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Ahnelt H, Macek O, Robitzch V. A new species of Schindleria (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Gobiidae) from the Red Sea (Saudi Arabia) with a specialized caudal-fin complex. VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.3897/vz.73.e97515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Species of the gobiid genus Schindleria are among the smallest and fastest reproducing vertebrates of the oceans. We describe a new species, Schindleria qizma, from the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia. It is an extreme example of progenesis, within the already paedomorphic genus, with morphological traits clearly differentiating it from its congeners. Schindleria qizma has a unique, unflexed notochord with a straight urostyle of which the tip is inserted into the hypural cartilage, rather than the typical flexed notochord with an upturned urostyle of the other species of Schindleria. Schindleria qizma belongs to the short dorsal-fin type of Schindleria. It is further characterized by an elongated but relatively deep body; a short dorsal fin originating just slightly anterior to the anal fin (predorsal-fin length 59.4% of SL vs. preanal-fin length 60.2% of SL); a head continuously increasing in depth posteriorly with a straight dorsal profile; a short snout (18.6% of head length); large eyes (34.4% of head length); a short pectoral-radial plate (6.3% of SL); 13 dorsal-fin rays; 11 anal-fin rays; 0–2 procurrent rays (where the last procurrent ray is short, if present); an anal fin with the first anal-fin ray situated opposite the second dorsal-fin ray; toothless oral jaws; females with few (10–11, total) but very large (4.6% of SL) eggs and with a conspicuous urogenital papilla characterized by a wide urogenital opening flanked by two long, bilobed projections; a dorsally pigmented swim-bladder; blackish, iridescent eyes, capped by a silvery layer with irregular rows of black dots or blotches; and no additional external pigmentation on its body, at least in preserved specimens.
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2
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Macate IE, Bessa-Silva A, Caires RA, Vallinoto M, Giarrizzo T, Angulo A, Ruiz-Campos G, Sampaio I, Guimarães-Costa A. Phylogenetic relationships of sleeper gobies (Eleotridae: Gobiiformes: Gobioidei), with comments on the position of the miniature genus Microphilypnus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22162. [PMID: 36550282 PMCID: PMC9780216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microphilypnus and Leptophilypnion are miniaturized genera within the family Eleotridae. The evolutionary relationships among these taxa are still poorly understood, and molecular analyses are restricted to mitochondrial genes, which have not been conclusive. We compiled both mitochondrial and nuclear genes to study the phylogenetic position of Microphilypnus and the evolutionary history and relationships of eleotrids. We propose that Microphilypnus and Leptophilypnus (a non-miniature genus) are not sister groups as suggested by previous studies, but rather separate lineages that arose in the early Eocene, with Leptophilypnus recovered as a sister group to the other analyzed eleotrids. In fact, Microphilypnus is currently associated with the Neotropical clade Guavina/Dormitator/Gobiomorus. We also identified a well-supported clade that indicated Gobiomorus and Hemieleotris as paraphyletic groups, besides a close relationship among Calumia godeffroyi, Bunaka gyrinoides, Eleotris and Erotelis species. This is the first comprehensive report about the evolutionary relationships in members of the family Eleotridae, including multiloci and multispecies approaches. Therefore, we provided new insights about the phylogenetic position of some taxa absent in previous studies, such as the miniature genus Microphilypnus and a recently described species of Eleotris from South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadola Eusébio Macate
- grid.271300.70000 0001 2171 5249Laboratório de Evolução, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, campus de Bragança, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, 68600-000 Bragança, Pará Brazil
| | - Adam Bessa-Silva
- grid.271300.70000 0001 2171 5249Laboratório de Evolução, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, campus de Bragança, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, 68600-000 Bragança, Pará Brazil ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Antunes Caires
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Laboratório de Diversidade, Ecologia e Distribuição de Peixes, Instituto Oceanografico da Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanografico, Butantã, 05508-120, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Vallinoto
- grid.271300.70000 0001 2171 5249Laboratório de Evolução, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, campus de Bragança, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, 68600-000 Bragança, Pará Brazil ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Tommaso Giarrizzo
- grid.271300.70000 0001 2171 5249Laboratório de Biologia Pesqueira - Manejo de Recursos Aquáticos, Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus do Guamá, Av. Perimetral. 2651, Belém, Pará Brazil
| | - Arturo Angulo
- grid.412889.e0000 0004 1937 0706Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica ,grid.412889.e0000 0004 1937 0706Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Museo de Zoología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, 11501–2060 Costa Rica
| | - Gorgonio Ruiz-Campos
- grid.412852.80000 0001 2192 0509Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, 22860 Ensenada, Baja California Mexico
| | - Iracilda Sampaio
- grid.271300.70000 0001 2171 5249Laboratório de Evolução, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, campus de Bragança, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, 68600-000 Bragança, Pará Brazil
| | - Aurycéia Guimarães-Costa
- grid.271300.70000 0001 2171 5249Laboratório de Evolução, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, campus de Bragança, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, 68600-000 Bragança, Pará Brazil
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3
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Hussin N, Azmir IA, Esa Y, Ahmad A, Salleh FM, Jahari PNS, Munian K, Gan HM. Characterization of the first mitogenomes of the smallest fish in the world, Paedocypris progenetica, from peat swamp of Peninsular Malaysia, Selangor, and Perak. Genomics Inform 2022; 20:e12. [PMID: 35399011 PMCID: PMC9001995 DOI: 10.5808/gi.21081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The two complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of Paedocypris progenetica, the smallest fish in the world which belonged to the Cyprinidae family, were sequenced and assembled. The circular DNA molecules of mitogenomes P1-P. progenetica and S3-P. progenetica were 16,827 and 16,616 bp in length, respectively, and encoded 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and one control region. The gene arrangements of P. progenetica were identical to those of other Paedocypris species. BLAST and phylogenetic analyses revealed variations in the mitogenome sequences of two Paedocypris species from Perak and Selangor. The circular DNA molecule of P. progenetica yield a standard vertebrate gene arrangement and an overall nucleotide composition of A 33.0%, T 27.2%, C 23.5%, and G 15.5%. The overall AT content of this species was consistent with that of other species in other genera. The negative GC-skew and positive AT-skew of the control region in P. progenetica indicated rich genetic variability and AT nucleotide bias, respectively. The results of this study provide genomic variation information and enhance the understanding of the mitogenome of P. progenetica. They could later deliver highly valuable new insight into data for phylogenetic analysis and population genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- NorJasmin Hussin
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia.,School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Kuala Pilah, Pekan Parit Tinggi, 72000 Kuala Pilah, Malaysia
| | - Izzati Adilah Azmir
- School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Kuala Pilah, Pekan Parit Tinggi, 72000 Kuala Pilah, Malaysia
| | - Yuzine Esa
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Amirrudin Ahmad
- School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Malaysia.,Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Faezah Mohd Salleh
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Puteri Nur Syahzanani Jahari
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Kaviarasu Munian
- Forest Biodiversity Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong 52109, Malaysia
| | - Han Ming Gan
- GeneSEQ Sdn Bhd, Bukit Beruntung, 48300 Rawang, Malaysia
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4
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Diversification and biogeography of Dawkinsia (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-021-00515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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Mattox GMT, Conway KW. Osteology of Tucanoichthys tucano Géry and Römer, an enigmatic miniature fish from the Amazon basin, Brazil (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/vz.71.e71886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturization, the evolution of extremely small adult body size, is a common phenomenon across the lineages of freshwater fishes, especially in the Neotropics where over 200 species are considered miniature (≤26 mm in standard length [SL]). Close to 30% of all miniature Neotropical freshwater fishes belong to the family Characidae, several of which are of uncertain phylogenetic placement within the family. We investigate the skeletal anatomy of Tucanoichthys tucano, a species of uncertain phylogenetic position from the upper Rio Negro basin, reaching a maximum known size of 16.6 mm SL. The skeleton of Tucanoichthys is characterized by the complete absence of ten skeletal elements and marked reduction in size and/or complexity of others, especially those elements associated with the cephalic latero-sensory canal system. Missing elements in the skeleton of Tucanoichthys include those that develop relatively late in the ossification sequence of the non-miniature characiform Salminus brasiliensis, suggesting that their absence in Tucanoichthys can be explained by a simple scenario of developmental truncation. A number of the reductions in the skeleton of Tucanoichthys are shared with other miniature characiforms, most notably species of Priocharax and Tyttobrycon, the latter a putative close relative of Tucanoichthys based on molecular data.
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6
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da Graça WJ, Ota RR, Domingues WM. A new species of miniature Characidium (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from the upper Rio Paraguay basin, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 95:1480-1485. [PMID: 31621081 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new miniature species of Characidium is described from the upper Rio Paraguay basin, Brazil. The new species can be diagnosed from all congeners by the presence of a dark-brown humeral blotch, vertically elongated (spanning 5 to 7 horizontal scale rows), with the shape of an upside-down acute triangle. Additionally, it can be diagnosed by a short lateral line (6 to 8 perforated scales), the absence of a conspicuous peduncular blotch, a lower number of principal caudal-fin rays (14-16) and by absence of the adipose fin. The new species is the smallest species of the genus; the largest specimen was 19.3 mm standard length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weferson J da Graça
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Renata R Ota
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Wladimir M Domingues
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Maringá, Brazil
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7
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Conway KW, Moore GI, Summers AP. A new genus and two new species of miniature clingfishes from temperate southern Australia (Teleostei, Gobiesocidae). Zookeys 2019; 864:35-65. [PMID: 31346309 PMCID: PMC6646653 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.864.34521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new genus and two new species of miniature clingfishes are described based on specimens collected from dense stands of macroalgae in intertidal and shallow subtidal areas along the coast of southern Australia. The new genus, Barryichthys, is distinguished from other genera of the Gobiesocidae by unique features of the adhesive disc, including elongate papillae in adhesive disc regions A and B, the reduction and/or loss of several elements of the cephalic lateral line canals, the lower gill arch skeleton, and the neurocranium, and by having two distinct types of pectoral-fin rays. Barryichthyshutchinsi is described based on 19 specimens (12.4–18.7 mm SL) from Western Australia and South Australia. Barryichthysalgicola is described based on 22 specimens (9.0–21.0 mm SL) from Victoria, New South Wales and Tasmania. The new species are distinguished from each other by characters of body and head shape, vertebral counts, and aspects of live colour pattern. The new genus shares several characters in common with Parvicrepis, another genus of miniature gobiesocids from southern Australia that also inhabits macroalgae habitats. The many reductions and novel characters of Barryichthys are discussed within the context of miniaturisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Conway
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences and Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Research Associate, Ichthyology, Australian Museum Research Institute, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Glenn I Moore
- Fish Section, Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49 Welshpool DC WA 6986, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia
| | - Adam P Summers
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, USA.,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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8
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Malmstrøm M, Britz R, Matschiner M, Tørresen OK, Hadiaty RK, Yaakob N, Tan HH, Jakobsen KS, Salzburger W, Rüber L. The Most Developmentally Truncated Fishes Show Extensive Hox Gene Loss and Miniaturized Genomes. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:1088-1103. [PMID: 29684203 PMCID: PMC5906920 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The world’s smallest fishes belong to the genus Paedocypris. These miniature fishes are endemic to an extreme habitat: the peat swamp forests in Southeast Asia, characterized by highly acidic blackwater. This threatened habitat is home to a large array of fishes, including a number of miniaturized but also developmentally truncated species. Especially the genus Paedocypris is characterized by profound, organism-wide developmental truncation, resulting in sexually mature individuals of <8 mm in length with a larval phenotype. Here, we report on evolutionary simplification in the genomes of two species of the dwarf minnow genus Paedocypris using whole-genome sequencing. The two species feature unprecedented Hox gene loss and genome reduction in association with their massive developmental truncation. We also show how other genes involved in the development of musculature, nervous system, and skeleton have been lost in Paedocypris, mirroring its highly progenetic phenotype. Further, our analyses suggest two mechanisms responsible for the genome streamlining in Paedocypris in relation to other Cypriniformes: severe intron shortening and reduced repeat content. As the first report on the genomic sequence of a vertebrate species with organism-wide developmental truncation, the results of our work enhance our understanding of genome evolution and how genotypes are translated to phenotypes. In addition, as a naturally simplified system closely related to zebrafish, Paedocypris provides novel insights into vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Malmstrøm
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Norway.,Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Britz
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Matschiner
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Norway.,Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ole K Tørresen
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Renny Kurnia Hadiaty
- Ichthyology Laboratory, Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Norsham Yaakob
- Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Heok Hui Tan
- Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kjetill Sigurd Jakobsen
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Walter Salzburger
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Norway.,Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Rüber
- Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, Switzerland.,Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Switzerland
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9
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Betancur-R R, Wiley EO, Arratia G, Acero A, Bailly N, Miya M, Lecointre G, Ortí G. Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:162. [PMID: 28683774 PMCID: PMC5501477 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fish classifications, as those of most other taxonomic groups, are being transformed drastically as new molecular phylogenies provide support for natural groups that were unanticipated by previous studies. A brief review of the main criteria used by ichthyologists to define their classifications during the last 50 years, however, reveals slow progress towards using an explicit phylogenetic framework. Instead, the trend has been to rely, in varying degrees, on deep-rooted anatomical concepts and authority, often mixing taxa with explicit phylogenetic support with arbitrary groupings. Two leading sources in ichthyology frequently used for fish classifications (JS Nelson's volumes of Fishes of the World and W. Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes) fail to adopt a global phylogenetic framework despite much recent progress made towards the resolution of the fish Tree of Life. The first explicit phylogenetic classification of bony fishes was published in 2013, based on a comprehensive molecular phylogeny ( www.deepfin.org ). We here update the first version of that classification by incorporating the most recent phylogenetic results. RESULTS The updated classification presented here is based on phylogenies inferred using molecular and genomic data for nearly 2000 fishes. A total of 72 orders (and 79 suborders) are recognized in this version, compared with 66 orders in version 1. The phylogeny resolves placement of 410 families, or ~80% of the total of 514 families of bony fishes currently recognized. The ordinal status of 30 percomorph families included in this study, however, remains uncertain (incertae sedis in the series Carangaria, Ovalentaria, or Eupercaria). Comments to support taxonomic decisions and comparisons with conflicting taxonomic groups proposed by others are presented. We also highlight cases were morphological support exist for the groups being classified. CONCLUSIONS This version of the phylogenetic classification of bony fishes is substantially improved, providing resolution for more taxa than previous versions, based on more densely sampled phylogenetic trees. The classification presented in this study represents, unlike any other, the most up-to-date hypothesis of the Tree of Life of fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Betancur-R
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan, PR 00931 USA
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC USA
| | - Edward O. Wiley
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
- Sam Houston State Natural History Collections, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas USA
| | - Gloria Arratia
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
| | - Arturo Acero
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Caribe, Cecimar, El Rodadero, Santa Marta, Magdalena Colombia
| | - Nicolas Bailly
- FishBase Information and Research Group, Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Masaki Miya
- Department Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Guillaume Lecointre
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Guillermo Ortí
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC USA
- Department of Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC USA
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10
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Conway KW, Kubicek KM, Britz R. Morphological novelty and modest developmental truncation in Barboides, Africa's smallest vertebrates (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). J Morphol 2017; 278:750-767. [PMID: 28370364 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturization, the evolution of extremely small adult body size, is widespread amongst animals and commonly associated with novel ecological, physiological, and morphological attributes. The phenotypes of miniaturized taxa are noteworthy because they combine reductions and structural simplifications with novel traits not developed in their larger relatives. Previous research on miniature cyprinid fishes (focused predominantly on South and South East Asian taxa of a single subfamily) has identified two distinct classes of miniature taxa: proportioned dwarves and developmentally truncated miniatures. Miniaturization has also occurred independently in the subfamily Cyprininae, particularly in African lineages. We investigate the skeletal anatomy of Barboides, a genus of miniature African cyprinids that includes Africa's smallest known species of vertebrates, to assess whether miniaturization has resulted in similar organismal outcomes in different lineages of the Cyprinidae. The skeleton of Barboides is characterized by the complete absence of a number of dermal and endochondral ossifications, and marked reduction in size and/or complexity of other skeletal elements, particularly those of the dermatocranium. Absent skeletal elements in Barboides include those which develop relatively late in the ossification sequence of the non-miniature African relative 'Barbus' holotaenia suggesting that their absence in Barboides can be explained by a simple scenario of developmental truncation. In contrast to this theme of loss and reduction, the os suspensorium of Barboides is enlarged and the outer arm distally trifid and associated with a novel bulbous muscle in males. An evaluation of the skeleton of Barboides provides further evidence for a link between developmental truncation and evolutionary morphological novelty in Cyprinidae. In the spectrum of miniature cyprinids ranging from proportioned dwarves with few bones missing to highly progenetic taxa with dozens of missing bones, the two species of Barboides range roughly in the middle showing that the extremes are connected by intermediate levels of truncatedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Conway
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences and Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Kole M Kubicek
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences and Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Ralf Britz
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
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11
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Hirt MV, Arratia G, Chen WJ, Mayden RL, Tang KL, Wood RM, Simons AM. Effects of gene choice, base composition and rate heterogeneity on inference and estimates of divergence times in cypriniform fishes. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blw045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Vincent Hirt
- University of Minnesota, Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Graduate Program, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- University of Minnesota, Bell Museum of Natural History, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Gloria Arratia
- Biodiversity Research Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Wei-Jen Chen
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Oceanography, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Richard L. Mayden
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Kevin L. Tang
- Department of Biology, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI 48502, USA
| | - Robert M. Wood
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Andrew M. Simons
- University of Minnesota, Bell Museum of Natural History, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro C.S. Assis
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
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13
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Stout CC, Tan M, Lemmon AR, Lemmon EM, Armbruster JW. Resolving Cypriniformes relationships using an anchored enrichment approach. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:244. [PMID: 27829363 PMCID: PMC5103605 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cypriniformes (minnows, carps, loaches, and suckers) is the largest group of freshwater fishes in the world (~4300 described species). Despite much attention, previous attempts to elucidate relationships using molecular and morphological characters have been incongruent. In this study we present the first phylogenomic analysis using anchored hybrid enrichment for 172 taxa to represent the order (plus three out-group taxa), which is the largest dataset for the order to date (219 loci, 315,288 bp, average locus length of 1011 bp). RESULTS Concatenation analysis establishes a robust tree with 97 % of nodes at 100 % bootstrap support. Species tree analysis was highly congruent with the concatenation analysis with only two major differences: monophyly of Cobitoidei and placement of Danionidae. CONCLUSIONS Most major clades obtained in prior molecular studies were validated as monophyletic, and we provide robust resolution for the relationships among these clades for the first time. These relationships can be used as a framework for addressing a variety of evolutionary questions (e.g. phylogeography, polyploidization, diversification, trait evolution, comparative genomics) for which Cypriniformes is ideally suited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla C. Stout
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 101 Rouse Life Sciences Building, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Milton Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 101 Rouse Life Sciences Building, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Alan R. Lemmon
- Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA
| | - Emily Moriarty Lemmon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA
| | - Jonathan W. Armbruster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 101 Rouse Life Sciences Building, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
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14
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Britz R, Conway KW. Danionella dracula, an escape from the cypriniform Bauplan via developmental truncation? J Morphol 2015; 277:147-66. [PMID: 26589666 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We provide a detailed account of the osteology of the miniature Asian freshwater cyprinid fish Danionella dracula. The skeleton of D. dracula shows a high degree of developmental truncation when compared to most other cyprinids, including its close relative the zebrafish Danio rerio. Sixty-one bones, parts thereof or cartilages present in most other cyprinids are missing in D. dracula. This impressive organism-wide case of progenesis renders it one of the most developmentally truncated bony fishes or even vertebrates. Danionella dracula lacks six of the eight unique synapomorphies that define the order Cypriniformes and has, thus, departed from the cypriniform Bauplan more dramatically than any other member of this group. This escape from one of the most successful Baupläne among bony fishes may have been facilitated by the organism-wide progenesis encountered in D. dracula. By returning in its skeletal structure to the early developmental condition of other cypriniforms, D. dracula may have managed to overcome the evolutionary constraints associated with this Bauplan and opened up new evolutionary avenues that enabled it to evolve a number of striking morphological novelties, including its tooth-like odontoid processes and a complex drumming apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Britz
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 SBD, UK
| | - Kevin W Conway
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences and Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
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15
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Mattox GMT, Britz R, Toledo-Piza M. Osteology of Priocharax and remarkable developmental truncation in a miniature Amazonian fish (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). J Morphol 2015; 277:65-85. [PMID: 26395188 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Establishing phylogenetic relationships of miniature fishes is challenging in taxa with developmental truncation. Within the Characiformes, developmental truncation appears to be relatively rare, with the Neotropical genus Priocharax being an example. Priocharax includes three miniature species among the smallest of the order and has been hypothesized to belong to the Heterocharacinae. The pronounced reduction in its skeleton, however, prevented a clearer evaluation of its relationships. The present detailed osteological study was designed to address this question and revealed that 21 bones are absent and nine other skeletal structures are simplified in Priocharax when compared to other characids. Comparison of the skeleton of adult Priocharax with early developmental stages of other characids demonstrated that most of the absences and simplifications can be interpreted as developmental truncations. The most striking developmental truncations are in the pectoral girdle, in which the endoskeleton remains entirely cartilaginous. Other interesting truncations are in the ethmoid region of the skull, infraorbital series, and Weberian apparatus, in which the claustrum is absent. Our study also revealed some unusual sexual dimorphisms in the pelvic girdle. Two cladistic analyses were performed to assess the relationships of Priocharax within the Heterocharacinae. The first consisted of a traditional analysis in which all absences and reductions of Priocharax were coded in the same way as in the remaining taxa. This resulted in three equally most parsimonious topologies, all of which have Priocharax as the most basal taxon of the Heterocharacinae. The second analysis incorporated ontogenetic information, and most absences and reductions of Priocharax were reinterpreted as apomorphic conditions and thus, coded differently from similar conditions in outgroups. This resulted in a single phylogenetic hypothesis with Priocharax and Gnathocharax as sister groups based on seven synapomorphies. Our approach demonstrates the importance of developmental studies to better understand morphological evolution of miniaturized, truncated taxa, and to generate hypotheses of their relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M T Mattox
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - Campus Sorocaba. Rodovia João Leme dos Santos (SP-264), Km 110, Bairro do Itinga, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052-780, Brazil.,Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Ralf Britz
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Mônica Toledo-Piza
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
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Hubert N, Kadarusman, Wibowo A, Busson F, Caruso D, Sulandari S, Nafiqoh N, Pouyaud L, Rüber L, Avarre JC, Herder F, Hanner R, Keith P, Hadiaty RK. DNA Barcoding Indonesian freshwater fishes: challenges and prospects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/dna-2015-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWith 1172 native species, the Indonesian ichthyofauna is among the world’s most speciose. Despite that the inventory of the Indonesian ichthyofauna started during the eighteen century, the numerous species descriptions during the last decades highlight that the taxonomic knowledge is still fragmentary. Meanwhile, the fast increase of anthropogenic perturbations during the last decades is posing serious threats to Indonesian biodiversity. Indonesia, however, is one of the major sources of export for the international ornamental trade and home of several species of high value in aquaculture. The development of new tools for species identification is urgently needed to improve the sustainability of the exploitation of the Indonesian ichthyofauna. With the aim to build comprehensive DNA barcode libraries, the co-authors have started a collective effort to DNA barcode all Indonesian freshwater fishes. The aims of this review are: (1) to produce an overview of the ichthyological researches conducted so far in Indonesia, (2) to present an updated checklist of the freshwater fishes reported to date from Indonesia’s inland waters, (3) to highlight the challenges associated with its conservation and management, (4) to present the benefits of developing comprehensive DNA barcode reference libraries for the conservation of the Indonesian ichthyofauna.
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