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Vargas A, DeBiasse M, Dykes L, Edgar A, Hayes T, Groso D, Babonis L, Martindale M, Ryan J. Morphological and dietary changes encoded in the genome of Beroe ovata, a ctenophore-eating ctenophore. NAR Genom Bioinform 2024; 6:lqae072. [PMID: 38895105 PMCID: PMC11184263 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqae072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
As the sister group to all other animals, ctenophores (comb jellies) are important for understanding the emergence and diversification of numerous animal traits. Efforts to explore the evolutionary processes that promoted diversification within Ctenophora are hindered by undersampling genomic diversity within this clade. To address this gap, we present the sequence, assembly and initial annotation of the genome of Beroe ovata. Beroe possess unique morphology, behavior, ecology and development. Unlike their generalist carnivorous kin, beroid ctenophores feed exclusively on other ctenophores. Accordingly, our analyses revealed a loss of chitinase, an enzyme critical for the digestion of most non-ctenophore prey, but superfluous for ctenophorivores. Broadly, our genomic analysis revealed that extensive gene loss and changes in gene regulation have shaped the unique biology of B. ovata. Despite the gene losses in B. ovata, our phylogenetic analyses on photosensitive opsins and several early developmental regulatory genes show that these genes are conserved in B. ovata. This additional sampling contributes to a more complete reconstruction of the ctenophore ancestor and points to the need for extensive comparisons within this ancient and diverse clade of animals. To promote further exploration of these data, we present BovaDB (http://ryanlab.whitney.ufl.edu/bovadb/), a portal for the B. ovata genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Vargas
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Melissa B DeBiasse
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA
- Department of Biology, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142, USA
| | - Lana L Dykes
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Allison Edgar
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA
- Federated Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - T Danielle Hayes
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Daniel J Groso
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Leslie S Babonis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mark Q Martindale
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Joseph F Ryan
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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2
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Naimark EB. Geochemical and Evolutionary Prerequisites for the Cambrian Skeletal Revolution. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022070111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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3
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Osés GL, Wood R, Romero GR, Evangelista Martins Prado GM, Bidola P, Herzen J, Pfeiffer F, Stampar SN, Alves Forancelli Pacheco ML. Ediacaran Corumbella has a cataphract calcareous skeleton with controlled biomineralization. iScience 2022; 25:105676. [PMID: 36561886 PMCID: PMC9763863 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Corumbella is a terminal Ediacaran tubular, benthic fossil of debated morphology, composition, and biological affinity. Here, we show that Corumbella had a biomineralized skeleton, with a bilayered construction of imbricated calcareous plates and rings (sclerites) yielding a cataphract organization, that enhanced flexibility. Each sclerite likely possessed a laminar microfabric with consistent crystallographic orientation, within an organic matrix. Original aragonitic mineralogy is supported by relict aragonite and elevated Sr (mean = ca. 11,800 ppm in central parts of sclerites). In sum, the presence of a polarisation axis, sclerites with a laminar microfabric, and a cataphract skeletal organization reminiscent of early Cambrian taxa, are all consistent with, but not necessarily indicative of, a bilaterian affinity. A cataphract skeleton with an inferred complex microstructure confirms the presence of controlled biomineralization in metazoans by the terminal Ediacaran, and offers insights into the evolution of development and ecology at the root of the 'Cambrian radiation'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Ladeira Osés
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, São Carlos-SP 13565-905, Brazil,School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK,Laboratório de Paleobiologia e Astrobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, Km 110, Sorocaba-SP 18052-780, Brazil,Programa de Pós-Doutorado, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1371, São Paulo-SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Rachel Wood
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK
| | - Guilherme Raffaeli Romero
- Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, São Paulo-SP 05508-080, Brazil
| | | | - Pidassa Bidola
- Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max Plank Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Julia Herzen
- Research Group of Physics of Biomedical Imaging, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany,Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany,Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine and Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22D, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sérgio Nascimento Stampar
- Laboratório de Evolução e Diversidade Aquática, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências - Câmpus de Bauru, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Bauru-SP 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Mírian Liza Alves Forancelli Pacheco
- Laboratório de Paleobiologia e Astrobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, Km 110, Sorocaba-SP 18052-780, Brazil,Programa de Pós-Doutorado, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1371, São Paulo-SP 05508-090, Brazil,Corresponding author
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4
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Zhang G, Parry LA, Vinther J, Ma X. Exceptional soft tissue preservation reveals a cnidarian affinity for a Cambrian phosphatic tubicolous enigma. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221623. [PMID: 36321492 PMCID: PMC9627713 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Exoskeletal dwelling tubes are widespread among extant animals and early fossil assemblages. Exceptional fossils from the Cambrian reveal independent origins of tube dwelling by several clades including cnidarians, lophophorates, annelids, scalidophorans, panarthropods and ambulacrarians. However, most fossil tubes lack preservation of soft parts, making it difficult to understand their affinities and evolutionary significance. Gangtoucunia aspera (Wulongqing Formation, Cambrian Stage 4) was an annulated, gradually expanding phosphatic tube, with occasional attachments of multiple, smaller juveniles and has previously been interpreted as the dwelling tube of a ‘worm’ (e.g. a scalidophoran), lophophorate or problematicum. Here, we report the first soft tissues from Gangtoucunia that reveal a smooth body with circumoral tentacles and a blind, spacious gut that is partitioned by septa. This is consistent with cnidarian polyps and phylogenetic analysis resolves Gangtoucunia as a total group medusozoan. The tube of Gangtoucunia is phenotypically similar to problematic annulated tubular fossils (e.g. Sphenothallus, Byronia, hyolithelminths), which have been compared to both cnidarians and annelids, and are among the oldest assemblages of skeletal fossils. The cnidarian characters of G. aspera suggest that these early tubular taxa are best interpreted as cnidarians rather than sessile bilaterians in the absence of contrary soft tissue evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxu Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology and MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Luke A. Parry
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jakob Vinther
- Schools of Earth Sciences and Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Xiaoya Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology and MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
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5
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Martynov AV, Korshunova TA. Renewed perspectives on the sedentary-pelagic last common bilaterian ancestor. CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/18759866-bja10034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Various evaluations of the last common bilaterian ancestor (lcba) currently suggest that it resembled either a microscopic, non-segmented motile adult; or, on the contrary, a complex segmented adult motile urbilaterian. These fundamental inconsistencies remain largely unexplained. A majority of multidisciplinary data regarding sedentary adult ancestral bilaterian organization is overlooked. The sedentary-pelagic model is supported now by a number of novel developmental, paleontological and molecular phylogenetic data: (1) data in support of sedentary sponges, in the adult stage, as sister to all other Metazoa; (2) a similarity of molecular developmental pathways in both adults and larvae across sedentary sponges, cnidarians, and bilaterians; (3) a cnidarian-bilaterian relationship, including a unique sharing of a bona fide Hox-gene cluster, of which the evolutionary appearance does not connect directly to a bilaterian motile organization; (4) the presence of sedentary and tube-dwelling representatives of the main bilaterian clades in the early Cambrian; (5) an absence of definite taxonomic attribution of Ediacaran taxa reconstructed as motile to any true bilaterian phyla; (6) a similarity of tube morphology (and the clear presence of a protoconch-like apical structure of the Ediacaran sedentary Cloudinidae) among shells of the early Cambrian, and later true bilaterians, such as semi-sedentary hyoliths and motile molluscs; (7) recent data that provide growing evidence for a complex urbilaterian, despite a continuous molecular phylogenetic controversy. The present review compares the main existing models and reconciles the sedentary model of an urbilaterian and the model of a larva-like lcba with a unified sedentary(adult)-pelagic(larva) model of the lcba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Martynov
- Zoological Museum, Moscow State University, Bolshaya Nikitskaya Str. 6, 125009 Moscow, Russia,
| | - Tatiana A. Korshunova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, 26 Vavilova Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia
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6
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Dunn FS, Kenchington CG, Parry LA, Clark JW, Kendall RS, Wilby PR. A crown-group cnidarian from the Ediacaran of Charnwood Forest, UK. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1095-1104. [PMID: 35879540 PMCID: PMC9349040 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01807-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cnidarians are a disparate and ancient phylum, encompassing corals and jellyfish, and occupy both the pelagic and benthic realms. They have a rich fossil record from the Phanerozoic eon lending insight into the early history of the group but, although cnidarians diverged from other animals in the Precambrian period, their record from the Ediacaran period (635–542 million years ago) is controversial. Here, we describe a new fossil cnidarian—Auroralumina attenboroughii gen. et sp. nov.—from the Ediacaran of Charnwood Forest (557–562 million years ago) that shows two bifurcating polyps enclosed in a rigid, polyhedral, organic skeleton with evidence of simple, densely packed tentacles. Auroralumina displays a suite of characters allying it to early medusozoans but shows others more typical of Anthozoa. Phylogenetic analyses recover Auroralumina as a stem-group medusozoan and, therefore, the oldest crown-group cnidarian. Auroralumina demonstrates both the establishment of the crown group of an animal phylum and the fixation of its body plan tens of millions of years before the Cambrian diversification of animal life. A new fossil cnidarian, Auroralumina attenboroughi, from the Ediacaran of Charnwood Forest, UK, described as showing mosaic anthozoan and medusozoan characters, is the oldest yet-known crown-group cnidarian.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Dunn
- Oxford University Museum of Natural History, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - C G Kenchington
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - L A Parry
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J W Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - R S Kendall
- British Geological Survey, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - P R Wilby
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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7
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Gusmão LC, Van Deusen V, Daly M, Rodríguez E. Origin and evolution of the symbiosis between sea anemones (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria) and hermit crabs, with additional notes on anemone-gastropod associations. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 148:106805. [PMID: 32217169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The anemone-crab mutualism is ubiquitous in temperate and tropical marine environments. In this symbiosis, one or more anemones live on a shell inhabited by a hermit crab and reciprocal phoretic, trophic, and defensive benefits are exchanged between the partners. Sea anemone-hermit crab symbionts belong to three families: Hormathiidae (Calliactis and Paracalliactis), Sagartiidae (Carcinactis and Verrillactis), and Actiniidae (Stylobates). Hermit crabs establish most partnerships by detaching anemones and placing them on their shell; sea anemones can also mount shells unaided, triggered by a mollusc-derived substance in the periostracum of the shell. At least partial cooperation by the anemones is necessary for successful establishment of the symbiosis. Here, we expand the evolutionary framework for hormathiid symbionts by generating a phylogeny with at least one member of each actiniarian symbiotic genus with hermit crabs using five molecular markers (16S, 12S, 18S, 28S, CO3). We not only corroborated the results from a previous study by finding two origins of hermit crab symbiosis within Hormathiidae, but also found additional origins for hermit crab symbiosis within Actiniaria. We provide for the first time evidence of a close relationship between symbionts Carcinactis dolosa and V. paguri. The ability to secrete chitin by the ectoderm of the column is inferred to be broadly convergent within Actiniaria whereas the secretion of a chitinous carcinoecium by the pedal disc is a distinct but convergent morphological adaptation of several lineages within Actiniaria. Our finding of multiple origins for both the hermit crab and gastropod symbioses suggests that the shell-mounting behavior might only have been the precursor of the hermit crab association among Calliactis spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana C Gusmão
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA.
| | - Vanessa Van Deusen
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA; Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Marymegan Daly
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Museum of Biological Diversity, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH 43212, USA.
| | - Estefanía Rodríguez
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA.
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8
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Yang B, Steiner M, Schiffbauer JD, Selly T, Wu X, Zhang C, Liu P. Ultrastructure of Ediacaran cloudinids suggests diverse taphonomic histories and affinities with non-biomineralized annelids. Sci Rep 2020; 10:535. [PMID: 31953458 PMCID: PMC6968996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cloudinids have long been considered the earliest biomineralizing metazoans, but their affinities have remained contentious and undetermined. Based on well-preserved ultrastructures of two taxa, we here propose new interpretations regarding both their extent of original biomineralization and their phylogenetic affinity. One of these taxa is a new cloudinid from Mongolia, Zuunia chimidtsereni gen. et sp. nov., which exhibits key characteristics of submicrometric kerogenous lamellae, plastic tube-wall deformation, and tube-wall delamination. Multiple carbonaceous lamellae are also discovered in Cloudina from Namibia and Paraguay, which we interpret to have originated from chitinous or collagenous fabrics. We deduce that these cloudinids were predominantly originally organic (chitinous or collagenous), and postmortem decay and taphonomic mineralization resulted in the formation of aragonite and/or calcite. Further, based on our ultrastructural characterization and other morphological similarities, we suggest that the cloudinids should most parsimoniously be assigned to annelids with originally organic tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Yang
- Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Michael Steiner
- Department of Earth Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 12249, Germany.
| | - James D Schiffbauer
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
- X-ray Microanalysis Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Tara Selly
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
- X-ray Microanalysis Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Xuwen Wu
- Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Pengju Liu
- Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
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9
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10
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Mendoza-Becerril MA, Jaimes-Becerra AJ, Collins AG, Marques AC. Phylogeny and morphological evolution of the so-called bougainvilliids (Hydrozoa, Hydroidolina). ZOOL SCR 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Allen G. Collins
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology; Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC USA
- National Systematics Laboratory of NOAA's Fisheries Service; National Museum of Natural History; Washington DC USA
| | - Antonio C. Marques
- Department of Zoology; Institute of Biosciences; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
- Center for Marine Biology; University of São Paulo; São Sebastião São Paulo Brazil
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11
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Duan B, Dong XP, Porras L, Vargas K, Cunningham JA, Donoghue PCJ. The early Cambrian fossil embryo Pseudooides is a direct-developing cnidarian, not an early ecdysozoan. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:rspb.2017.2188. [PMID: 29237861 PMCID: PMC5745419 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Early Cambrian Pseudooides prima has been described from embryonic and post-embryonic stages of development, exhibiting long germ-band development. There has been some debate about the pattern of segmentation, but this interpretation, as among the earliest records of ecdysozoans, has been generally accepted. Here, we show that the ‘germ band’ of P. prima embryos separates along its mid axis during development, with the transverse furrows between the ‘somites’ unfolding into the polar aperture of the ten-sided theca of Hexaconularia sichuanensis, conventionally interpreted as a scyphozoan cnidarian; co-occurring post-embryonic remains of ecdysozoans are unrelated. We recognize H. sichuanensis as a junior synonym of P. prima as a consequence of identifying these two form-taxa as distinct developmental stages of the same organism. Direct development in P. prima parallels the co-occuring olivooids Olivooides, and Quadrapyrgites and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of a novel phenotype dataset indicates that, despite differences in their tetra-, penta- and pseudo-hexa-radial symmetry, these hexangulaconulariids comprise a clade of scyphozoan medusozoans, with Arthrochites and conulariids, that all exhibit direct development from embryo to thecate polyp. The affinity of hexangulaconulariids and olivooids to extant scyphozoan medusozoans indicates that the prevalence of tetraradial symmetry and indirect development are a vestige of a broader spectrum of body-plan symmetries and developmental modes that was manifest in their early Phanerozoic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baichuan Duan
- Research Center for Islands and Coastal Zone, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, People's Republic of China.,School of Earth and Space Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Ping Dong
- School of Earth and Space Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Luis Porras
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Kelly Vargas
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - John A Cunningham
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Philip C J Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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12
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Miranda LS, García-Rodríguez J, Collins AG, Morandini AC, Marques AC. Evolution of the claustrum in Cnidaria: comparative anatomy reveals that it is exclusive to some species of Staurozoa and absent in Cubozoa. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-017-0342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Mendoza-Becerril MA, Marian JEAR, Migotto AE, Marques AC. Exoskeletons of Bougainvilliidae and other Hydroidolina (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): structure and composition. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2964. [PMID: 28224050 PMCID: PMC5316283 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The exoskeleton is an important source of characters for the taxonomy of Hydroidolina. It originates as epidermal secretions and, among other functions, protects the coenosarc of the polypoid stage. However, comparative studies on the exoskeletal tissue origin, development, chemical, and structural characteristics, as well as its evolution and homology, are few and fragmented. This study compares the structure and composition of the exoskeleton and underlying coenosarc in members of “Anthoathecata” and some Leptothecata, but does so mainly in bougainvilliid polyps histological analyses. We also studied the development of the exoskeleton under experimental conditions. We identified three types of glandular epidermal cells related to the origin of the exoskeleton and the secretion of its polysaccharides component. The exoskeleton of the species studied is either bilayered (perisarc and exosarc, especially in bougainvilliids) or corneous (perisarc). The exoskeleton varies in chemical composition, structural rigidity, thickness, extension, and coverage in the different regions of the colony. In bilayered exoskeletons, the exosarc is produced first and appears to be a key step in the formation of the rigid exoskeleton. The exoskeleton contains anchoring structures such as desmocytes and “perisarc extensions.”
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Eduardo A R Marian
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Alvaro Esteves Migotto
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Center for Marine Biology, University of São Paulo, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Marques
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Center for Marine Biology, University of São Paulo, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil
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