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Mora JM, Ruedas LA. Updated list of the mammals of Costa Rica, with notes on recent taxonomic changes. Zootaxa 2023; 5357:451-501. [PMID: 38220635 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5357.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Although Costa Rica occupies a mere 0.03% of the Earths land area, it nevertheless has recorded within its borders approximately 5% of the global diversity of mammals, thus making it one of the worlds megadiverse countries. Over the past ten years, 22 species have been added to the countrys inventory, bringing the total number known as here documented to 271; Chiroptera account for ten of these, having grown to 124 from 114; rodents have increased by eight species, from 47 to 55, with the caveat that we include three invasive species of Muridae that have gone feral. In contrast, the number of orders has decreased by one, by Artiodactyla incorporating the former Cetacea. Notes are provided for all taxonomic novelties since the last update. Since the first taxonomic compendium of the mammals of Costa Rica in 1869, the number of known species has grown by approximately 1.22 species year-1 (R2 = 0.96). Since 1983 however, this growth rate has been 1.64 species year-1 (R2 = 0.98). Despite this strong growth, an asymptote in the number of known species has not been reached. Conservation remains a primary need: over 60% of the countrys mammal species show population trends that are decreasing (13%), unknown (37%), or not assessed (11%), based on IUCN criteria. These analyses suggest that much remains to be known regarding the number of mammal species living in Costa Rica, but also that much more remains to be done to safeguard Costa Ricas exceptional biodiversity heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos Manuel Mora
- Department of Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Biology; Portland State University; Portland; Oregon 97207-0751; USA; Carrera de Gestin Ecoturstica; Sede Central; Universidad Tcnica Nacional; Alajuela; Costa Rica.
| | - Luis A Ruedas
- Department of Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Biology; Portland State University; Portland; Oregon 97207-0751; USA.
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2
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Fernandez Blanco MV, Cassini GH, Bona P. A three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of the morphological transformation of Caiman lower jaw during post-hatching ontogeny. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15548. [PMID: 37456902 PMCID: PMC10349558 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Shape ontogenetic changes of the lower jaw in crocodylians are poorly understood. In order to answer some questions related to the inter- and intraspecific morphological variation of the mandible of two extant Caiman species, we performed a three-dimensional geometric morphometric approach. For this purpose, we used landmarks and semilandmarks on two ontogenetic mandibular series of 48 and 15 post-hatching specimens of C. yacare and C. latirostris, respectively. We have also examined the relationship between these anatomical transformations and ontogenetic shifts in diet. We performed a principal component analysis (PCA) for the two species, and regression and partial least squares (PLS) analyses for each species, separately. As a result, species were segregated along the PC1 with specimens of C. yacare showing more gracile mandibles, and specimens of C. latirostris more robust ones. The PC2 and regression analyses showed an age gradient and represented ontogenetic shape changes. Adult caiman mandibles are higher and wider than juvenile ones, and shape changes are more conspicuous in C. latirostris. The PLS analyses showed a significant relationship between shape and diet. Morphological changes of the PLS1 of block-1 match with those of the regression analysis for both species. We have detected morphological transformations in areas where the musculature in charge of mandibular movements is attached. Common morphological changes occurring during ontogeny seem to reflect the same mechanical properties required for crushing and killing in both species, driven by an ontogenetic shift in the diet from invertebrates to vertebrates. Additionally, interspecific differences were also found to be correlated to ontogenetic changes in diet and could be related to dissimilar feeding mechanical requirements (e.g., stiffness and toughness of the item consumed), and to different habitat preferences. Robust mandibles would be more suitable for shallow and fully vegetated environments, as it can be seen in C. latirostris, whereas slender jaws seem to be more suitable for more aquatic species such as C. yacare.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Fernandez Blanco
- División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Unidades de Investigación Anexo II Museo, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Hernán Cassini
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- División Mastozoología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Bona
- División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Unidades de Investigación Anexo II Museo, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Goździewska-Harłajczuk K, Barszcz K, Klećkowska-Nawrot J, Hamouzová P, Čížek P, Kuropka P, Kvapil P. Comparative Study of Lingual Papillae, Lingual Glands and Lyssa of the Tongue of Selected Wild Felids (Carnivora, Felidae) in Biological Aspects. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040516. [PMID: 37106718 PMCID: PMC10135664 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Although much attention has been paid in the literature to the morphology of the tongue in various animal species, including some Felidae, it has not yet been described in detail in the vulnerable Neofelis nebulosa and Panthera leo bleyenberghi and the last concern Lynx lynx and Otocolobus manul. Therefore, the present study aimed to characterize the features of the tongue surface, lingual glands and lyssa in the above-mentioned four selected wild species of the Pantherinae and Felinae subfamilies. Macroscopic, histological, histochemical and ultrastructural analyzes were used in the present work. Comparative analyzes of the dorsal tongue surface showed the presence of mechanical lingual papillae on five subtypes of filiform papillae on the apex and body and conical papillae on the root of the tongue. Gustatory papillae in the four analyzed species were fungiform papillae and various numbers of vallate papillae. Foliate papillae were absent in P. leo bleyenberghi and L. lynx, while delicate smooth folds, which were separated by parallel grooves but without taste buds, were present in N. nebulosa. The vallate and foliate papillae were accompanied by lingual glands, which produced a serous secretion, whereas the mixed lingual glands of the lingual root were with a predominance of mucus secretions comparable to four captive Felidae species. In the median plane on the ventral surface of the apex under its epithelium and within the muscle fibers, the lyssa was also observed to a varying degree, with the least developed, and thought about the size of the entire tongue, was in P. leo bleyenberghi. The lyssa structure in the four species was dominated by adipose tissue. The obtained results contribute knowledge concerning the functional anatomy of the tongue in four selected Felidae species, especially in terms of comparative anatomy.
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Rajmil J, Velazco PM, Giannini NP. Growing apart: comparative cranial ontogeny in the myrmecophagous aardwolf (Proteles cristata) and the bone-cracking spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta). J MAMM EVOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-023-09653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Catalano SA, Segura V, Vera Candioti F. SPASOS 1.1: a program for the inference of ancestral shape ontogenies. Cladistics 2021; 37:630-638. [PMID: 34570938 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently published a method to infer ancestral landmark-based shape ontogenies that takes into account the possible existence of changes in developmental timing. Here we describe SPASOS, a software to perform that analysis. SPASOS is an open-source Windows program written in C. Input data include landmark coordinates for each specimen -with the corresponding information about developmental timing- and a phylogenetic tree showing the relationships among the species sampled. As output, the program produces image files for an easy visualization of the results and data files useful for post-processing. The program incorporates an interpolating function, based on weighting moving averages, which allows analysis of data with scarce information along the ontogenetic trajectory. An empirical evaluation of this function showed its suitability to fill in incomplete ontogenetic trajectories. Finally, we present the results of a reanalysis in SPASOS of a published dataset, where changes in developmental timing were originally inferred by considering PCA scores as shape variables. Both approaches retrieved the same four largest changes in developmental timing, but differed in the ancestral shapes inferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Andrés Catalano
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Fundación Miguel Lillo), Miguel Lillo 251, S. M. de Tucumán, 4000, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo (Universidad Nacional de Tucumán), S. M. de Tucumán, 4000, Argentina
| | - Valentina Segura
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Fundación Miguel Lillo), Miguel Lillo 251, S. M. de Tucumán, 4000, Argentina
| | - Florencia Vera Candioti
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Fundación Miguel Lillo), Miguel Lillo 251, S. M. de Tucumán, 4000, Argentina
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Mena JL, Pacheco V. Mountains and traits: environmental heterogeneity and mammal assemblages along an elevational gradient in the Northern Andes. STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL FAUNA AND ENVIRONMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01650521.2020.1851345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José L. Mena
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
- Museo de Historia Natural “Vera Alleman Haeghebaert”, Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima, Peru
| | - Víctor Pacheco
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
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Marchesi MC, Mora MS, Dans SL, González-José R. Allometry and Ontogeny in the Vertebral Column of Southern Hemisphere Dolphins: a 3D Morphofunctional Approach. J MAMM EVOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-020-09514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Catalano SA, Segura V, Vera Candioti F. PASOS: a method for the phylogenetic analysis of shape ontogenies. Cladistics 2019; 35:671-687. [PMID: 34618936 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a novel phylogenetic approach to infer ancestral ontogenies of shape characters described as landmark configurations. The method is rooted in previously published theoretical developments to analyse landmark data in a phylogenetic context with parsimony as the optimality criterion, in this case using the minimization of differences in landmark position to define not only ancestral shapes but also the changes in developmental timing between ancestor-descendant shape ontogenies. Evolutionary changes along the tree represent changes in relative developmental timing between ontogenetic trajectories (possible heterochronic events) and changes in shape within each stage. The method requires the user to determine the shape of the specimens between two standard events, for instance birth and onset of sexual maturity. Once the ontogenetic trajectory is discretized into a series of consecutive stages, the method enables the user to identify changes in developmental timing associated with changes in the offset and/or onset of the shape ontogenetic trajectories. The method is implemented in a C language program called SPASOS. The analysis of two empirical examples (anurans and felids) using this novel method yielded results in agreement with previous hypotheses about shape evolution in these groups based on non-phylogenetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago A Catalano
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, 4000, S. M. de Tucumán, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, 4000, S. M. de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Valentina Segura
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, 4000, S. M. de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Florencia Vera Candioti
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, 4000, S. M. de Tucumán, Argentina
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Joganic JL, Heuzé Y. Allometry and advancing age significantly structure craniofacial variation in adult female baboons. J Anat 2019; 235:217-232. [PMID: 31070786 PMCID: PMC6637449 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Primate craniofacial growth is traditionally assumed to cease upon maturation or at least be negligible, whereas bony remodeling is typically associated with advanced adult age and, in particular, tooth loss. Therefore, size and shape of the craniofacial skeleton of young and middle-aged adults should be stable. However, research on both modern and historic human samples suggests that portions of the CFS exhibit age-related changes in mature individuals, both related to and independent of tooth loss. These results demonstrate that the age-category 'adult' is heterogeneous, containing individuals demonstrating post-maturational age-related variation, but the topic remains understudied outside of humans and in the cranial vault and base. Our research quantifies variation in a sample of captive adult female baboons (n = 97) in an effort to understand how advancing age alters the mature CFS. Craniometric landmarks and sliding semilandmarks were collected from computed tomography (CT) scans of adult baboons aged 7-32 years old. To determine whether craniofacial morphology is sensitive to aging mechanisms and whether any such effects are differentially distributed throughout the cranium, geometric morphometric techniques were employed to compare the shapes of various cranial regions among individuals of increasing age. Unexpectedly, the biggest form differences were observed between young and middle-aged adults, rather than between adults with full dentitions and those with some degree of tooth loss. Shape variation was greatest in masticatory and nuchal musculature attachment areas. Our results indicate that the craniofacial skeleton changes form during adulthood in baboons, raising interesting questions about the molecular and biological mechanisms governing these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Joganic
- CNRSMCCPACEAUMR5199University of BordeauxPessacFrance
- Department of AnthropologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Yann Heuzé
- CNRSMCCPACEAUMR5199University of BordeauxPessacFrance
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Schmidt MJ, Steenkamp G, Failing K, Caldwell P, Kirberger RM. A contribution to age determination of cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) based on radiographic analysis of the skull and postcranial morphology. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217999. [PMID: 31185038 PMCID: PMC6559650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to present comprehensive information about the age-dependent change of skeletal characteristics in captive cheetahs with known age and to assess the benefit of these variables for age estimation in this species. Radiographs of 162 known-age captive and semi-captive cheetahs were retrospectively examined and age-related changes of skull, axial and appendicular skeletal systems were documented. Metric and non-metric variables were used. These parameters were checked for the best correlation with age using a multiple stepwise regression analysis. An overview about the time frames, in which ossification centers appeared and physeal closure occurred is presented. Multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed the status of closure of the coronal suture, the maximum length of the frontal sinus, the condylobasal-, hard palate, and facial length are most significantly correlated with age. Together with the pulp size of the upper canine, these values can be used for an age approximation in cheetahs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Gerhard Steenkamp
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Klaus Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Caldwell
- Old Chapel Veterinary Clinic, Villeria Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Robert M. Kirberger
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Fernandez Blanco MV, Cassini GH, Bona P. Skull ontogeny of extant caimans: a three-dimensional geometric morphometric approach. ZOOLOGY 2018; 129:69-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Flores DA, Giannini N, Abdala F. Evolution of post-weaning skull ontogeny in New World opossums (Didelphidae). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-018-0369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Sánchez-Villagra MR, Segura V, Geiger M, Heck L, Veitschegger K, Flores D. On the lack of a universal pattern associated with mammalian domestication: differences in skull growth trajectories across phylogeny. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170876. [PMID: 29134088 PMCID: PMC5666271 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
As shown in a taxonomically broad study, domestication modifies postnatal growth. Skull shape across 1128 individuals was characterized by 14 linear measurements, comparing 13 pairs of wild versus domesticated forms. Among wild forms, the boar, the rabbit and the wolf have the highest proportion of allometric growth, explaining in part the great morphological diversity of the domesticated forms of these species. Wild forms exhibit more isometric growth than their domesticated counterparts. Multivariate comparisons show that dogs and llamas exhibit the greatest amount of differences in trajectories with their wild counterparts. The least amount is recorded in the pig-boar, and camel and horse pairs. Bivariate analyses reveal that most domesticated forms have growth trajectories different from their respective wild counterparts with regard to the slopes. In pigs and camels slopes are shared and intercepts are different. There is a trajectory extension in most domesticated herbivores and the contrary pattern in carnivorous forms. However, there is no single, universal and global pattern of paedomorphosis or any other kind of heterochrony behind the morphological diversification that accompanies domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Author for correspondence: Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra e-mail:
| | - Valentina Segura
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Fundación Miguel Lillo, Argentina
| | - Madeleine Geiger
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Laura Heck
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kristof Veitschegger
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Flores
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Fundación Miguel Lillo, Argentina
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Anyone with a Long-Face? Craniofacial Evolutionary Allometry (CREA) in a Family of Short-Faced Mammals, the Felidae. Evol Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-017-9421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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On the growth of the largest living rodent: Postnatal skull and dental shape changes in capybara species (Hydrochoerus spp.). Mamm Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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17
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Teichman KJ, Cristescu B, Darimont CT. Hunting as a management tool? Cougar-human conflict is positively related to trophy hunting. BMC Ecol 2016; 16:44. [PMID: 27729084 PMCID: PMC5057462 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-016-0098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overexploitation and persecution of large carnivores resulting from conflict with humans comprise major causes of declines worldwide. Although little is known about the interplay between these mortality types, hunting of predators remains a common management strategy aimed at reducing predator-human conflict. Emerging theory and data, however, caution that such policy can alter the age structure of populations, triggering increased conflict in which conflict-prone juveniles are involved. Results Using a 30-year dataset on human-caused cougar (Puma concolor) kills in British Columbia (BC), Canada, we examined relationships between hunter-caused and conflict-associated mortality. Individuals that were killed via conflict with humans were younger than hunted cougars. Accounting for human density and habitat productivity, human hunting pressure during or before the year of conflict comprised the most important variables. Both were associated with increased male cougar-human conflict. Moreover, in each of five regions assessed, conflict was higher with increased human hunting pressure for at least one cougar sex. Conclusion Although only providing correlative evidence, such patterns over large geographic and temporal scales suggest that alternative approaches to conflict mitigation might yield more effective outcomes for humans as well as cougar populations and the individuals within populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12898-016-0098-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine J Teichman
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, PO Box 3060, STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 3R4, Canada. .,Biology Department, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Bogdan Cristescu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Chris T Darimont
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, PO Box 3060, STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 3R4, Canada.,Raincoast Conservation Foundation, P.O. Box 77, Bella Bella, BC, V0T 1B0, Canada.,Hakai Institute, P.O. Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC, V0P 1H0, Canada
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Segura V, Cassini GH, Prevosti FJ. Three-dimensional cranial ontogeny in pantherines ( Panthera leo, P. onca, P. pardus, P. tigris; Carnivora:, Felidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Segura
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET); San Miguel de Tucumán Argentina
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (UEL); Fundación Miguel Lillo-CONICET; San Miguel de Tucumán Argentina
| | - Guillermo H. Cassini
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET); San Miguel de Tucumán Argentina
- División Mastozoología; Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia (MACN)”; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas; Universidad Nacional de Luján (UNLu); Luján Argentina
| | - Francisco J. Prevosti
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET); San Miguel de Tucumán Argentina
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja (CRILAR); Provincia de La Rioja, UNLaR, SEGEMAR, UNCa, CONICET; Entre Ríos y Mendoza s/n, 5301 - Anillaco La Rioja Argentina
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del Castillo DL, Segura V, Flores DA, Cappozzo HL. Cranial development and directional asymmetry in Commerson’s dolphin,Cephalorhynchus commersonii commersonii: 3D geometric morphometric approach. J Mammal 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyw101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Fuchs M, Geiger M, Stange M, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Growth trajectories in the cave bear and its extant relatives: an examination of ontogenetic patterns in phylogeny. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:239. [PMID: 26525575 PMCID: PMC4630841 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0521-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of postnatal ontogeny can provide insights into evolution by offering an understanding of how growth trajectories have evolved resulting in adult morphological disparity. The Ursus lineage is a good subject for studying cranial and mandibular shape and size variation in relation to postnatal ontogeny and phylogeny because it is at the same time not diverse but the species exhibit different feeding ecologies. Cranial and mandibular shapes of Ursus arctos (brown bear), U. maritimus (polar bear), U. americanus (American black bear), and the extinct U. spelaeus (cave bear) were examined, using a three-dimensional geometric morphometric approach. Additionally, ontogenetic series of crania and mandibles of U. arctos and U. spelaeus ranging from newborns to senile age were sampled. RESULTS The distribution of specimens in morphospace allowed to distinguish species and age classes and the ontogenetic trajectories U. arctos and U. spelaeus were found to be more similar than expected by chance. Cranial shape changes during ontogeny are largely size related whereas the evolution of cranial shape disparity in this clade appears to be more influenced by dietary adaptation than by size and phylogeny. The different feeding ecologies are reflected in different cranial and mandibular shapes among species. CONCLUSIONS The cranial and mandibular shape disparity in the Ursus lineage appears to be more influenced by adaptation to diet than by size or phylogeny. In contrast, the cranial and mandibular shape changes during postnatal ontogeny in U. arctos and U. spelaeus are probably largely size related. The patterns of morphospace occupation of the cranium and the mandible in adults and through ontogeny are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Fuchs
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland.
| | - Madeleine Geiger
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland.
| | - Madlen Stange
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland.
| | - Marcelo R Sánchez-Villagra
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland.
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Segura V. A three-dimensional skull ontogeny in the bobcat (Lynx rufus) (Carnivora: Felidae): a comparison with other carnivores. CAN J ZOOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2014-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The maturation of mammalian carnivores from a lactating juvenile to a predatory adult requires a suite of changes in both morphology and behaviour. Bobcats (Lynx rufus (Schreber, 1777)) are medium-sized cats with well-developed skulls to process large prey that can exceed their body mass. An integrated view of the skull ontogeny in the bobcat was developed to detect the relationship between shape, size (on the basis of three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis), and life history. Dietary changes from juvenile to adults were taken into account and compared with other carnivores. Newborns were different from the remaining age stages in the behavioral and morphological characters examined, which allows us to relate them to the terminal morphology reached during the prenatal period. All findings were related to the reinforcement of the skull and the enhancement of predatory skills in adult bobcats. The final cranial shape is reached in A2 age class, after 2 years of age, and once sexual maturity has been reached. This is a pattern not followed for the rest of carnivores previously studied, which might be related to the capacity of subduing prey that exceed them in size, a behavior not common in felids of the body size of bobcats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Segura
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina, Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (UEL)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina, Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (UEL)
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Tarnawski BA, Flores D, Cassini G, Cappozzo LH. A comparative analysis on cranial ontogeny of South American fur seals (Otariidae:Arctocephalus). Zool J Linn Soc 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara A. Tarnawski
- División Mastozoología; Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470; C1405DJR Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - David Flores
- División Mastozoología; Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470; C1405DJR Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Guillermo Cassini
- División Mastozoología; Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470; C1405DJR Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas; Universidad Nacional de Luján; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Luis H. Cappozzo
- División Mastozoología; Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470; C1405DJR Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
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Flores DA, Abdala F, Martin GM, Giannini NP, Martinez JM. Post-Weaning Cranial Growth in Shrew Opossums (Caenolestidae): A Comparison with Bandicoots (Peramelidae) and Carnivorous Marsupials. J MAMM EVOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-014-9279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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del Castillo DL, Flores DA, Cappozzo HL. Ontogenetic development and sexual dimorphism of franciscana dolphin skull: A 3D geometric morphometric approach. J Morphol 2014; 275:1366-75. [PMID: 25052760 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the postnatal ontogenetic development of Pontoporia blainvillei skull, identifying major changes on shape, and relating them to relevant factors in the life history of the species. We analyzed a complete ontogenetic series (73♂, 83♀) with three-dimensional geometric morphometric techniques. Immature dolphins showed a very well-developed braincase and a poorly developed rostrum, and the principal postnatal changes affected the rostrum and the temporal fossa, both structures implied functionally to the feeding apparatus, thus suggesting a specialized mode for catch fast prey in P. blainvillei. Osseous elements associated with sound production were already well developed on immature dolphins, suggesting the importance of this apparatus since the beginning of postnatal life. Sexual dimorphism was detected on both shape and size variables. Females were bigger than males, in accordance with previous studies. Shape differences between sexes were found on the posterior part of premaxillaries and external bony nares (P < 0.01), suggesting that this sexual dimorphism is related to differences on vocalization capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela L del Castillo
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Comportamiento y Mamíferos Marinos, División Mastozoología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" Av, Ángel Gallardo 470 (C1405DJR), Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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