous network of scaffolds, signifying cellular infiltration and bidirectional nutrient diffusion. Furthermore, scaffolds demonstrate minimal thrombogenicity, reduced foreign-body response, and enhanced pro-remodeling macrophage activation, supporting constructive tissue remodeling. The developed liver model with zone-specific functions would be a promising avenue in bioartificial liver and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Janani
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Biman B Mandal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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Zhang J, Chan HF, Wang H, Shao D, Tao Y, Li M. Stem cell therapy and tissue engineering strategies using cell aggregates and decellularized scaffolds for the rescue of liver failure. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:2041731420986711. [PMID: 35003615 PMCID: PMC8733710 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420986711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver failure is a lethal condition with hepatocellular dysfunction, and liver transplantation is presently the only effective treatment. However, due to the limited availability of donors and the potential immune rejection, novel therapeutic strategies are actively sought to restore the normal hepatic architectures and functions, especially for livers with inherited metabolic dysfunctions or chronic diseases. Although the conventional cell therapy has shown promising results, the direct infusion of hepatocytes is hampered by limited hepatocyte sources, poor cell viability, and engraftment. Hence, this review mainly highlights the role of stem cells and progenitors as the alternative cell source and summarizes the potential approaches based on tissue engineering to improve the delivery efficiency of cells. Particularly, the underlying mechanisms for cell therapy using stem cells and progenitors are discussed in two main aspects: paracrine effect and cell differentiation. Moreover, tissue-engineering approaches using cell aggregates and decellularized liver scaffolds for bioengineering of functional hepatic constructs are discussed and compared in terms of the potential to replicate liver physiological structures. In the end, a potentially effective strategy combining the premium advantages of stem cell aggregates and decellularized liver scaffolds is proposed as the future direction of liver tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Zhang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hon Fai Chan
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Shao
- Institutes of Life Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, Guangzhou, China
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Dubey SK, Alexander A, Sivaram M, Agrawal M, Singhvi G, Sharma S, Dayaramani R. Uncovering the Diversification of Tissue Engineering on the Emergent Areas of Stem Cells, Nanotechnology and Biomaterials. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 15:187-201. [PMID: 31957615 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200103124821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Damaged or disabled tissue is life-threatening due to the lack of proper treatment. Many conventional transplantation methods like autograft, iso-graft and allograft are in existence for ages, but they are not sufficient to treat all types of tissue or organ damages. Stem cells, with their unique capabilities like self-renewal and differentiate into various cell types, can be a potential strategy for tissue regeneration. However, the challenges like reproducibility, uncontrolled propagation and differentiation, isolation of specific kinds of cell and tumorigenic nature made these stem cells away from clinical application. Today, various types of stem cells like embryonic, fetal or gestational tissue, mesenchymal and induced-pluripotent stem cells are under investigation for their clinical application. Tissue engineering helps in configuring the stem cells to develop into a desired viable tissue, to use them clinically as a substitute for the conventional method. The use of stem cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) is being studied to replace the stem cells, which decreases the immunological complications associated with the direct administration of stem cells. Tissue engineering also investigates various biomaterials to use clinically, either to replace the bones or as a scaffold to support the growth of stemcells/ tissue. Depending upon the need, there are various biomaterials like bio-ceramics, natural and synthetic biodegradable polymers to support replacement or regeneration of tissue. Like the other fields of science, tissue engineering is also incorporating the nanotechnology to develop nano-scaffolds to provide and support the growth of stem cells with an environment mimicking the Extracellular matrix (ECM) of the desired tissue. Tissue engineering is also used in the modulation of the immune system by using patient-specific Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) and by modifying the physical features of scaffolds that may provoke the immune system. This review describes the use of various stem cells, biomaterials and the impact of nanotechnology in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Dubey
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Amit Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER GUWAHATI), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Govt. of India, NH 37, NITS Mirza, Kamrup-781125, Guwahati (Assam), India
| | - Munnangi Sivaram
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Mukta Agrawal
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka- Kurud Road, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh 490024, India
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Swapnil Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banastahli Vidyapith, Tonk, Rajasthan 304022, India
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Li Y, Wu Q, Yang Z, He Y, Weng C, Gao M, Zhang B, Wang Y, Li L, Chen F, Bu H, Bao J. Heterotopic vascularization and functionalization of implantable bio engineered hepatic tissue alleviates liver injury in rats. Liver Int 2020; 40:712-726. [PMID: 31571356 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The challenge of using bioengineered liver lies in sustaining the quantity of high-quality hepatocytes and the vasculature for blood perfusion. We characterized the heparinization of a porcine decellularized liver scaffold (DLS) as a carrier to support hepatocyte angiogenesis, thereby developing functional and vascularized hepatic tissue useful to treat liver injury. METHOD The porcine DLS was obtained by the removal of cellular components and then subjected to heparinization by the end-point attachment technique. The heparinized DLSs were recellularized with rat hepatocyte spheroids to construct engineered hepatic tissue. The hepatic tissue was heterotopically implanted in the omentum majus of a rat model with liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ). RESULTS Hepatocyte spheroids in the heparinized DLS remained viable for at least 10 weeks in vivo. The entire scaffold was populated with hepatocytes and arranged well. The volume of the heparinized DLS group was expanded over 400-fold. Liver-specific functions such as albumin synthesis, glycogen storage and cytochrome P 3A4 activity were highly expressed in the hepatic tissue. In addition, endothelial cells were recruited, as shown by CD31 staining, and new blood vessels formed, as visualized by fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled dextran intravital confocal microscopy. The heparinized bioengineered hepatic tissue alleviated CCl4 -induced liver injury by regulating the deposition and degradation of the extracellular matrix. CONCLUSION Primary hepatocyte spheroids survived for an extended time on the heparinized DLS and expanded to generate vascularized and functional bioengineered hepatic tissue that can alleviate liver injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Precision Medicine Key Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Core Facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuting He
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengxin Weng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengyu Gao
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bingqi Zhang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Li
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Bu
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ji Bao
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Tajima K, Kuroda K, Otaka Y, Kinoshita R, Kita M, Oyamada T, Kanai K. Decellularization of canine kidney for three-dimensional organ regeneration. Vet World 2020; 13:452-457. [PMID: 32367949 PMCID: PMC7183470 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.452-457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Kidney regeneration is required for dogs with end-stage renal failure. Decellularization is one of the bioengineering techniques, which involves the removal of all tissue cells and cellular components and conservation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Studies in rats have shown that decellularized kidney has regenerative potential; however, there are no reports on renal decellularization in dogs. Here, we showed the decellularization of the canine kidney. MATERIALS AND METHODS The renal artery of the cadaveric canine kidney was cannulated and the whole kidney was frozen at -80°C. After completely thawing, it was perfused with physiological saline and sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.5%, 6 h) through the cannulated renal artery to achieve decellularization. To assess the efficiency of the decellularization protocol, histological and immunohistochemical analysis of decellularized kidney was performed. RESULTS The results of hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) staining revealed that the decellularized canine kidney had no apparent cellular components. In addition, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining showed no visible nuclear components within the whole decellularized kidney. Therefore, both H and E and DAPI staining showed decellularization of the canine kidney. Our decellularization protocol also preserved the basement membrane of glomerulus, shown by periodic acid methenamine silver, periodic acid-Schiff, fibronectin, and collagen type IV stain. CONCLUSION Our decellularization protocol could eliminate cellular components and remaining native ECM structures of canine kidney. These results could promote further research into canine kidney regeneration, which may be the first small step to regenerate the canine kidney waiting for renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Tajima
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Kohei Kuroda
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Yuya Otaka
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Rie Kinoshita
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kita
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Oyamada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Kanai
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
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12
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A Hepatic Scaffold from Decellularized Liver Tissue: Food for Thought. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120813. [PMID: 31810291 PMCID: PMC6995515 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic liver transplantation is still deemed the gold standard solution for end-stage organ failure; however, donor organ shortages have led to extended waiting lists for organ transplants. In order to overcome the lack of donors, the development of new therapeutic options is mandatory. In the last several years, organ bioengineering has been extensively explored to provide transplantable tissues or whole organs with the final goal of creating a three-dimensional growth microenvironment mimicking the native structure. It has been frequently reported that an extracellular matrix-based scaffold offers a structural support and important biological molecules that could help cellular proliferation during the recellularization process. The aim of the present review is to underline the recent developments in cell-on-scaffold technology for liver bioengineering, taking into account: (1) biological and synthetic scaffolds; (2) animal and human tissue decellularization; (3) scaffold recellularization; (4) 3D bioprinting; and (5) organoid technology. Future possible clinical applications in regenerative medicine for liver tissue engineering and for drug testing were underlined and dissected.
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13
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Hassanein W, Cimeno A, Werdesheim A, Buckingham B, Harrison J, Uluer MC, Khalifeh A, Rivera-Pratt C, Klepfer S, Woodall JD, Dhru U, Bromberg E, Parsell D, Drachenberg C, Barth RN, LaMattina JC. Liver Scaffolds Support Survival and Metabolic Function of Multilineage Neonatal Allogenic Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:786-793. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wessam Hassanein
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Arielle Cimeno
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Avraham Werdesheim
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bryan Buckingham
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joshua Harrison
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mehmet C. Uluer
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ali Khalifeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carlos Rivera-Pratt
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stephen Klepfer
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jhade D. Woodall
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Urmil Dhru
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elliot Bromberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dawn Parsell
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cinthia Drachenberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rolf N. Barth
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John C. LaMattina
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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14
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Wu Q, Tang J, Li Y, Li L, Wang Y, Bao J, Bu H. Hepatic differentiation of mouse bone marrow‑derived mesenchymal stem cells using a novel 3D culture system. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:9473-9479. [PMID: 29152658 PMCID: PMC5780005 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of novel culture systems that mimic the in vivo microenvironment may be beneficial for inducing the differentiation of stem cells and promoting liver function. In the present study, spheroid cultures and decellularized liver scaffolds (DLSs) were utilized to obtain differentiated hepatocyte-like cells. Mouse bone marrow (BM)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) self-aggregated into spheroids under low-attachment conditions and implanted into the DLSs via a negative pressure suction device. The Albp-ZsGreen adenoviral vector was utilized for real-time monitoring of hepatocyte-like cell differentiation. To detect the differentiation stages of the MSCs, immunostaining of hepatocyte markers and functional analysis was performed. Compared with traditional 2D monolayer induction, mouse BM-MSCs spheroids and DLSs in 3D culture generated greater yields of mature, differentiated hepatocytes. In conclusion, this 3D culture system may provide a strategy for generating hepatocyte-like cells for portable liver micro-organs, and aid clinical hepatocyte transplantation and liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Laboratory of Pathology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jing Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Laboratory of Pathology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Laboratory of Pathology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ji Bao
- Laboratory of Pathology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hong Bu
- Laboratory of Pathology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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15
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Kerns K, Hua A, Burlak C. Xenotransplantation literature update, January/February 2017. Xenotransplantation 2017; 24. [PMID: 28386960 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Kerns
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - AnAn Hua
- Department of Surgery, Schultz Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christopher Burlak
- Department of Surgery, Schultz Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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16
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Li Y, Wu Q, Wang Y, Li L, Chen F, Shi Y, Bu H, Bao J. Immunogenicity of hepatic differentiated human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells promoted by porcine decellularized liver scaffolds. Xenotransplantation 2017; 24. [PMID: 28102609 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Laboratory of Pathology; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology; Ministry of Health; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Division of Transplant Surgery; Department of Surgery; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| | - Qiong Wu
- Laboratory of Pathology; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology; Ministry of Health; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology; Ministry of Health; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Division of Transplant Surgery; Department of Surgery; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| | - Li Li
- Laboratory of Pathology; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology; Ministry of Health; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Fei Chen
- Laboratory of Pathology; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology; Ministry of Health; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Yujun Shi
- Laboratory of Pathology; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology; Ministry of Health; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Hong Bu
- Laboratory of Pathology; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology; Ministry of Health; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Department of Pathology; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Ji Bao
- Laboratory of Pathology; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology; Ministry of Health; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
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