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Uthirapathy S, Ahmed AT, Jawad M, Jain V, Ballal S, Abdul Kareem Al-Hetty HR, Khandelwal G, Arya R, Muthena Kariem, Mustafa YF. Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins roles in the regulation of immune system responses: Focus on autoimmune diseases. Exp Cell Res 2024; 444:114379. [PMID: 39667699 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2024] [Revised: 11/28/2024] [Accepted: 12/09/2024] [Indexed: 12/14/2024]
Abstract
The tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins are well-studied as essential modulators of many processes, including the modulation of several pathways linked to immunological reactions. Most TRIM family members can polyubiquitinate the targeted proteins by acting as E3 ubiquitin ligases. According to current research, TRIMs play a critical role in innate immune response via modifying transcription factors, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), and key adaptor proteins within innate immunity. It is becoming clearer that TRIMs play important roles in adaptive immune response, especially in the stimulation and promotion of T cells. We highlight the E3 ubiquitin ligase functions of TRIMs in the PRRs axis linked to autoimmune disorders. By focusing on TRIM family members, we also clarify the new approaches to regulating immunological reactions to alleviate autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subasini Uthirapathy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Department, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
| | | | - Mahmood Jawad
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Zahrawi University College, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Vicky Jain
- Marwadi University Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Marwadi University, Rajkot, 360003, Gujarat, India
| | - Suhas Ballal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Gaurav Khandelwal
- Department of Nephrology, National Institute of Medical Sciences, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Renu Arya
- Chandigarh Pharmacy College, Chandigarh Group of Colleges-Jhanjeri, Mohali, 140307, Punjab, India
| | - Muthena Kariem
- Department of medical analysis, Medical laboratory technique college, the Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; Department of medical analysis, Medical laboratory technique college, the Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq; Department of medical analysis, Medical laboratory technique college, the Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, 41001, Iraq
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Expression and Role of TRIM2 in Human Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9430509. [PMID: 36051486 PMCID: PMC9427271 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9430509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tripartite motif (TRIM) protein family proteins contain more than 80 members in humans, and most of these proteins exhibit E3 ubiquitin ligase activity mediated through a RING finger domain. Their biological functions are very complex, and they perform diverse functions in cell evolution processes, such as intracellular signaling, development, apoptosis, protein quality control, innate immunity, autophagy, and carcinogenesis. Tripartite motif-containing protein 2 (TRIM2), a member of the TRIM superfamily, is an 81 kDa multidomain protein, also known as CMT2R or RNF86, located at 4q31.3. TRIM2 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Current studies have shown that TRIM2 can play roles in neuroprotection, neuronal rapid ischemic tolerance, antiviral responses, neurological diseases, etc. Moreover, based on some studies in tumors, TRIM2 regulates tumor proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and drug resistance through different mechanisms and plays a critical role in tumor occurrence and development. This review is aimed at providing a systematic and comprehensive summary of research on TRIM2 and at exploring the potential role of TRIM2 as a biomarker and therapeutic target in many kinds of human diseases.
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Rao JS, Matson AW, Taylor RT, Burlak C. Xenotransplantation Literature Update January/February 2021. Xenotransplantation 2021; 28:e12685. [PMID: 33884670 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sushil Rao
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Solid Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anders W Matson
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - R Travis Taylor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Christopher Burlak
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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