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Chan JCY, Chaban R, Chang SH, Angel LF, Montgomery RA, Pierson RN. Future of Lung Transplantation: Xenotransplantation and Bioengineering Lungs. Clin Chest Med 2023; 44:201-214. [PMID: 36774165 PMCID: PMC11078107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation promises to alleviate the issue of donor organ shortages and to decrease waiting times for transplantation. Recent advances in genetic engineering have allowed for the creation of pigs with up to 16 genetic modifications. Several combinations of genetic modifications have been associated with extended graft survival and life-supporting function in experimental heart and kidney xenotransplants. Lung xenotransplantation carries specific challenges related to the large surface area of the lung vascular bed, its innate immune system's intrinsic hyperreactivity to perceived 'danger', and its anatomic vulnerability to airway flooding after even localized loss of alveolocapillary barrier function. This article discusses the current status of lung xenotransplantation, and challenges related to immunology, physiology, anatomy, and infection. Tissue engineering as a feasible alternative to develop a viable lung replacement solution is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Y Chan
- NYU Transplant Institute, New York University, 530 1st Avenue, Suite 7R, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Ryan Chaban
- Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, Bau 505, 5. OG55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephanie H Chang
- NYU Transplant Institute, New York University, 530 1st Avenue, Suite 7R, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Luis F Angel
- NYU Transplant Institute, New York University, 530 1st Avenue, Suite 7R, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Robert A Montgomery
- NYU Transplant Institute, New York University, 530 1st Avenue, Suite 7R, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Richard N Pierson
- Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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2
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Zhang X, Cooper DKC, Dou K. Genetically-engineered pig-to-human organ transplantation: a new beginning. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:1827-1829. [PMID: 36546291 PMCID: PMC10159615 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - David K C Cooper
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
| | - Kefeng Dou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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3
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Virus Safety of Xenotransplantation. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091926. [PMID: 36146732 PMCID: PMC9503113 DOI: 10.3390/v14091926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The practice of xenotransplantation using pig islet cells or organs is under development to alleviate the shortage of human donor islet cells or organs for the treatment of diabetes or organ failure. Multiple genetically modified pigs were generated to prevent rejection. Xenotransplantation may be associated with the transmission of potentially zoonotic porcine viruses. In order to prevent this, we developed highly sensitive PCR-based, immunologicals and other methods for the detection of numerous xenotransplantation-relevant viruses. These methods were used for the screening of donor pigs and xenotransplant recipients. Of special interest are the porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) that are integrated in the genome of all pigs, which are able to infect human cells, and that cannot be eliminated by methods that other viruses can. We showed, using droplet digital PCR, that the number of PERV proviruses is different in different pigs (usually around 60). Furthermore, the copy number is different in different organs of a single pig, indicating that PERVs are active in the living animals. We showed that in the first clinical trials treating diabetic patients with pig islet cells, no porcine viruses were transmitted. However, in preclinical trials transplanting pig hearts orthotopically into baboons, porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV), a porcine roseolovirus (PCMV/PRV), and porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3), but no PERVs, were transmitted. PCMV/PRV transmission resulted in a significant reduction of the survival time of the xenotransplant. PCMV/PRV was also transmitted in the first pig heart transplantation to a human patient and possibly contributed to the death of the patient. Transmission means that the virus was detected in the recipient, however it remains unclear whether it can infect primate cells, including human cells. We showed previously that PCMV/PRV can be eliminated from donor pigs by early weaning. PERVs were also not transmitted by inoculation of human cell-adapted PERV into small animals, rhesus monkey, baboons and cynomolgus monkeys, even when pharmaceutical immunosuppression was applied. Since PERVs were not transmitted in clinical, preclinical, or infection experiments, it remains unclear whether they should be inactivated in the pig genome by CRISPR/Cas. In summary, by using our sensitive methods, the safety of xenotransplantation can be ensured.
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Holdcraft RW, Graham MJ, Bemrose MA, Mutch LA, Martis PC, Janecek JL, Hall RD, Smith BH, Gazda LS. Long-term efficacy and safety of porcine islet macrobeads in nonimmunosuppressed diabetic cynomolgus macaques. Xenotransplantation 2022; 29:e12747. [PMID: 35384085 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although human islet transplantation has proven to provide clinical benefits, especially the near complete amelioration of hypoglycemia, the supply of human islets is limited and insufficient to meet the needs of all people that could benefit from islet transplantation. Porcine islets, secreting insulin nearly identical to that of human insulin, have been proposed as a viable supply of unlimited islets. Further, encapsulation of the porcine islets has been shown to reduce or eliminate the use of immunosuppressive therapy that would be required to prevent rejection of the foreign islet tissue. The goal of the current study was to determine the long-term safety and efficacy of agarose encapsulated porcine islets (macrobeads) in diabetic cynomolgus macaques, in a study emulating a proposed IND trial in which daily exogenous insulin therapy would be reduced by 50% with no loss of glucose regulation. Four of six animals implanted with macrobeads demonstrated ≥ 30% reduction in insulin requirements in year 1 of follow-up. Animals were followed for 2, 3.5, and 7.4 years with no serious adverse events, mortality or evidence of pathogen transmission. This study supports the continued pursuit of encapsulated porcine islet therapy as a promising treatment option for diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie J Graham
- Preclinical Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Lucas A Mutch
- Preclinical Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Jody L Janecek
- Preclinical Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Cozzi E, Schneeberger S, Bellini MI, Berglund E, Böhmig G, Fowler K, Hoogduijn M, Jochmans I, Marckmann G, Marson L, Neuberger J, Oberbauer R, Pierson RN, Reichart B, Scobie L, White C, Naesens M. Organ transplants of the future: planning for innovations including xenotransplantation. Transpl Int 2021; 34:2006-2018. [PMID: 34459040 DOI: 10.1111/tri.14031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The future clinical application of animal-to-human transplantation (xenotransplantation) is of importance to society as a whole. Favourable preclinical data relevant to cell, tissue and solid organ xenotransplants have been obtained from many animal models utilizing genetic engineering and protocols of pathogen-free husbandry. Findings have reached a tipping point, and xenotransplantation of solid organs is approaching clinical evaluation, the process of which now requires close deliberation. Such discussions include considering when there is sufficient evidence from preclinical animal studies to start first-in-human xenotransplantation trials. The present article is based on evidence and opinions formulated by members of the European Society for Organ Transplantation who are involved in the Transplantation Learning Journey project. The article includes a brief overview of preclinical concepts and biology of solid organ xenotransplantation, discusses the selection of candidates for first-in-human studies and considers requirements for study design and conduct. In addition, the paper emphasizes the need for a regulatory framework for xenotransplantation of solid organs and the essential requirement for input from public and patient stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Cozzi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Transplant Immunology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefan Schneeberger
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maria Irene Bellini
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini, Rome, Italy
| | - Erik Berglund
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska Institute and ITB-MED, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georg Böhmig
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kevin Fowler
- The Voice of the Patient, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Martin Hoogduijn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ina Jochmans
- Transplantation Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Georg Marckmann
- Institute of Ethics, History and Theory of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lorna Marson
- The Edinburgh Transplant Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Richard N Pierson
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruno Reichart
- Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Linda Scobie
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Maarten Naesens
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Meier RPH, Longchamp A, Mohiuddin M, Manuel O, Vrakas G, Maluf DG, Buhler LH, Muller YD, Pascual M. Recent progress and remaining hurdles toward clinical xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2021; 28:e12681. [PMID: 33759229 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenotransplantation has made tremendous progress over the last decade. METHODS We discuss kidney and heart xenotransplantation, which are nearing initial clinical trials. RESULTS Life sustaining genetically modified kidney xenografts can now last for approximately 500 days and orthotopic heart xenografts for 200 days in non-human primates. Anti-swine specific antibody screening, preemptive desensitization protocols, complement inhibition and targeted immunosuppression are currently being adapted to xenotransplantation with the hope to achieve better control of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) and improve xenograft longevity. These newest advances could probably facilitate future clinical trials, a significant step for the medical community, given that dialysis remains difficult for many patients and can have prohibitive costs. Performing a successful pig-to-human clinical kidney xenograft, that could last for more than a year after transplant, seems feasible but it still has significant potential hurdles to overcome. The risk/benefit balance is progressively reaching an acceptable equilibrium for future human recipients, e.g. those with a life expectancy inferior to two years. The ultimate question at this stage would be to determine if a "proof of concept" in humans is desirable, or whether further experimental/pre-clinical advances are still needed to demonstrate longer xenograft survival in non-human primates. CONCLUSION In this review, we discuss the most recent advances in kidney and heart xenotransplantation, with a focus on the prevention and treatment of AMR and on the recipient's selection, two aspects that will likely be the major points of discussion in the first pig organ xenotransplantation clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael P H Meier
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alban Longchamp
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Muhammad Mohiuddin
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oriol Manuel
- Transplantation Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Vrakas
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel G Maluf
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leo H Buhler
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yannick D Muller
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Pascual
- Transplantation Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Yoon CH, Choi HJ, Kim MK. Corneal xenotransplantation: Where are we standing? Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 80:100876. [PMID: 32755676 PMCID: PMC7396149 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The search for alternatives to allotransplants is driven by the shortage of corneal donors and is demanding because of the limitations of the alternatives. Indeed, current progress in genetically engineered (GE) pigs, the introduction of gene-editing technology by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9, and advanced immunosuppressants have made xenotransplantation a possible option for a human trial. Porcine corneal xenotransplantation is considered applicable because the eye is regarded as an immune-privileged site. Furthermore, recent non-human primate studies have shown long-term survival of porcine xenotransplants in keratoplasty. Herein, corneal immune privilege is briefly introduced, and xenogeneic reactions are compared with allogeneic reactions in corneal transplantation. This review describes the current knowledge on special issues of xenotransplantation, xenogeneic rejection mechanisms, current immunosuppressive regimens of corneal xenotransplantation, preclinical efficacy and safety data of corneal xenotransplantation, and updates of the regulatory framework to conduct a clinical trial on corneal xenotransplantation. We also discuss barriers that might prevent xenotransplantation from becoming common practice, such as ethical dilemmas, public concerns on xenotransplantation, and the possible risk of xenozoonosis. Given that the legal definition of decellularized porcine cornea (DPC) lies somewhere between a medical device and a xenotransplant, the preclinical efficacy and clinical trial data using DPC are included. The review finally provides perspectives on the current standpoint of corneal xenotransplantation in the fields of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ho Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Jin Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Kum Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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The resurgent landscape of xenotransplantation of pig organs in nonhuman primates. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 64:697-708. [PMID: 32975720 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1806-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organ shortage is a major bottleneck in allotransplantation and causes many wait-listed patients to die or become too sick for transplantation. Genetically engineered pigs have been discussed as a potential alternative to allogeneic donor organs. Although xenotransplantation of pig-derived organs in nonhuman primates (NHPs) has shown sequential advances in recent years, there are still underlying problems that need to be completely addressed before clinical applications, including (i) acute humoral xenograft rejection; (ii) acute cellular rejection; (iii) dysregulation of coagulation and inflammation; (iv) physiological incompatibility; and (v) cross-species infection. Moreover, various genetic modifications to the pig donor need to be fully characterized, with the aim of identifying the ideal transgene combination for upcoming clinical trials. In addition, suitable pretransplant screening methods need to be confirmed for optimal donor-recipient matching, ensuring a good outcome from xenotransplantation. Herein, we summarize the understanding of organ xenotransplantation in pigs-to-NHPs and highlight the current status and recent progress in extending the survival time of pig xenografts and recipients. We also discuss practical strategies for overcoming the obstacles to xenotransplantation mentioned above to further advance transplantation of pig organs in the clinic.
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Holzer PW, Chang E, Wicks J, Scobie L, Crossan C, Monroy R. Immunological response in cynomolgus macaques to porcine α-1,3 galactosyltransferase knockout viable skin xenotransplants-A pre-clinical study. Xenotransplantation 2020; 27:e12632. [PMID: 32781479 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allogeneic skin recovered from human deceased donors (HDD) has been a mainstay interim treatment for severe burns, but unfortunately risk of infectious disease and availability limitations exist. Genetically engineered ɑ-1,3 galactosyltransferase knockout (GalT-KO) porcine source animals for viable skin xenotransplants may provide a promising clinical alternative. METHODS Four cynomolgus macaque recipients received full-thickness surgical wounds to model the defects arising from excision of full-thickness burn injury and were treated with biologically active skin xenotransplants derived from GalT-KO, Designated Pathogen Free (DPF) miniature swine. Evaluations were conducted for safety, tolerability, and recipient immunological response. RESULTS All skin xenotransplants demonstrated prolonged survival, vascularity, and persistent dermal adhesion until the study endpoint at post-operative day 30. No adverse outcomes were observed during the study. Varying levels of epidermolysis coincided with histologic detection of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and other cellular infiltrates in the epidermis. Recipient sera IgM and IgG demonstrated significant antibody immune response to non-α-1,3-galactose porcine xenoantigens. Separately, specific wound healing mediators were quantified. Neither porcine cell migration nor PERV were detected in circulation or any visceral organs. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a detailed analysis of vital skin xenotransplants utilizing a non-human primate model to predict the anticipated immunological response of human patients. The lack of adverse rejection even in the presence of elevated Ig indicates this is a prospective therapeutic option. The findings reported here directly supported regulatory clearance for a first-in-man, Phase I xenotransplantation clinical trial.
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Hurst DJ, Padilla LA, Trani C, McClintock A, Cooper DKC, Walters W, Hunter J, Eckhoff D, Cleveland D, Paris W. Recommendations to the IRB review process in preparation of xenotransplantation clinical trials. Xenotransplantation 2020; 27:e12587. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Hurst
- Department of Family and Community Medicine The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
| | - Luz A. Padilla
- Department of Epidemiology The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
| | - Christine Trani
- Clinical Research Unit, Abramson Cancer Center University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | | | - David K. C. Cooper
- UAB Xenotransplantation Program The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
| | - Wendy Walters
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
| | - James Hunter
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
| | - David Eckhoff
- Division of Transplantation The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
| | - David Cleveland
- Department of Surgery The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
| | - Wayne Paris
- Department of Social Work Abilene Christian University Abilene TX USA
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Recent progress in porcine islet isolation, culture and engraftment strategies for xenotransplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2019; 23:633-641. [PMID: 30247169 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Xenotransplantation of porcine islets is a realistic option to restore β-cell function in type 1 diabetic patients. Among other factors, such as islet donor age (fetal, neonatal and adult) and genotype (wild type and genetically modified), choice of the transplantation site, and immune protection of the islets, efficient strategies for islet isolation, culture and engraftment are critical for the success of islet xenotransplantation. RECENT FINDINGS Neonatal porcine islets (NPIs) are immature at isolation and need to be matured in vitro or in vivo before they become fully functional. Recent developments include a scalable protocol for isolation of clinically relevant batches of NPIs and a stepwise differentiation protocol for directed maturation of NPIs. In addition, different sources of mesenchymal stem cells were shown to support survival and functional maturation of NPIs in vitro and in various transplantation models in vivo. SUMMARY A plethora of different culture media and supplements have been tested; however, a unique best culture system for NPIs is still missing. New insights, for example from single-cell analyses of islets or from stem cell differentiation toward β cells may help to optimize culture of porcine islets for xenotransplantation in an evidence-based manner.
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12
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McGregor CGA, Takeuchi Y, Scobie L, Byrne G. PERVading strategies and infectious risk for clinical xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2019; 25:e12402. [PMID: 30264876 PMCID: PMC6174873 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G A McGregor
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yasu Takeuchi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.,Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mims, UK
| | - Linda Scobie
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Guerard Byrne
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Corrigendum. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12467. [PMID: 30589459 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Levy HE, Burlak C. Xenotransplantation literature update, July/August 2018. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12463. [PMID: 30221407 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Levy
- Department of Surgery, Schultz Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Christopher Burlak
- Department of Surgery, Schultz Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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